ng of Oxford University Press, or as expressly permitted by law, or under terms agreed with the appropriate reprographics r

f proofs and for improvements of expression and substance I am deeply under obligation to the following friends, Mr. E. B. Bi

y arrogant towards the nobiles his rivals, or grasping personal power under cover of liberal politics. There were two branche

ed the revolutionary designs of M. Livius Drusus, held the censorship under the domination of Marius and Cinna, passed over t

rst cousins of Metellus Pius. 4 The elder, trained in eastern warfare under Sulla and highly trusted by him, led armies throu

onage and mutual obligation for political ends. Men went out to serve under Pompeius as quaestors or legates and returned to

he Claudii and carelessly incurred a bitter feud by giving testimony, under secret and domestic pressure, against P. Clodius;

be perceived through the tumultuous clamour of political life at Rome under Caesar’s consulate, several partisans or allies a

without incurring feuds or damage. Certain of the Lentuli had served under Pompeius in Spain and in the East:2 five consulat

(ib. and the inscr. from Cyrene, SIG3 750). Both had probably served under Pompeius in Spain (Marcellinus is attested by coi

very conspicuous in public. 4 Caesar, BC 1, 6, 4. 5 Caesar served under P. Servilius Vatia in Cilicia (Suetonius, Divus I

d under P. Servilius Vatia in Cilicia (Suetonius, