mainly prosopographical in character, and it covers the footnotes as well as the text. If used in conjunction with the list

t necessary illegalities, the second of constitutional government. So well did he succeed that in later days, confronted wit

pate of Augustus. Nor is the Augustan period as straightforward or as well known as the writers of biographies appear to ima

lina to raise a revolution in Italy for Catilina attacked property as well as privilege. The government of the nobiles, supp

ing is known. But his wife Lollia (Suetonius, Divus Julius 50, 1) may well be a daughter of Palicanus, whose candidature he

r was Pompeius’ consul effective, though a witty man and an orator as well as a soldier. 5 Pompeius set all his hopes on the

n P-W 11 A, 1775 ff. PageBook=>035 Cato had private grounds as well as public for hating Caesar, the lover of Servili

se influence decided the consular elections for the next two years as well . 2 Despite patronage at home and armed power in

on. The constitution served the purposes of generals or of demagogues well enough. When Pompeius returned from the East, he

enough. When Pompeius returned from the East, he lacked the desire as well as the pretext to march on Rome; and Caesar did n

ldiers were the proletariat of Italy, the revolution became social as well as political. The remedy was simple and drastic

l Q. Metellus Scipio, vaunting an unmatched pedigree, yet ignorant as well as unworthy of his ancestors, corrupt and debauch

ers: after a civil war the need was patent. The Dictator’s task might well demand several years. In 46 B.C. his powers were

ery different person, Caesar the Dictator. The rule of Caesar could well be branded as monarchy on a partisan or conventio

petty criticism and laudations of dead Cato. That he was unpopular he well knew. 1 ‘For all his genius, Caesar could not see

1 Nor was his political conduct wholly to be predicted. Brutus might well have been a Caesarian neither he nor Caesar were

ights. Caesar, advocating clemency from humanity and class-feeling as well as for political effect, secured the restitution

it, Marius’ party comprised diverse elements, noble and patrician as well as new men, knights and municipal aristocrats. 3

us in the Pirate War (Appian, Mithr. 95), perhaps earlier in Spain as well . 5 Dio 40, 63, 4. On his activities in 52 B.C.,

n the West and in the East furnished scope for political patronage as well as for military experience. His numerous legates

uided Spaniards. 4 The centurions were allies and political agents as well as officers. At Pharsalus the sturdy Crastinus op

al agents, many of them notable for literary tastes and production as well as for aptitude in finance. The secretariat of th

menace of expulsion by implacable censors; the scribe likewise might well be in possession of the census of a Roman knight.

e centurionate was worth having: it could be got through patronage as well as service. 3 NotesPage=>078 1 The notorio

ld perhaps have been eligible for senatorial rank, if not Virgil’s as well . Among Caesar’s nominees may be reckoned the Host

cillus, Caesar, BG 1, 47, 4, &c. PageBook=>080 citizens as well . The provincia, which received a Roman colony at

6 Of certain local dynastic families it could in truth be proved as well as stated that they had always been there. The Ca

us 6. 5 Perhaps for Gabinius (above, p. 31). L. Nonius Asprenas may well be Picene, cf‘L. Nonius T.f. Vel. ’in the consili

lly revealed in the lowest ranks of the Roman Senate, before Sulla as well as after, borne by NotesPage=>093 1 W. Sch

t regard for law or precedent, appointing numerous suffect consuls as well . For all their admitted talents, it is by no mean

loyalty or for capacity. Lepidus was the elder man and a patrician as well . Lepidus retained the position of nominal deputy

the People of the right of electing the pontifex maximus. This looked well . Naturally, it was a piece of political jobbery:

exchange for Macedonia, namely Gallia Cisalpina, and Gallia Comata as well (the region recently conquered by Caesar):1 these

just claims not to be disregarded, as the Liberators themselves were well aware. Antonius occupied himself with the allot

eceive as his consular province Gallia Cisalpina and Gallia Comata as well . Such was the Lex de permutatione provinciarum (J

e Lex de permutatione provinciarum (June 1st). 4 This manoeuvre might well alarm the moderates NotesPage=>115 1 He ob

apopartei (1933), 76 ff.), it matters little. PageBook=>116 as well as extreme Republicans. They knew what the last e

cence of public disorder and the emergence of a Caesarian rival might well force Antonius back again to the policy which he

eir mere names would have been a damaging revelation. Salvidienus may well have been an equestrian officer in Caesar’s army.

