after the ordinances of Sulla the Dictator, there were many senators whose fathers had held only the lower magistracies or e

t the conservative Roman voter could seldom be induced to elect a man whose name had not been known for centuries as a part o

Cornelii was waning. Their strength now lay in the inferior Lentuli, whose lack of dangerous enterprise was compensated by d

instinct for survival. Some of the patrician clans like the Furii, whose son Camillus saved Rome from the Gauls, had vanis

d a consul for two generations. 3 But there was a prominent Lutatius, whose name recalled a great naval battle and whose fath

as a prominent Lutatius, whose name recalled a great naval battle and whose father had defeated the Cimbri; there were severa

in addition to three sons, Ap. Claudius Pulcher left three daughters, whose birth and beauty gained them advantageous matches

very heart of Roman dynastic politics. The tribune M. Livius Drusus, whose activities did so much to precipitate the Bellum

e, and at the same time carefully soliciting the aid of young nobiles whose clientela carried many votes. 5 The oligarchy kne

ius’ mother was a Lucilia, niece of that Lucilius from Suessa Aurunca whose wealth and talents earned him Scipionic friendshi

(Suetonius, Divus Julius 50, 1) may well be a daughter of Palicanus, whose candidature he supported in 67 (Val. Max. 3, 8, 3

were the most conspicuous, but not the only adherents of the dynasts, whose influence decided the consular elections for the

ral Afranius and the orator Cicero, pathetically loyal to a leader of whose insincerity he could recall such palpable and pai

oman way, in the hands of loyal partisans, or of reconciled Pompeians whose good sense should guarantee peace. For that perio

in the lower ranks of the Senate turned with alacrity to a politician whose boast and reputation it was that he never let dow

kinsman, it may be presumed, of that eloquent and high-minded tribune whose legislation precipitated the Civil War between Ma

s, grandson of the consul of 83 B.C., L. Cornelius Cinna (pr. 44), to whose sister Caesar had once been married, and C. Carri

sar’s earliest legates in Gaul were T. Labienus, Q. Titurius Sabinus, whose father served with Pompeius in Spain (Sallust, Hi

Pompeius in Spain (Sallust, Hist. 2, 94 M), and Ser. Sulpicius Galba, whose parent may plausibly be discovered in the consili

iae, notorious for wealth and vice,2 and the phenomenal P. Ventidius, whose infancy had known slavery and degradation: captur

a power greater than most Roman senators. Certain of the politicians whose methods earned them the name of populares were ho

paradox among Roman financiers. More is known about his son, a banker whose business had wide ramifications over all the worl

ed natives of dynastic families, Hellenized before they became Roman, whose citizenship, so far from being the recent gift of

ion and dignity, once a devoted adherent of Cicero, for activities in whose cause he had been NotesPage=>081 1 W. Schu

garius and obscure individuals like D. Turullius or Cassius of Parma, whose former history and political activity evade detec

is deserved and unedifying end, Appian, BC 3, 98, 409. 7 On Cimber ( whose origin cannot be discovered), cf. P-W, VI A, 1038

nt and tumultuous. Not without excuse: their Imperator, in defence of whose station and dignity they took up arms against his

the Horse or without any official title. PageBook=>105 Empire, whose unofficial follies did not prevent them from risi

obscure and perhaps unsavoury individuals, such as Mindius Marcellus, whose father had been active as a business man in Greec

power. In the first place, the consuls- designate, Hirtius and Pansa, whose counsel Octavianus sought when he arrived in Camp

us now of consular rank, no Valerius, no Claudius. 2 Of the Cornelii, whose many branches had produced the Scipiones and the

antly revealed in the persons of its leading members, the ex-consuls, whose auctoritas, so custom prescribed, should direct t

nfidence in a cause championed by Cicero, the pomp and insincerity of whose oratory he found so distasteful. But Pollio was t

find mention. Then other marshals and consuls turn up L. Cornificius, whose unknown antecedents endowed him with the talents

Dolabella took his own life: Trebonius was avenged. Except for Egypt, whose Queen had helped Dolabella, and the recalcitrance

was also despoiled of Spain, for the advantage of Octavianus, most of whose original portion was by now in the hands of Pompe

ge. The soldiery were thwarted by the suicide of a prominent citizen, whose ostentatious pyre started a general conflagration

ank, save that he negotiated with the Republican admiral Ahenobarbus, whose fleet controlled the Adriatic, and won his suppor

timents by taking to wife Scribonia,4 who was the sister of that Libo whose daughter Sex. Pompeius had married. But Pompeius,

ed complicity in the murder of Caesar; his open ally was Pompeius, in whose company stood a host of noble Romans and respecta

Acta Triumphalia mention the Parthini, and only the Parthini, a tribe whose habitat is known. A capture of the city of Salona

uired, sufficient faith in the principles of any of the Pompeii, into whose fatal alliance they had been driven or duped. Ahe

ia. 2 The Roman People never forgave the brutal and thankless Titius, whose life had been saved by Pompeius several years ear

. 3 Pliny, NH 7, 138. Proculeius was the half-brother of Murena, to whose sister Terentia Maecenas was married (Dio 54, 3,

