d in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, without the prior permission in writing of Oxford Univers

odern authorities, and to state controversial opinions quite nakedly, without hedging and without the support of elaborate argu

nd to state controversial opinions quite nakedly, without hedging and without the support of elaborate argumentation. Further,

tonius 56: δϵι γἀρ ϵἰς Kαίσαρα πἀντα πϵριϵλθϵȋν. PageBook=>005 without being an apologia for Cicero or for Octavianus—or

nted and powerful in himself, the Roman statesman cannot stand alone, without allies, without a following. That axiom holds bot

l in himself, the Roman statesman cannot stand alone, without allies, without a following. That axiom holds both for the politi

he career of the revolutionary leader is fantastic and unreal if told without some indication of the composition of the faction

for all his power, had to come to terms. Nor could Caesar have ruled without it. Coerced by Pompeius and sharply repressed by

sly guarded by the nobiles. It was a scandal and a pollution if a man without ancestors aspired to the highest magistracy of th

inherited or acquired: a statesman could not win power and influence without making many enemies. The novus homo had to tread

flaunted pomp and decoration in his life as in his oratory. Luxurious without taste or measure, the advocate got a name for hig

dubious examples from the conduct of his three sisters and exploited without scruple the influence of their husbands. 4 On t

or, were patent and impressive. 1 To the maritime command succeeded without a break the conduct of the Mithridatic War, voted

at he was still a force in politics and to embarrass the government without provoking flagrant disorder. 3 Generous in financ

nd disorder, with suspension of public business. The next year opened without consuls. Similar but worse was the beginning of 5

which, the Optimates were compelled to offer Pompeius the consulate, without colleague. The proposal came from Bibulus, the de

might seem, was strong enough to prevent civil war, free to negotiate without being accused of ignoble timidity. 4 But the dyna

faction. Rising to power with support from the Metelli, though not without quarrels and rivalry, Pompeius broke the alliance

ability in war and peace. They sought to profit by help from Pompeius without incurring feuds or damage. Certain of the Lentuli

ose at his call. Even Picenum, his own barony, went over to the enemy without a blow. No less complete the military miscalculat

action-wars of Marius and Sulla. 3 A consular who could stand neutral without the imputation of lack of courage or principle wa

enators turn up on Caesar’s side, holding commands in the Civil Wars, without any strong political ties to explain NotesPage=

peius his father’s murderer. The patricians were loyal to tradition without being fettered by caste or principle. Either mo

lic there can have been few intrigues conducted and compacts arranged without the knowledge and the mediation of Balbus. 3 His

negades or reconciled Pompeians were rapidly advanced to magistracies without regard for constitutional bar or provision. From

id not need to descend to fraud, and they could admit an alien origin without shame or compunction. About the early admission

l hardy, independent and martial peoples, the Marsi in the forefront, without whom no triumph had ever been celebrated whether

rs accelerated the promotion of the most efficient of their partisans without regard for law or precedent, appointing numerous

rely by material advantage. They became truculent and tumultuous. Not without excuse: their Imperator, in defence of whose stat

s dependable and most useful there, whether as Master of the Horse or without any official title. PageBook=>105 Empire,

pril 18th). 3 Below, p. 130. PageBook=>108 one, and that not without consulting an eminent adversary of that exile; 1

ova, where he succeeded Sallustius. Q. Cornificius held Africa Vetus, without legions; his predecessor had been C. Calvisius Sa

ditus. PageBook=>115 the sun, a portent of royalty. Octavianus without delay announced that he accepted the adoption and

tation. But not to excess: Octavianus took a firm stand upon dignitas without dangerous indulgence in chivalry or clemency; he

large armies in Syria. It was probably at this point that Dolabella, without awaiting the end of his consulate, set out for th

claim their services. 2 Nor is this all. Caesar, intending to depart without delay to the Balkans, had sent in advance to Brun

nies of a long flirtation with neutrality drove him to join Pompeius, without waiting for news of the decision in Spain. 2 It w

which lay off the main roads. The young revolutionary marched on Rome without him. About Octavianus, Cicero was indeed most d

. Brutum 1, 16 and 17 (summer, 43 B.C.). PageBook=>148 virtus ( without always being able to prevail against posterity or

itution at all. This meant that a revolution could be carried through without any violation of legal and constitutional form. T

tical elements. First in value come freedom and orderly government, without NotesPage=>154 1 BC 38, 3: ‘bonurn publicu

l. Nobody ever sought power for himself and the enslavement of others without invoking libertas and such fair names. 4 In the a

ation of another was justified by good sense to acquire new friends without losing the old; or by lofty NotesPage=>157

nty years before a consul had secured the execution of Roman citizens without trial on the plea of public emergency and the cha

so, Philippus and Ser. Sulpicius, a respectable and cautious jurist without strong political ties or sentiments. In the north

provinces nor to the Liberators; Cicero and his friends had reckoned without the military resource of the best general of the

onius, his design was subtle and grandiose to lure Brutus to his ruin without the necessity of battle. Despondent, with tired t

g in the legions might expect ultimate recompense from their generals without the necessity of fighting for it. Their reluctanc

ed Caesarian party was to establish the Dictatorship again, this time without respect of life and property, in the spirit and d

a from Dolabella, and make a junction with Cassius. To cross to Italy without Cassius and the resources of the East would have

and entered the city unopposed. The legions of the Republic went over without hesitation. A praetor committed suicide. That was

s at that. Political compacts among the nobiles were never complete without a marriage- alliance: this time the soldiery insi