for the celebration of the games in July. 6 Oppius was a diplomat as well as a financier. In November he is discovered on a

e considered policy of a whole class. Octavianus needed the Senate as well . He hoped to win sympathy, if not support, from s

Book=>145 ranks of the principes for varied talent, for civil as well as military distinction; access lay open to merit

or civil as well as military distinction; access lay open to merit as well as to birth; and the good statesman would not be

ndid of all the orations. But oratory can be a menace to posterity as well as to its author or its audience. There was anoth

rges, believed or not, became standard jests, treasured by friends as well as enemies. Ventidius was called a muleteer:8 the

tiations with an enemy must be spurned because they were dangerous as well as dishonourable5 they might impair the resolutio

e unimpeachable example of the patriotic Lepidus, in word no doubt as well as in deed; Pollio likewise, though not an adept

nate and the liberty of the People. Cicero spoke before the People as well as in the Curia. 1 There he boldly inverted the p

ajoled or coerced into action. It showed a lack of personal energy as well as of social distinction. There was no Fabius n

ro or a Plancus would have excited rational distrust among friends as well as among enemies. The West showed scant prospec

in Cicero’s programme, the outlawing of Antonius, violated private as well as public law. As Piso pointed out, perhaps with

the ambition of Octavianus. 4 Who was the destined colleague? It may well have been the ambiguous P. Servilius, for to this

inction, and showed its revolutionary character by its composition as well as by its policy. The Triumvirs had expelled from

y not only the nobiles, their political enemies, but their victims as well , men of substance and repute from the towns of It

rals their soldiers had an acute perception of their own interests as well as a strong distaste for war: it would be plain f

with a fair prospect of destroying the rival Caesarian leader, might well seem to cry out for an explanation. It was easy a

nter. Of the earlier stages of the dissensions in Italy, Antonius was well apprised. He could not intervene the confiscation

which perhaps he had not been very successful. 2 He felt that he was well out of the tangle. Of subsequent events in Italy,

bus ruit. The Epode is quoted and utilized here, though it may very well be several years later in date. The problem of pr

ner. Pompeius, possessing the islands, was to receive Peloponnesus as well . To recognition was added compensation in money a

thwarted and deceived. He may have hoped that his military genius as well as his ships would NotesPage=>225 1 Horace

emnants of the fleet. Hope soon revived. His generals, and Lepidus as well , had secured a firm footing in the island. They s

o opinion of Lepidus and this was Caesar’s heir, in audacious deed as well as in name. Once again the voice of armed men was

ph in the Sicilian War, and the new party has acquired distinction as well as solidity. The process of conciliating the neut

crats of the most ancient families. Many minor partisans served him well , of brief notoriety and quick reward, then lapsin

ct others of their own rank and many a humbler snob or time-server as well : the prospect of a consulate in ten or twenty yea

preponderance of Caesarians owed status and office, if not wealth as well , to the Triumvirs; and a mass of Roman knights, b

ue merit was not the path to success and success itself was unsafe as well as dishonourable. 1 New men emerging established

But a direct, not to say hard and truculent manner of speech would be well matched with the temper of a military age. Some a

alla, his rival, displayed a cultivated harmony and a gentle elegance well suited to a period of political calm. The signs o

ic signs of their existence, were susceptible to such an appeal might well be doubted. The aged Varro, the most learned of t

dge. Though the varied compilations of Varro embraced historical as well as antiquarian works, he had gathered the materia

no idealization in his account of a more recent period he knew it too well ; and the immediate and palpable present bore heav

author of Annales belli Gallici (cf. esp. Horace, Sat. 2, 5, 41), may well be Bibaculus, though this has been disputed. 4

esert with his cavalry at a critical moment. The Parthians and Medes, well served by treachery and mobility, attacked the Ro

ere dead. Pollio had abandoned public life, perhaps Censorinus had as well . Other partisans may already have been verging to