(CIL X, 804118), which was presumably his home, cf. ILS 6463. 3 In whose company he is first mentioned, in 43, perhaps as

d by more powerful and perhaps more seductive influences. 2 Maecenas, whose aesthetic tastes were genuine and varied, though

tty tyrants abode loyalty, not to Rome, but to Pompeius their patron, whose cause suddenly revived when young Labienus broke

ountering no resistance from Antipater the lord of Derbe and Laranda, whose principality lay beside the high road into Asia.

lic was doomed, or to trust, like Murcus, the alliance with Pompeius ( whose whole family he hated), Ahenobarbus with his flee

s friend of Brutus, and L. Sempronius Atratinus (cos. suff. 34 B.C.), whose sister Poplicola married, could recall a distant

sarian by now; and certain consular diplomats or diplomatic marshals, whose political judgement was sharper than their sense

avalry. Romans too departed, M. Junius Silanus and the agile Dellius, whose changes of side were proverbial but not unparalle

belonged—with his revolutionary ally or with the venerable adversary whose memory he had traduced after death. Again, Horace

tered the Senate and commanded the armies of the Roman People Pollio, whose grandfather led the Marrucini against Rome, Venti

h was rustic, their alien names a mockery to the aristocracy of Rome, whose own Sabine or Etruscan origins, though known and

were representatives of Augustus’ Italy, many of them from the Italia whose name, nation and sentiments had so recently been

us; it may be conjectured that certain among them, above all Agrippa, whose policy prevailed on that occasion, also sought to

it, as against eleven nobiles. 1 Conspicuous among the latter are men whose fathers through death or defeat in the Civil Wars

d deserved well of the Roman People. 6 Yet there were certain nobiles whose merits fell short of recompense in the reign of A

war and the command of armies brought the highest distinction to men whose youth had been trained in the wars of the Revolut

to men whose youth had been trained in the wars of the Revolution and whose mature skill, directed against foreign enemies, a

y, patrician or plebeian. Valerii, Claudii, Fabii and Aemilii, houses whose bare survival, not to say traditional primacy, wa

i magis quam nobili ortus familia’; M. Furius Camillus (cos. A.D. 8), whose son L. Arruntius Camillus Scribonianus (PIR2, A 1

he faction. 4 Then he rose higher his second was an Aemilia Lepida in whose veins ran the blood of Sulla and of Pompeius. 5 S

Servilia down to minor but efficient intriguers like that Praecia to whose good offices Lucullus owed, it was said, his comm

imself was certainly artful: he got on very well with his stepmother, whose name he took and carried for a time (ib., 4, 1),

rs in A.D. 6, or the two curatores annonae of that year and the next, whose function passed at once to an equestrian prefect.

ristocracy; the senatorial historians Sallustius, Pollio and Tacitus, whose writings breathe the authentic spirit of the Repu

re not attested certain eminent personages in the governing oligarchy whose claims must have been the subject of public rumou

ivated and diplomatic person, was an intimate friend of the Princeps, whose glorification he had assiduously propagated durin

=>425 1 ILS 8892. 2 Note M. Livius Drusus Libo (cos. 15 B.C.), whose connexions are unknown. The other relationships a

f Tiberius; 4 and a despicable eastern king, Archelaus of Cappadocia, whose cause Tiberius had once defended before the Senat

alatia to the Balkans with an army in A.D. 7), M. Aemilius Lepidus, whose virtues matched his illustrious lineage, C. Vibiu

nus was legate of Moesia. 6 In Syria stood Creticus Metellus Silanus, whose infant daughter was betrothed to the eldest son o

ir monstrous estates for the benefit of the deserving and Roman poor, whose peasant ancestors had won glory and empire for Ro

y, and especially from the provinces, took their place, the rigour of whose parsimony was not relaxed even by the splendid fo

. When the rule of Augustus is established, men of letters, a class whose habit it had been to attack the dominant individu

singularly fortunate in discovering for his epic poet of Italy a man whose verse and sentiments harmonized so easily with hi

ictive. He wished to make a demonstration perhaps to find a scapegoat whose very political harmlessness would divert attentio

grandsons had broken a leg. 4 The great jurist M. Antistius Labeo, whose father, one of the assassins of the Dictator, had

out restraint or distinction, among them P. Vitellius the procurator, whose grandfather, he said, was a cobbler, his mother a

ssessing fewer enemies, the Republican historian A. Cremutius Cordus, whose vivid pages proscribed to all eternity the author

23, 4. PageBook=>496 Such was the end of certain noble houses whose pedigrees were closely and fatally entwined with

s, Claudius’ wife, the beautiful and abandoned Valeria Messallina, in whose veins ran the blood of Claudii, Domitii and Marce

ne of them left a son, namely C. Calpurnius Crassus Frugi Licinianus, whose historic name, spared by Domitian, could not esca

llina, sister, wife or mother of an eminent military man of the time, whose name is missing (CIL XII, 3169). PageBook=>5

grieved at the decline in power and splendour of the ancient families whose names embodied the history of Republican Rome. Th

men to be found in this company, sons of the old Italian aristocracy, whose private virtues did not avail to compensate the c

n agent. Other allies of the Princeps are omitted, save for Tiberius, whose conquest of Illyricum under the auspices of Augus