. The survivors of the old governing class, shattered in spirit, gave up the contest. Compensated by the solid benefits of

te different is the estimate of his political activity when he raised up Caesar’s heir against Antonius. The last year of

That was left to Caesar’s heir, at the head of a new coalition, built up from the wreckage of other groups and superseding

or reform or rather, perhaps, from hostility to Scipio Aemilianus put up the tribune Ti. Sempronius Gracchus. The Metelli

through mortgages the ancestral property of senators, and thus built up large estates in Italy. Among senators were great

2 When he died of a natural but providential death the populace broke up his funeral. 3 Strabo was a sinister character, ‘

took Metella’s daughter, Aemilia. 1 When Aemilia died, Pompeius kept up that connexion by marrying another woman of that

their successors for money. 2 Pompeius caused the scandal to be shown up . Then his cousin C. Lucilius Hirrus announced a p

ikely to throw over his ally. On December 1st Curio’s proposal came up in the Senate again, revealing an overpowering ma

bus, energetic but very stupid. The tail of the procession is brought up by Sulpicius Rufus, a timid and respectable juris

not be dismissed as mere manoeuvres for position or for time to bring up his armies. 2 Caesar knew how small was the party

l treatment. In the last resort his rank, prestige and honour, summed up in the Latin word dignitas, were all at stake: to

leam of hope that the emergency period would be quite short flickered up for a moment, to wane at once and perish utterly.

his rule Caesar the Dictator was either suppressed outright or called up from time to time to enhance the contrast between

s is only a Caesar of myth or rational construction, a lay-figure set up to point a contrast with Pompeius or Augustus as

the time of his first appearance in Rome. The young man had to build up a faction for himself and make his own way along

for several years of campaigning in the Balkans and the East, he tied up magistracies and provincial commands in advance b

d sharply for eleven years. But Brutus, after Pharsalus, at once gave up a lost cause, receiving pardon from Caesar, high

y have to be dropped or suppressed. The reformer Ti. Gracchus was put up by a small group of influential consulars. 1 Thes

ormidable array of ability and social distinction. Some senators turn up on Caesar’s side, holding commands in the Civil W

1 Caesar’s following was dual in composition. The fact that he took up arms against the party in power, had been a Maria

f Luca reunited the dynasts and saved their agent. When the case came up for trial, both Pompeius and Crassus defended the

oung Pompeius. But in Africa the adventurer P. Sittius, who had built up a kingdom for himself, was mindful of old Catilin

proscriptions. But Caesar acquired the right to sell, grant or divide up the estates of his adversaries. Land was seized f

ntry, reinforced the new nobility. 6 These foreign dynasts were taken up and brought in by certain patrician houses for th

, a friend and associate of certain local dynasts,2 the Italians took up arms. It was not to extort a privilege but to des

een baffled and shattered in war did the fierce Italici begin to give up hope. An amnesty in the form of an offer of the c

ploits in Gaul. 3 The power and wealth of the Pompeii no doubt raised up many enemies against them in their own country. S

ts in Picenum; and a Picene Herennius, presumably his grandson, turns up as a senator and consul in the revolutionary peri

CAESAR lay dead, stricken by twenty-three wounds. The Senate broke up in fear and confusion, the assassins made their w

passed, did it become safe for them to be seen in public. The mob set up an altar and a pillar in the Forum, offering pray

stimable value after a revolution had succeeded. Thus did Brutus lift up his bloodstained dagger, crying the name of Cicer

r’s life, artfully fomented by his enemies; and Caesar, who had taken up arms in defence of the rights of the tribunes, wa

e: their Imperator, in defence of whose station and dignity they took up arms against his enemies, had been treacherously

the Caesarian governors in the far West. In Syria Bassus had stirred up civil war two years before, seizing the strong pl

aracter and judgement that time and the licence of power were to show up in deadly abundance. The frank and chivalrous sol

iable L. Munatius Plancus. For self-preservation, Antonius must build up support for the settlement of March 17th and the

of a brilliant career through these influential connexions, was taken up by Caesar. 5 When C. Octavius passed by adoptio

Caesar in 45 B.C., was enrolled among the patricians; and Caesar drew up his will, naming the heir, on September 13th (Sue

by the intrigues current during his absence in Campania, he now made up his mind that Brutus and Cassius should leave Ita

e end of 39 B.C. But Antonius proposed to exchange provinces, to give up Macedonia, while retaining the Balkan army, and r

that the only clear account of the speeches and negotiations leading up to the session of August 1st is Cicero’s report o

and devoted following was won, and his power revealed, he could build up a new Caesarian party of his own. It was the ai

to postpone the avenging of Caesar until he was strong enough, built up by Republican help, to betray the Republicans. Th