traits thereon. 1 Pollio won him for Antonius, and he served Antonius well . The alliance was firm with promise for the futur

t be disinterred, for it has been doubly buried, in erotic romance as well as in political mythology. Of the facts, there is

agents and beneficiaries were kings or cities. For Rome, advantage as well as necessity; and the population preferred to be

and narrow the area of its rule. Rome could not deal with the East as well as the West. The East was fundamentally different

not for a long future, for the East but not for Italy and the West as well . 2 To absolute monarchy belonged divine honours i

advertisement. With Cleopatra it was different: she was a goddess as well as a queen in her own right. The assumption of di

pelled to stand by Cleopatra to the end by honour and by principle as well as by the necessities of war. Like Caesar, he nev

alacrity. Antonius asserted that Ptolemy Caesar was the true heir as well as authentic son of the Dictator. Octavianus pu

rruption or local intimidation were not enough. Lack of conviction as well as lack of organization frustrated these partial

eps was later to consummate. It is evident that the most confident as well as the most vocal assertions of Italian nationali

ter the Pact of Brundisium had been prejudicial to Italian economy as well as alarming to Italian sentiment. As it was, Anto

t in subsequent ages the division between West and East was masked so well and delayed so long. The loss of the dominions be

es the opinions of Pollio concerning these transactions and it can be well understood. His comments would have been frank an

by Ap. Claudius Pulcher enhanced the impression of a pacified West as well as the power and glory of Caesar and the Caesaria

r proceeded to make his dispositions in the East. The vassal princes, well aware of their own weakness, were unswervingly lo

us Julius did not preclude the worship of the new lord of the East as well , manifest and monarchic. 2 The frontier itself

death. That was the lesson of Romulus: it was enunciated in prose as well as in verse. 2 The conqueror of the East and he

ssure to bear upon him. Some informal exchange of opinion there may well have been. No record would be likely to survive,

f which his domination had arisen. But Augustus was to be consul as well as proconsul, year after year without a break. Th

need to. As it stood, the Roman constitution would serve his purpose well enough. It is, therefore, no paradox to discover

e subject populations. Above all, he stood at the head of a large and well organized political party as the source and fount

purified Senate, being in a majority the partisans of Augustus, were well aware of what was afoot. To secure the domination

his account of the original division (p. 840), Gallia Narbonensis as well as Baetica is senatorial. Syria at this time was

nemies. Consulars with armies were rivals to the Princeps in power as well as in military glory. It would be expedient to re

. L. Tarius Rufus (cos. suff. 16) and M. Vinicius (cos. suff. 19) may well have held more than one praetorian command in the

ant powers. The same reasons counselled Augustus to depart. Others as well he did not wish to contemplate the triumphal po

lude the attempt to reconstruct the true history of a year that might well have been the last, and was certainly the most cr

mus. ’ Horace, Odes 1, 2, is quite relevant here, though the poem may well have been composed as early as 29 or 28 B.C. 2

ties, residing himself in the island of Lesbos, a pleasant resort and well chosen for one who wished to keep watch over the

and well chosen for one who wished to keep watch over the Balkans as well as the East. 5 So much for the settlement of 23

nough. Piso and Sestius, ex-Republicans in the consulate, that looked well . But it was only a manifesto. PageNote. 338 1

re had been successful operations in Gaul and in the Alpine lands, as well as in Spain,2 but no serious warfare in the senat

nsulate ten years earlier than the legal provision. 1 Marcellus might well seem the destined heir, soon to succeed a frail a

ia alleged that he had been given secret instructions by Marcellus as well as by Augustus:2 falsely, perhaps, but it was dis

wn. The result was a defeat for Augustus and probably for Maecenas as well . Between the Princeps’ two steadfast allies of ea

is counsellors. It was thwarted. Agrippa’s conception, backed, it may well be, by a powerful and domestic ally, triumphed ov

there was the tradition, though not the blood, of M. Livius Drusus as well . Like other Romans of ancient aristocratic stock,

ented that the secret coup d’etat of 23 B.C. was the work of Livia as well as of Agrippa and a triumph for both. ‘Remo cum

however, were careful devices to ensure an heir in his own family as well ; he wished to provide for a dynasty and to found

vising a vicegerent for the East and perhaps for the western lands as well . Not only this the war in Spain was not yet over.

