ast twelve years, much as I should have liked to insert various small yet significant details accruing. Essentially, and st

lation to their number; and the nobiles, though a wider class, formed yet a distinct minority in the Senate. The nobiles

yet a distinct minority in the Senate. The nobiles are predominant: yet in the last generation of the Free State, after t

small. But money was scarce and he did not wish to sell his estates: yet he required ready cash at every turn, to support

The gains of finance went into land. Men of substance and repute grew yet richer from the spoils of the provinces, bought t

ancial subsidy to his allies and tireless in the law-courts, he might yet prevail against the popularity and laurels of Pom

d was more useful Q. Metellus Scipio, vaunting an unmatched pedigree, yet ignorant as well as unworthy of his ancestors, co

. Detected, he made tardy and questionable amends. The dynast was not yet ready to drop his ally. He needed Caesar for coun

. PageBook=>052 To rule, he needed the support of the nobiles, yet he had to curtail their privileges and repress th

lass. Then he strengthened the family tie and obligation of vengeance yet further by divorcing his Claudia and marrying his

f theme than the careers and exploits of the successive leaders, will yet help to recall the ineffable complexities of auth

ed soon after. PageBook=>065 Though astute and elusive, Caesar yet seemed as consistent in his politics as in his fr

he Dictatorship. 6 Some, it is true, were disappointed or ungrateful: yet of the whole number, at least eight subsequently

h, but a citizen of an alien community allied to Rome. Balbus did not yet enter the Senate. His young nephew, courageous an

. In a wide region of Italy it was reinforced by hostility to Rome as yet unappeased, by the memory of oppression and war,

, with little resistance. Cingulum owed recent benefits to Labienus:1 yet Cingulum was easily won. Auximum honoured Pompeiu

revenge and requital at last. The Paeligni have to wait a generation yet , it is true, before they can show a senator; 4 th

tic citizens, the acta of the Dictator and even his last projects, as yet unpublished were to have the force of law. The ne

ncils of Caesar. Antonius was an intrepid and dashing cavalry leader: yet at the same time a steady and resourceful general

al concord and public order. The Liberators were certainly a problem; yet Antonius was amicable, not exploiting his positio

. Antonius had been no friend of Dolabella in the last three years: yet he condoned and recognized Dolabella’s usurpation

i, the stubborn Ahenobarbus, the proud and tortuous Ap, Claudius, was yet merciful to the Roman People, for it suppressed a

115 1 He objected that a lex curiata ratifying the adoption had not yet been passed (cf. esp. Dio 45, 5, 3; Appian, BC 3,

at last between the Senate and the veterans. The Senate was hostile: yet the uneasy reconciliation with Octavianus could s

f Octavianus would not stand against Antonius, the Caesarian general: yet Antonius was impotent against the heir of the Dic

as witness his proconsulate of Syria, marriage to Atia and consulate: yet he gave his daughter Marcia (by an earlier marria

: he derided them as torpid and bibulous. 2 Hirtius and Pansa might yet save the Republic, not, as some hoped, by action,

the consulate of 48 B.C. Servilius may not have been a man of action yet he governed the province of Asia for Caesar with

s and the enemies of Pompeius, trusted by neither. In Cato he admired yet deplored the rigid adherence to principle and den

and made history by a resolute defence of the Republic. But Cicero as yet had not committed himself to any irreparable feud

mestic quarrel, it might appear, in the ranks of the Caesarian party: yet clearly of a kind to influence the public policy

the first two speeches against Antonius, no word of the young Caesar: yet the existence of Antonius’ rival must have been r

ved of his methods, the attitude of the Caesarians could be surmised: yet Caesarians themselves were divided in allegiance,

Flaminia to Ariminum but not to fight if he could avoid it. He might yet baffle both Cicero and Antonius. But he could not

recognized their right to the consulate of 41 B.C. The breach was not yet irreparable. The Senate was obdurate. They reje

his efforts. As a patriotic demonstration he proposed on the same day yet another statue in the Forum, for the dead ambassa

a of patriotism and the higher legality. As for Cassius, there was as yet no authentic news of his successes: his usurpatio

and diplomatic Plancus, even the perfidious and despised Lepidus may yet in treachery be held true to the Roman People at

ounder of Rome. 3 The day was August 19th. Octavianus himself was not yet twenty. NotesPage=>172 1 Appian, BC 3, 92,

soil, sparing Italy. A party prevailed when Caesar defeated Pompeius yet the following of Caesar was by no means homogeneo

ion to abolish this province and unite the territory to Italy had not yet , it appears, been carried out, perhaps owing to t

splendour to re-establish the rule of Rome and extort for the armies yet more money from the wealthy cities of Asia, the p

s, of all the marshals of the Revolution. Like Balbus, he had held as yet no senatorial office the wars had hardly left tim

y Fulvia and by Salvidienus. Antonius had rejected those offers. As yet , however, neither his predominance nor his presti

re and his fate lay in the East, with another woman. But that was not yet apparent, least of all to Antonius NotesPage=&g

e courted, men of some consequence now or later. 1 There were others: yet there was no rapid or unanimous adhesion to the n

tage; and his following already reveals in clear outline the twin and yet contrasting pillars of subsequent strength new me

Book=>239 remunerated for their daring and their foresight. As yet they were conspicuous by their rarity. The vanqui

r it was peace or war in the end, Octavianus could face him, as never yet , with equal power and arms, in full confidence.

