Though symbolized for all time in the Battle of Philippi, it was a long process, not a single act. […] It is much to be regretted that he did not carry his History of the Civil Wars through the period of the Triumvirate to the War of Actium and the Principate of Augustus: the work appears to have ended when the Republic went down at Philippi. […] Coerced by Pompeius and sharply repressed by Caesar, the aristocracy was broken at Philippi. […] In revenge for the Ides of March, Caesar’s ghost, as all men know, drove Brutus to his doom on the field of Philippi. […] Pinarius, otherwise unknown, was a general at Philippi and probably the same person as the Antonian Pinarius Scarpus, cf.