1 NotesPage=>122 1 The whole situation at this time is summed up by Dio (45, 11, 1 ff.) with unwonted insight and

anus. In pursuance of his Caesarian policy, Antonius caused to be set up in the Forum a statue of Caesar with the inscript

se no difficulties about Comata. Antonius summoned D. Brutus to yield up his command. The threat of force would be necessa

tonius set out for Brundisium on October 9th, proposing there to pick up four of the Macedonian legions and send them or m

of grave news dashed out to Alba Fucens. One of the legions marching up the eastern coast of Italy, the legio Martia, dec

isitors no guidance at all. 2 To be sure, he had dissuaded the taking up of the inheritance: the fact comes from a source

tended flocks upon his native hills as a boy, a tongue of flame shot up and hovered over his head, a royal portent. 2 Of

l could be discovered. 3 Before long a very different character turns up , the Etruscan magnate C. Maecenas, a diplomat and

e had not been inactive. 5 The Caesarian Rabirius Postumus also shows up , as would be expected, benevolent and alert in an

or who owed rank and fortune to one revolution were not eager to stir up another. But Octavianus wished to be much more th

to give him what he wants, to flatter and to praise him, he will put up with servitude. ’3 But Cicero was able to hold ou

result not altogether satisfactory. Rather than emend, Cicero gave it up , gladly. Caesar did not insist. Time was short ag

ro’s past career (September 19th). Cicero thought it best not to turn up . He salved his dignity by the belief that he was

conceal. But certain topics, not the least important, may never come up for open debate. The Senate listened to speeches

s on a long calculation, or even on a short? Of the wisdom of raising up Caesar’s heir, through violence and illegal arms

nest man and a patriot valued. But Brutus was far away. Winter held up warfare in the north, with leisure for grim refle

olitical fraud at Rome. On the contrary, the vocabulary was furbished up and adapted to a more modern and deadly technique

undations of settled government’; and the crown of the work is summed up in the claim that the Free State has been ‘preser

services of Lepidus to the Roman State, a gilded statue should be set up on the Rostra or in any part of the Forum that Le

t strong political ties or sentiments. In the north winter still held up military operations. At Rome politics lapsed for

ted from his bed of sickness, set out for the seat of war and marched up the Flaminia to Ariminum but not to fight if he c

upon which Antonius was prepared to treat were these:3 he would give up Cisalpine Gaul, but insisted on retaining Comata:

us. The sole security for that was the possession of an army. To give up his army and surrender at the discretion of a par

Brutus quickly defeated Antonius, drove him southward and penned him up in the city of Apollonia. Even more spectacular

a. Octavianus and Hirtius avoided battle, waiting for Pansa to come up with his four legions of recruits. Pansa had left

but sometimes neglected factor in the campaign of Mutina, was coming up in the rear of the constitutional forces with thr

ition in the most violent of terms. 1 Now Pollio supervened, coming up with two legions from Hispania Ulterior. Earlier

ple. They had no quarrel with Antonius; it was not they who had built up a novel and aggressive faction, mobilizing privat

nc divinum adulescentem deus? ’ PageBook=>168 honoured, lifted up and lifted off. 1 Cicero may never have said it.

n have passed. A clear indication was soon given. As Octavianus moved up the Flaminia, he instructed the other consul to r

guarantee against dissension in the Caesarian party. Octavianus gave up his betrothed, the daughter of Servilius, and too

d Hispania Citerior, augmented with Hispania Ulterior for Pollio gave up that province. To Octavianus fell a modest portio

ous in their secret deeds. The town of Larinum will surely have lived up to its reputation. 8 Elsewhere the defeated and i

ere the defeated and impoverished survivors of earlier struggles rose up again, rapacious and vindictive. The fierce Marsi

iotism. The citizens of Cales manned the walls and refused to deliver up Sittius. 9 Lucilius Hirrus, a great NotesPage=&

biles and political adversaries might head the list: the bulk is made up by the names of obscure senators or Roman knights

night; 1 and at the beginning of the next year a fresh list was drawn up , confiscating real property only. 2 Hitherto th

ng the earliest to find mention. Then other marshals and consuls turn up L. Cornificius, whose unknown antecedents endowed

hed along the Via Egnatia across Macedonia, passed Philippi, and took up a favourable position. Antonius and Octavianus pr

ps frustrated an invasion of the island. As for Antonius, he was held up at Brundisium by a hostile navy under the Republi