he patrician Cornelii two at the most, perhaps only one; 2 no Valerii yet , but the Valerii were soon to provide three consu

s supported and defended by reputable champions, vigorous and intense yet avoiding ornament and refined harmonies of rhythm

actised in the classical manner of the Roman and the senator, archaic yet highly sophisticated, sombre but not edifying.

e, consolidation after change and disturbance: beneath, no confidence yet or unity, but discord and disquiet. Italy was not

he Senate a number of men who had come to maturity in years when Rome yet displayed the name and the fabric of a free state

rrorist of Perusia. Since then seven years had passed. But he was not yet the leader of all Italy. In this NotesPage=>

ta Attici 19 f. Octavianus wrote to him almost every day (ib. 20, 2): yet Atticus was also in sustained correspondence with

lavish ’Antonius the great and inimitable’. 4 Thus did Antonius carry yet farther the policy of Pompeius and Caesar, develo

e best. Eastern levies had an evil and often exaggerated reputation yet Galatia or Macedonia could have competed with Ita

anus: but he learned too late. Octavianus, however, was no more ready yet to exploit the affront to his family than the aff

and the Pompeian parties, among them enemies of Caesar and assassins yet unpunished, to find harbourage and alliance with

decorative rather than solid and useful. Many of these men had never yet sat in the Roman Senate. That mattered little now

s LXXI (1936), 229; ABOVE, P. 128. PageBook=>270 were nobiles, yet this was a revolutionary period prizing and rewar

ts. He was confident and ready for the struggle but might not open it yet . Here the two consuls met him in the spring, brin

his nephew Titius, he deserted and fled to Rome. 4 Plancus had never yet been wrong in his estimate of a delicate politica

ius was the victim of sorcery. 6 Antonius for his part made no move yet . Not merely because Octavianus had picked the qua

imperative and terrifying. 2 ‘Quo, quo scelesti ruitis? ’3 Another, yet another, criminal war between citizens was being

conservative interests and supported by a powerful group of nobiles, yet accused of monarchic designs, was the great exemp

ith the victorious city to form a nation. The Italian peoples did not yet regard Rome as their own capital, for the memory

on of a programme of rational aggression without match or parallel as yet in the history of Rome. An assertion of imperial

enace from geographical position and the memory of recent civil wars: yet Augustus graciously resigned them to proconsuls.

resigned to the Senate the peaceful provinces (53, 12, 2, cf. 13, 1): yet in his list of such provinces occur Africa, Illyr

ty of justification. The civil wars were over, but the Empire had not yet recovered from their ravages. Spain, a vast land,

ators. Lacking any perception of the dogma of progress—for it had not yet been invented—the Romans regarded novelty with di

devised would serve for the present, but his New State would require yet deeper foundations. The provinces must be pacifie

rritory from the western Pyrenees to the north of Portugal, had never yet felt the force of Roman arms; and in the confusio

pt. Egypt might seem secure, governed by a viceroy of equestrian rank yet there had been Cornelius Gallus. The next prefect

for the western lands as well. Not only this the war in Spain was not yet over. Gaul and the Balkans, large regions with ar

n the War of Actium, most of them with scorn and hate in their hearts yet from the salutary compulsion to derive honour and

in the struggle for power after Caesar’s assassination and augmented yet more by Octavianus to finance his war against Ant

er, that is to say, for knights (including senators’ sons who had not yet held the quaestorship). Ex-centurions would natur

nal war of Actium, the process of creating the unity of Italy had not yet reached its term. Augustus was eager to provide f

reated in January, 27 B.C., complete in every organ and function, nor yet by the settlement of 23 B.C. The former date was

s, may even have enjoyed his confidence. 3 They were not all trusted: yet he could not deny them the consulate, their birth

us among them the prudent Cocceii, and even meritorious adherents not yet consular, like the Aelii Lamiae. 9 NotesPage=&g

vance from the side of Gaul into Germany might shorten communications yet further, bind together the European provinces and

berius was granted the tribunicia potestas for a period of five years yet even this hardly meant the succession. The measur

at branch of the Cornelii, the Lentuli, rising in power and prolific, yet highly circumspect, perpetuated the line, evading

f families that hitherto had not risen to the consulate are prominent yet not paradoxical, for this was a Claudian faction.

Piso was an aristocrat of varied accomplishments, of literary tastes, yet the victor in a great Thracian war, a hard drinke

stus were to be found characters like Maecenas, childless and vicious yet uxorious, and the unspeakable Vedius Pollio; and

generation. The political structure created by the Princeps was solid yet flexible: it was not so easy to shape the habits

revive interest in Roman religion and other national antiquities. As yet , however, no systematic exploitation of literatur

had altars but not temples, as at Tarraco and at Narbo. There was as yet no provincial cult in these regions, for the colo

for the established order. The legions were inspired with a fanatical yet rational devotion to the person of Augustus and t

. Sulla, Pompeius and Caesar were all more than mere faction-leaders; yet the personal domination of those dynasts never me

e Domitii, a dynastic plebeian house of fairly recent nobility, would yet , to the contemporaries of Pompeius, have seemed d

al order of society, the Roman knights. He might have to sink further yet , to make his peace, through subservience or throu

rician and the Italian novus homo alike had salvaged honour and fame, yet had done well for themselves and their families.