granddaughter and to utter a prophecy of empire concerning Galba, to whom the power passed when the dynasty of the Julii an

s only. The sovran people of a free republic conferred its favours on whom it pleased. 3 Popularity with the plebs was there

and Sulla’s oligarchy was the powerful house of the Caecilii Metelli, whom some called stupid. 1 Their heraldic badge was an

itional Roman temper and tenacity, not inferior to the great ancestor whom he emulated almost to a parody, Cato the Censor.

.C., three candidates contending in violence and rioting, chief among whom was the favourite of the Optimates, T. Annius Mil

mposition of Caesar’s party and the character of those adherents with whom he supplemented the Senate and reinforced the oli

tried to remain neutral, including several eminent consulars, some of whom Caesar won to sympathy, if not to active support,

ecorded and honoured, for example, by the sons of the proconsuls with whom Caesar had served as military tribune and as quae

the courts, but rescued by the able defence of an eloquent lawyer to whom he had lent a large sum of money. 2 He now stood

Caesar claimed, among other patricians, the worthy Ti. Claudius Nero, whom Cicero desired for son-in-law, and the debauched

debauched P. Cornelius Dolabella, a sinister and disquieting figure, whom the choice of his wife and daughter imposed. 2

cy she ruthlessly employed the three daughters of her second husband, whom she gave in marriage to C. Cassius Longinus, to M

e brothers, L., C. and P. Hostilius Saserna, can be distinguished, of whom the first at least was a senator (Münzer, P-W VII

Is he perhaps of the family of the proscribed Samnite, Cn. Decidius, whom Caesar defended (Tacitus, Dial. 21, 6, cf. Pro Cl

abilitated Gabinius. 2 That assembly now harboured many other clients whom Cicero had once defended, not, as Gabinius, under

independent and martial peoples, the Marsi in the forefront, without whom no triumph had ever been celebrated whether they

er, that he was generous in act and policy, no man from remoter Italy whom he helped into the Senate, no novus homo for whom

from remoter Italy whom he helped into the Senate, no novus homo for whom he strove in defiance of the nobiles to secure th

ans Vatinius and Sallustius. 6 They were no doubt followed by knights whom Caesar promoted. Campania, again, a prosperous re

al. 34, 7), not, however an important person. The powerful enemies to whom Pollio makes reference in his letter cannot be id

rve study. Note the Caesarian C. Calvisius Sabinus (cos. 39 B.C.), on whom below, p. 199. PageBook=>094 obscure men.

speech of Antonius is recorded by certain historians (esp. Appian, on whom see E. Schwartz, P-W II, 230), but is suspect. It

ok up arms against his enemies, had been treacherously slain by those whom he trusted and promoted by the marshals Decimus B

unicipio, deferential and flattered by the presence of Roman nobiles, whom even Caesarian consuls acclaimed as ‘clarissimi v

other Caesarian military men or recent governors of provinces, few of whom possessed family influence or talent for intrigue

ng to be deterred by letters from his mother and step-father, both of whom counselled refusal of the perilous inheritance. B

, save honourable mention of three tribunes and a legionary commander whom he had seduced from the consul. 3 These were th

Octavianus sought when he arrived in Campania. Friends of Caesar, to whom they owed all, they would surely not repel his he

blame Caesar, the agent of his misfortunes, rather than Pompeius with whom the last word rested. Pompeius was the stronger f

incompetent to emulate the contrasted virtues of Caesar and of Cato, whom Sallustius, an honest man and no detractor of Cic

ostle of concord was not always easy when he had to deal with enemies whom he had described as ‘madmen’, ‘raging brigands’ o

mies and constitutional sanctions against a proconsul. Where and with whom stood now the legitimate government and the autho

The prime cause of disquiet was Cicero’s protégé, the ‘divine youth whom Providence had sent to save the State’. 5 Octavia

Already Cicero and Brutus had exchanged sharp words over C. Antonius, whom Brutus had captured in Macedonia. Cicero insisted

eleven legions, the consul left Rome for the reckoning with Antonius, whom he could now face as an equal. Antonius had been

NotesPage=>188 1 Appian, BC 3, 80, 329 (a certain P. Decius, on whom cf. Phil. 11, 13; 13, 27). PageBook=>189 h

ate had been able to count only seventeen ex-consuls, the majority of whom were absent from Rome, ailing in health or remote

ow, p. 267. 5 From Narnia, cf. Victor, Epit. de Caes. 12, 1. 6 On whom cf. below, p. 237. Statilius is presumably Lucani

ianus’ general Carrinas was faced by the invasion of a Moorish prince whom L. Antonius and Fulvia had incited; 2 in Africa t

2 Likewise an odd Republican or two and certain of the assassins, for whom there could be no pardon from Caesar’s heir, no r

rty now began to attract ambitious aristocrats, among the earliest of whom may fairly be reckoned a Claudian of the other br

rely employed at an early age for dynastic alliances. It is not known whom Cn. Domitius Ahenobarbus married; but his grand-d