The soldier in service looked to Augustus as patron and protector as well as paymaster. Like the armies as a whole, the ind

tion brought a change, deriving perhaps from purely military needs as well as from social and political causes namely the pr

ces. They were drawn from the aristocracy of the towns, provincial as well as Italian. Thus P. Vitellius of Nuceria and M.

ium, Brixia, Pola and Concordia. 2 Excellent persons, no doubt, and well endowed with material goods. But Augustus was som

, Der r. Rttterstand, 389. Further, C. Julius Aquila (c. 10 B.C.) may well be provincial, perhaps from Bithynia- Pontus (for

Caesar’s miscellaneous following, bound to a cause and a programme as well as to a person. Furthermore, whatever the fate of

n the other hand, the candidate, at least for the consulate, would do well to seek the approbation of the Princeps. He did n

had from Pompeius; and Pompeius’ consul Gabinius was a politician as well as a soldier. In fact, nobility of birth prevaile

d to be right and proper, a debt repaid to ancestors who had deserved well of the Roman People. 6 Yet there were certain nob

nsman of the poet Propertius entered the Senate. This man had married well his wife was Aelia Galla, the daughter, it may be

exactly seductive, Galba himself was certainly artful: he got on very well with his stepmother, whose name he took and carri

pervasive system of patronage and nepotism. Hence and at this price a well ordered state such as Sulla and Caesar might have

trates or servants of the State. Augustus controlled the consulars as well as the consuls, diverting their energies and thei

he supreme effort, however, was greater still. There was the Rhine as well . The glory of it all was intended to fall to Agri

pa and of Taurus. Without the Claudii, however, the situation might well appear desperate for Princeps and for Empire. Who

governed from the beginning by men of consular rank, perhaps Asia as well . Illyricum, as long as it was senatorial, and Mac

ain (Narbonensis and Baetica) and the island of Cyprus. 1 This looked well and mattered little. In 27 B.C., the Senate provi

. In the appointment of governors, the Princeps encouraged youth as well as rewarded experience. The young consul of thirt

but he took to Macedonia competent legates; and Cicero in Cilicia was well served. 1 When Pompeius got for Caesar the Gallic

career, serve as military tribunes, sometimes as praefecti equitum as well . 5 So great was the emphasis laid by Augustus on

a, for most of the time with the provinces of Macedonia and Achaia as well . 3 But Poppaeus belongs rather to the reign of

(Pergamum) and BCH V (1881), 183 (Stratonicea): though these could as well refer to L. Calpurnius Piso (the augur), cos. I B

e again, of Syria. This would fit Piso and his Bellum Thracicum quite well ; but Quirinius is still not absolutely excluded (

654, from Callatis (for P. Vinicius). The successor of P. Silius may well be Sex. Aelius Catus (cos. A.D. 4), for a certain

Cn. Cornelius Lentulus, usually assigned to Illyricum, could quite well have been a legate of Moesia in the period 9 B.C.

f the period is evident and enormous. 5 Thus the New State endured, well equipped with ministers of government. But it was

e of secret rule his Mytilenean client Theophanes was an intriguer as well as an historian; his friend, the affluent senator

ceps as a group of counsellors and assessors for judicial business as well . 4 The Princeps possessed magisterial powers and

lose, now showing three new posts in the city of Rome; and knights as well as senators have their place in the different cou

e years of Augustus. Seius was Prefect of the Guard in A.D. 14.2 As well as finance, many matters of domestic and foreign

r of distinguished personages, among them (it may be conjectured) men well versed in eastern affairs, former governors and p

he East. But the needs of West and North were urgent, organization as well as fighting, and grave decisions to be taken abou

at he did not possess and facts that he could never discover. Dio was well aware that no authentic record of such momentous

ceps, though sometimes exaggerated and always malevolent, was all too well founded. The propaganda of Octavianus had been me

A.D. 5 may have had something to do with the origin of the story, as well as explaining Dio’s date. Yet Cinna’s consulate w