The ambition of generals like Pompeius and Caesar provoked civil war without intending or achieving a revolution. Caesar, bein

a year carried off three, Ser. Sulpicius Rufus, Trebonius and Cicero, without notable accessions Hirtius, Pansa and Dolabella h

they championed liberty and the rights of the dispossessed again not without reference to the popular name of M. Antonius and

friend of Antonius, on an urgent mission to Syria. 3 Caecina returned without a definite message, but Nerva stayed with Antoniu

rhaps to some Fortunate Isles beyond the western margin of the world, without labour and war, but innocent and peaceful. The

lasses, wearied by exile and discomfort, left the company of Pompeius without reluctance; and few Republicans could preserve, i

banded to check or to subvert him. Hence the need to destroy Pompeius without delay. For the moment Antonius was loyal to the C

ian alliance; but Antonius, who came to Brundisium but departed again without a conference, gave him no help. Antonius disappro

red the sea of pirates, eliminated Lepidus and satisfied the veterans without harming Italy. But the seizure of Sicily and Af

ll. By the end of the year 33 B.C. they numbered over thirty, a total without precedent. New men far outweighed the nobiles. 2

ro, recognized as ultimate and classical even in his own day. But not without rivals: a different conception and fashion of spe

stical inclinations. How far Atticus and Balbus, who still lived on without public signs of their existence, were susceptible

of Caesar’s heir, had shown the way. The new monarchy could not rule without help from the old oligarchy. The order of knigh

icus by his accommodating manners won the friendship of Caesar’s heir without needing to break with Antonius a sign and portent

eastern lands. Antonius discovered the men and set them up as kings without respect for family or dynastic claims. NotesPag

onius showed his best qualities in adversity. From Armenia he marched without respite or delay to Syria, for Armenia was unsafe

7-36 B.C., including the augmentation of the kingdom of Egypt, passed without repercussion in Rome or upon Roman sentiment. Nor

reign woman now much more than an accident in the contest, inevitable without her, between the two Caesarian leaders. Failing C

consuls could be held guilty of a grave misdemeanour in leaving Italy without sanction. 2 In place of Sosius and Ahenobarbus he

he situation in 49 B.C., when the Pompeian consuls departed from Rome without securing a lex curiata. 3 This is a pure conjec

ed or employed. He sent Agrippa at once to Italy. The work must begin without delay. He had not gone farther east than Samos wh

They said that he had deserted the legions after Actium, that he died without fortitude. 2 Antonius’ eldest son was also killed

o witness the orderly execution of a programme of rational aggression without match or parallel as yet in the history of Rome.

rator could depend upon the plebs and the army. But he could not rule without the help of an oligarchy. His primacy was precari

But Augustus was to be consul as well as proconsul, year after year without a break. The supreme magistracy, though purportin

ial position in Rome as consul for the third time (52 B.C.), at first without a colleague, under a mandate to heal and repair t

ly elect the candidates whom Caesar in his wisdom had chosen, with or without formal commendation. He controlled all the armies

y after the manner of earlier dynasts, but with more thoroughness and without opposition. This time the domination of a faction

ften been ignored or evaded. Augustus proposed himself to be consul without intermission. During the next four years his coll

al regeneration. The constitutional settlement of 27 B.C. regulated without restricting the powers of the Princeps. The formu

treason on a charge of having made war against the kingdom of Thrace without authority. Primus alleged instructions from the P

to compensate in part for the consulate and to fulfil the functions, without bearing the name, of an extraordinary magistracy;