, it is true, did not intervene; but Cn. Domitius Ahenobarbus, coming up with a large part of the fleet of Brutus and Cass

s and Saxa, they arrived in the vicinity of Philippi, where they took up a strong position astride the Via Egnatia, invuln

nk of Cassius, he at last forced on a battle. Octavianus had now come up though shattered in health and never a soldier, h

etition by being made a part of Italy. 1 So Antonius promised to give up the Cisalpina: he retained Comata, however, and t

just such an alliance of Caesarians and Republicans as he had stirred up against Antonius nearly three years earlier. In a

dard of revolution in Campania. 8 Plancus marched northwards and took up a waiting position, as befitted his character, at

towards the end of the summer, it was to find that Antonius had come up from the East and was laying siege to Brundisium,

privileges over the East, rewarded friends and punished enemies, set up petty kings or deposed them. 1 So did he spend th

r, torn asunder by the generals struggling for the inheritance, broke up into separate kingdoms and rival dynasties. Not

rovided by the fact that the magistrates of the colony of Casinum set up a ‘signum concordiae’ on October 12th (ILS 3784).

the Greek cities or to opportunist brigands. At Jerusalem Pacorus set up a king, Antigonus, of a cadet branch of the royal

ho, as in his revolutionary début, had everything to gain by stirring up trouble. Octavianus soon found it advisable or ne

idus to assert himself. Plinius Rufus, a lieutenant of Pompeius, pent up with eight legions in Messana, offered to surrend

in the theatre of Pompeius Magnus, the spectators in indignation rose up and drove him out (Velleius 2, 79, 5). 4 Vellei

nmental proclamations also decreed that a golden statue should be set up in the Forum with an inscription to announce that

d no monopoly, but all the odium. 2 C. Proculeius, however, now turns up , only a Roman knight, but a person of repute and

n any way hamper them from following a revolutionary leader or taking up an ally not of their own class, from ambition or

nces of Gaul, Spain and Africa. 1 A powerful Caesarian oligarchy grew up , while the party of Antonius, by contrast, became

ance of Empire demanded the conquest of all Illyricum and the Balkans up to the Danube and the winning of the route by lan

econd he pacified the coast of Dalmatia and subdued the native tribes up to the line of the Dinaric Alps, but not beyond i

ould secure Italy in the north-east from an invasion from the Balkans up the valley of the Save and across the Julian Alps

rn, may have reinforced the argument for self-sufficiency, and called up from the Roman past a figure beloved of sentiment

them the famous orators Hybreas of Mylasa and Zeno of Laodicea, took up arms to defend their cities ; 5 and a brigand c

ture in the eastern lands. Antonius discovered the men and set them up as kings without respect for family or dynastic c

not until the winter of 37-36 B.C. that the principalities were built up into a solid and well- balanced structure, with e

igher estimates can be discovered the failure in Media was soon taken up for propaganda and the survivors were not loath t

he system of dependent kingdoms and of Roman provinces which he built up appears both intelligible and workable. Of the

e same policy, to its logical end. The province of Cilicia was broken up entirely. Kings in the place of proconsuls and pu

true heir as well as authentic son of the Dictator. Octavianus put up the Caesarian agent Oppius to disprove paternity.

ius, who, more honest, still employed the name, again offered to give up his powers, as he had two years before. 4 Further

nt. When Pompeius fell ill at Naples in 50 B.C. Italian towns offered up prayers for his safety and passed decrees, creati

ota Italia far surpassed any attempts of earlier politicians to build up a following among the propertied classes of Italy

of Canidius comprised nineteen of his legions: the other eleven made up the garrison of Egypt, Cyrene, Syria and Macedoni

The retreat from Media had seriously depleted his army. 2 But he made up the losses by fresh levies and NotesPage=>29

onia. Making an early beginning, he moved southwards instead and took up a position on the peninsula of Actium, on the nor

Cato were not the only victims of the Civil Wars who could be called up and enlisted in the service of the revived Republ

nceps would never have denied it. Only ghosts and words were called up to comfort the living and confound posterity. In

le and antiquarian ring. That is all; and that is enough to show them up . Suetonius, however, a student of antiquities,

o less simple the fashion of government. The ruler proposed to divide up the different territories comprised in his provin

e north-eastern frontier of empire was extended far into the interior up to the line of the Danube. 1 In the provincia o

to found, territories to organize. Above all, the Princeps must build up , for Rome, Italy and the Empire, a system of gove