Q. Didius and M. Oppius Capito, obscure persons, and the two marshals whom Antonius had trained Sosius, the conqueror of Jer

power or gift of Antonius, were also bestowed upon the three children whom Cleopatra had borne him. Hostile propaganda has s

od thing. ’3 That just observation sealed the fate of Ptolemy Caesar, whom many believed son of the Dictator. Alexander Heli

t is to say, a grateful people would unfailingly elect the candidates whom Caesar in his wisdom had chosen, with or without

the territories of Augustus’ provincia were to be firmly held by men whom he could trust. Northern Italy was no longer a pr

, he kept his secret and never told his true opinion about the leader whom they all supported for Rome’s sake. The service o

he match had been contrived long ago by Livia, that astute politician whom her great-grandson called ‘the Roman Ulysses’. 1

The Caesarian partisans and the successful renegades remained, men to whom adventure, intrigue and unscrupulous daring had b

a, the husband of Antonius’ daughter, the brutal and efficient Herod, whom Agrippa prized so highly, Polemo of Pontus or the

B.C.4 The Roman voter, free citizen of a free community, might elect whom he would: his suffrage went to ancestry and perso

te. Some were passed over, such as M. Lurius and P. Carisius, both of whom had served against Sex. Pompeius and elsewhere. B

ne of the paramours of Julia; P. Quinctilius Varus (cos. 13 B.C.), of whom Velleius (2, 117, 2) makes the significant remark

M. Antonius. The elder Antonia went to L. Domitius Ahenobarbus, to whom she had been betrothed from infancy, the younger

al power, debarred from alliances with those financial interests with whom they once had shared the spoils of the provinces.

it. The Antonian L. Marcius Censorinus entered into possession, from whom it passed to the family of Statilius Taurus. 6 Ag

luent Gadarene, possessor of nearly two hundred million sesterces, to whom cities paid honour, neglecting magistrates of the

ded with the two untried boys, Lucius and Gaius, the sons of Agrippa, whom he had adopted as his own. Down to 13 B.C., Aug

4 He may have served in Spain before Varro certainly had, and Varro, whom posterity knows as a learned antiquary, was no do

erval of unknown length, was the illustrious L. Calpurnius Piso, with whom the office became a standing institution. 2 In

of the People might declare war but the People did not decide against whom ; the wars, however grandiose and arduous they mig

adequate generals and sagacious counsellors, the most prominent among whom have already been indicated. The Princeps now had

airs of women bearing the names Octavia, Antonia and Marcella, all of whom except the daughters of M. Antonius were twice ma

ed Urgulanilla, the daughter of M. Plautius Silvanus, a politician to whom the notorious friendship of his mother with Livia

t. This Silanus was a relative of M. Junius Silanus (cos. A.D. 19) to whom Julia’s daughter Aemilia Lepida was perhaps alrea

ut of place at Court. His coeval, Germanicus’ young brother Claudius, whom some thought stupid and whom his mother Antonia c

val, Germanicus’ young brother Claudius, whom some thought stupid and whom his mother Antonia called a monster, was not a de

, cf. E. Groag, P-W VI, 1784 f. 4 Tacitus, Ann. 1, 13, according to whom some authorities substituted Cn. Piso (cos. 7 B.C

dus); 2, 116, 2 (Postumus and Apronius); 2, 116, 3 (Lamia). 4 About whom Velleius is lavish of non-committal praise (2, 98

ward moments in the public conferment of the Principate upon the heir whom he had designated. Tiberius himself was ill at ea

epublic as identical in life, habit and ideals with the rough farmers whom they led to battle generals and soldiers alike th

rosperity might produce qualms no less than did adversity. Horace, in whom the horrors of the Perusine War had inspired visi

monia’ and in loyalty to the State. Agrícola was the civil servant of whom Augustus might well have dreamed. PageNotes. 45

1. Horace dedicates Odes 4, 1 to Fabius, ‘centum puer artium’. 5 On whom see esp. C. Cichorius, R. Studien, 325 ff. The th

rgil and Horace. Maecenas also took up Propertius, a young Umbrian in whom something of the fire and passion of the Transpad

charge of shrines where honour was paid to the lares compitales, with whom was associated the genius of the Princeps. 3 Ea

ents of the movement were T. Labienus and Cassius Severus, neither of whom possessed the social and material advantages that

,5 fit partner for Quirinius’ Aemilia Lepida, who bore him a son with whom the family ended. M. Hortensius Hortalus, the gra

ceps. The union was blessed with three sons and two daughters, all of whom in turn, by death or relegation, paid full penalt

ous history of the Julio-Claudian age, from the blameless M. Silanus, whom Caligula called the ‘golden sheep’, down to Junia

ish by violent ends, among them that irreproachable and academic Piso whom Galba unwisely adopted to a four days’ partnershi

o a miserable end. But Gallus propagated the Asinii with six sons, of whom three at least attained to consular rank:4 a dire

e army commanders of Claudius and Nero are to be found Curtius Rufus, whom some alleged to be the son of a gladiator, Duvius

ation and a pragmatic justification of success. One man only of all whom the Revolution had brought to power deserved any

t stand in such startling contrast to his son, the infamous Persicus, whom Claudius, an emperor not averse from cruel irony,

ius, thus disproving the identification with P. Cornelius Scipio (for whom cf. 35 B.C.). It is not certain, however, who he