’s legate to govern it. Conspiracy in the capital might be suppressed without causing disturbances: if backed by a provincial a

are symbols of the Revolution. Peace and a well-ordered state can do without such men. NotesPage=>355 1 Caesar, BG 3, 5

evolution had already proceeded so far that it could abate its rhythm without any danger of reaction. The greater number of his

a strong hand, and Saturninus was the man to exert himself, firm and without fear. 2 What name the enemies of the government f

ook=>375 Under the new order Cicero would have won the consulate without competition, held it without ostentation or dange

rder Cicero would have won the consulate without competition, held it without ostentation or danger, and lived secure as a seni

r, the Princeps’ grandson: the youth died, and Lepida was transferred without delay to the elderly Quirinius. NotesPage=>3

aturninus and Cn. Cornelius Lentulus, excellent men, amassed fortunes without discredit: precisely how, it is not recorded perh

nd politicians there was still a place for nobles in their own right, without special or public merit. 7 Though supplemented

nd ambitious, seldom useful to the Roman People. Within the Senate or without it, a rich fund of ability and experience lay idl

ould be firmly held for the Princeps in his absence by party- dynasts without title or official powers. In 26 B.C. Taurus was c

consorts in his powers. In 27 B.C. Augustus had set out for the West without delay; and of the first fourteen years of his Pri

expeditionary force commanded by the stepson of the Princeps imposed without fighting a Roman nominee on the throne of Armenia

ati pro praetore who, for reasons various and cumulative, were almost without exception praetorian in rank. At the same time, a

At the same time, as more senators reached the consulate, sturdy men without ancestors but commended by loyalty and service, o

roops of clients, arousing the distrust of the Princeps; 5 not always without cause. But careful supervision at first and then

ral government under the Principate, however, was strong enough to do without such a prohibition. 3 BCH XII (1888), 15 (Mylas

tatute and the conferment of special powers upon his deputy proceeded without any unfortunate incidents in public. With the dea

and bitter rivalries. The final and peaceful result was not attained without dissensions in the cabinet, several political cri

the provincial armies. Late in 97 or early in 98 Syria is found to be without a consular legate (ILS 1055). 2 Dio 69, 1; SHA

picius Quirinius, who had paid assiduous court to the exile of Rhodes without impairing his own advancement. 6 NotesPage=>

dissemble the ruin of high ambitions. It was expedient to demonstrate without delay that he was indispensable to the safety of

rtain of the leading men of the State, such as Asinius Gallus, played without skill the parts for which they had been chosen pe

as lost did men feel the full pride of Rome’s imperial destiny empire without end in time and space: his ego nec metas rerum

m had averted the menace but for how long? Could Rome maintain empire without the virtues that had won it? 4 A well-ordered s

and the newly enriched who aped the extravagances of the aristocracy without their ancestral excuse or their saving qualities.

erred alliance with a freedwoman, or none at all. With marriage and without it, the tone and habits of high society were gay

ok=>447 The Roman People could not be pure, strong and confident without pietas, the honour due to the gods of Rome, On

ndemned as irregular. 3 As in all else, the First Citizen could act without law or title by virtue of his paramount auctorita

ired visions of the Fortunate Isles, where nature provided all fruits without the work of man’s hand, might meditate for a mome

st, wealth, luxury and power, new tastes and new ideas, had discarded without repining the rugged ancestral virtues. But the an

s were native. 1 Augustus was a singularly archaic type. 2 Not indeed without culture but he had not been deeply influenced by

that it retained liberty while discarding licence and achieved order without despotism, now suffused and transfigured the pres

ients the fiction of a national army was gallantly maintained but not without disappointments. The army engaged in completing t

of law and government could respect the magistrate and the imperator without worshipping power in the eastern fashion. Such at

so much community of sentiment as would serve the convenience of Rome without creating a dangerous nationalism. It was a neat c

PageBook=>482 These outbursts of liberty flattered their authors without alarming the government; and men might still read

eir authors without alarming the government; and men might still read without danger the opprobrious epistles of Antonius or th

y fashion he could, by freedom of speech. 3 Too eminent to be muzzled without scandal, too recalcitrant to be won by flattery,

ure of ‘Patavinitas’ cannot be discovered from Livy’s writings alone, without reference to the character of his critic Pollio a

ting and hated. 2 Labienus vented his rancour on class and individual without discrimination and without fear. Bathyllus, the p

vented his rancour on class and individual without discrimination and without fear. Bathyllus, the popular and disreputable act

sed libellous pamphlets, assailing illustrious persons of both sexes, without restraint or distinction, among them P. Vitellius

ir at Philippi, could not have been invoked to support his Principate without scandal or inconvenience. Cato was already out of

had been a high secretary of state under Domitian, Nerva and Trajan, without a break (ILS 1448). PageBook=>515 The Repu

pidus enjoyed the friendship of Tiberius; he supported the government without dishonour, his own dignity without danger. 1 Like

erius; he supported the government without dishonour, his own dignity without danger. 1 Likewise the excellent P. Memmius Regul

he new member reinvigorated the whole and could not have been severed without damage. 8 NotesPage=>520 1 ILS 140, 1. 7f.

Caesar III: M. Aemilius M. f. Lepidus 45 C. Julius C. f. Caesar IV ( without colleague) Q. Fabius Q. f. Maximus: C. Trebonius

the origo of some person: in most cases the bare reference is given, without comment. PageBook=>535 Acerrae, 79, 91; ho