Lollius and M. Vinicius; and a new generation of nobiles was growing up , the sons of men who had fallen in the last strug

ade of the constitution, behind the Princeps and his family, to build up a syndicate of government. 1 It is time to invest

ries until in the end, by stripping Antonius, it not merely swallowed up the old Caesarian party but secured the adhesion

probably belonged to the deplorable class of senators unable to keep up their station. For the rest, the high assembly no

vice in the army, in finance and in administration is gradually built up , in itself no sudden novelty, but deriving from c

it may be, of an imminent programme of reform. The consulate he gave up : converted since Actium into an office of ostensi

the Princeps wished to teach the nobiles a sharp lesson by conjuring up the perils of popular election and unrestricted c

lessly thinned by war and proscriptions, a new generation was growing up , and along with them the sons of novi homines enn

when a conspicuous dearth of ability drove a group of nobiles to take up a popular candidate for fear of something worse,

recall historic glories, remembered old ties of kinship and furbished up the imagines of their ancestors, genuine or suppo

i, the Valerii and the Fabii. As the young generation of nobiles grew up and passed through the avenue of political honour

mus (ILS 914). 7 Velleius 2, 127, 3; cf. ILS 8996. The stemma drawn up by Cichorius, Hermes XXXIX (1904), 470, is hazard

nal, was in reality a cosmopolitan court. These influences were bound up with the faction from the beginning: active, thou

f. above, p. 197. PageBook=>388 The years before Actium filled up the gaps. The Senate which acclaimed Augustus and

nt. It was necessary to subjugate the Asturians and Cantabrians, open up the Alpine passes, survey, organize and tax the p

ncomparable general. 1 A system of government had by now been built up . As has been shown, the Princeps hesitated to ent

later years. It could, however, be urged that the new command was set up as a result of the campaigns of Piso. The first c

d Bohemia, where Maroboduus, the monarch of the Marcomanni, had built up a powerful dominion, was isolated on west and eas

’ will (Suetonius, Divus Aug. 101, 1) is perhaps the person who turns up as a studiis and a libellis under Claudius. 9 I

rom his eclipse. Depressed and decimated by war and revolution, swept up into one party and harnessed as they had been to

folly of the attempt. Even if he succeeded, the nobiles would not put up with Cinna in the place of Augustus. 1 Cinna was

On her own side of the family she lacked relatives who might be built up into a faction. 2 To be sure, there were her gran

before. The government party among the aristocracy old and new, built up with such care by Augustus to support the monarch

pain probably belongs to this period; 8 and two Cornelii Lentuli turn up in succession as proconsuls of the turbulent prov

ties remained. On April 3rd of the previous year Augustus had drawn up his last will and testament. 4 About the same tim

the government and the Index rerum a se gestarum, which was to be set up on tablets of bronze in front of the Mausoleum.

caused their statues, with inscribed record of their deeds, to be set up in his new Forum, where the temple of Mars Ultor

rich men of Italy, curbing the growth of their fortunes, or dividing up their monstrous estates for the benefit of the de

without despotism, now suffused and transfigured the present, setting up as a model the character and habits of the middle

e offenders. Again, the great rebellion of Illyricum in A.D. 6 showed up the martial valour of the race. The legionaries w

ual, more useful than ornamental. Horace, his lyric vein now drying up , exerted himself to establish the movement upon a

logies of the New State as were Virgil and Horace. Maecenas also took up Propertius, a young Umbrian in whom something of

s in three generations. 4 Even slaves could be commended Augustus set up a monument in honour of a girl who had produced f

to begin, the Senate voted that an altar of Pax Augusta should be set up . The monument was dedicated three or four years l

uch for himself. At the colony of Acerrae in Campania a centurion set up an altar to the young princes with a verse inscri

by official policy in the capital. At Potentia in Picenum a sevir set up a replica of the famous shield recording the card

re unable or unwilling to overthrow the New State that had been built up at their expense. They had no illusions about it

ters of Antonius will not have been underestimated. Even Agrippa took up the pen. 3 Paramount in the literature of apology

Roman of Rome, infallible arbiter of urban purity, mocked and showed up the provincial. Pollio, an Italian from the land

in of Livy is darker and more detestable. The word ‘Patavinitas’ sums up , elegantly and finally, the whole moral and roman

he deification of their own predecessors. Death or disgrace delivered up members of the dynasty or partisans of the govern

llustrious orator, was subsidized by Augustus and encouraged to bring up a family: Tiberius refused to help, and it lapsed

hting against the great houses, attached them to his family and built up a new faction. By force or craft he had defeated

loyalty ’pietatis immobilis erga principem’. 2 It might have been set up under any reign. Such men deserved to succeed. Vi

nd a coalition government based largely on family ties has been built up , nobiles like Ahenobarbus, Piso and Paullus Fabiu

r inconvenience. Cato was already out of the way when Octavianus took up arms against the State. But Cato was worshipped a

1 Velleius 2, 83, 1. Plancus’ memory was unpopular. The Domitii kept up their feud (Suetonius, Nero 4); and Plancina his

the time of Augustus; and many of the nobiles were inextricably bound up with the New State, being indebted to it for thei

rchist. It was the part of prudence to pray for good emperors and put up with what you got. 3 Given the nature of man ’vit

e and purpose of the Index is mainly prosopographical, and it is draw up according to gentilicia, save that Augustus, memb