. In all, this fruitful union produced five children two daughters as well , namely Julia and Agrippina, and the posthumous i

principal was probably Iullus Antonius. The son of the Triumvir might well be politically dangerous. Like the early Christia

to the place of Tiberius as stepfather of the princes; and Julia may well have found the accomplished Antonius more amiable

for the charge of immorality was a convenient device for removing, as well as for discrediting, a political suspect. This Si

ling, looked to its ‘salubris princeps’ for spiritual regeneration as well as for material reform. Augustus claimed that a n

e apprehensions evoked by the long series of civil wars were only too well grounded. Actium had averted the menace but for h

? About the efficacy of moral and sumptuary legislation there might well be doubts, if men reflected on human nature and p

m: vincit Roma fide Phoebi. 1 The myth of Actium was religious as well as national on the one side Rome and all the gods

lia Narbonensis that soon might send to Rome their local aristocrats, well trained in ‘provincialis parsimonia’ and in loyal

y to the State. Agrícola was the civil servant of whom Augustus might well have dreamed. PageNotes. 455 1 Suetonius, Div

belief in municipal virtue rapidly extended to cover the provinces as well as Italy, with the same accepted terminology and

d Hellenic culture. Under the Principate of Augustus the village as well as the small town received official commendation.

a legion in Narbonensis; Spain had already supplied whole legions as well as recruits. If there were more evidence availabl

to recount ancient legends and religious observances with sympathy as well as with elegance. More than all this, however, th

the people. 1 He could have added that there were now public baths as well . But complaints were rare. The poor expressed the

artial in appearance as his effigies show him forth. 1 His limbs were well proportioned, but his stature was short, a defect

rious instances of mercy, as when Cinna was pardoned after a not very well authenticated conspiracy, the Principate could al

us’ position when Princeps enabled him to permit freedom of speech as well as to dispense with the most excessive and intole

elf both a historian and an orator; and in history he was critical as well as creative. Sallustius had died at his task, car

ly as possible. 4 In these matters Pollio’s own taste and practice is well attested. The words, he said, must follow the sen

rd, dry and unemotional fashion of writing. ‘Durus et siccus’, he was well described:1 he seemed a century earlier than his

stius, Pollio imitated the gravity and concentration of Thucydides as well as the native virtues of Roman writers. Like Sall

and material advantages that rendered Pollio secure from reprisals as well as formidable in attack. Labienus came of a loyal

tical success. Velleius stands revealed in his literary judgements as well . Next to Virgil he names among epic poets the gra

e discomfort of a false role. It broke Tiberius and the Principate as well . When Augustus died, tranquil and composed, his

ssallina. With the end of the Julio-Claudian dynasty, the Augustan as well as the Republican nobility seemed to have run its

s Traianus, the son of a consular and therefore a person of social as well as of military distinction. With Trajan, a Spanis

It could not be arrested. The defeat of the nobiles was spiritual as well as political. It was not merely that the Principa

onour instead the ‘gesta populi Romani’; 1 and Cato wrote of Italy as well as of Rome. 2 But Cato was powerless against Roma

. After a social revolution the primacy of the nobiles was a fraud as well as an anachronism it rested upon support and subs

e Italian novus homo alike had salvaged honour and fame, yet had done well for themselves and their families. Messalla chang

se ‘desultor bellorum civilium’. 4 Yet, on a cool estimate, Pollio as well as Messalla will be reckoned among the profiteers

Revolution. 5 Enriched by both sides, Pollio augmented the dignity as well as the fortunes of his family. Pollio’s son Gallu

to apply it in practice, for fear of something worse: sober men might well ponder on the apparent ridicule and solid advanta

filled his house with the statues of Republican heroes was a snob as well as a careerist. 4 The Republican profession was

Republicanism. With monarchy now firmly based in habit and theory as well as in fact, the very absence of any alternative f

ay in the nature of man, turbid and restless, with noble qualities as well as evil the strife for liberty, glory or dominati

oman People, robust and cheerful, could bear the burden with pride as well as with security. Augustus had also prayed for

ty for the Empire. He quietly asked his friends whether he had played well his part in the comedy of life. 2 There could be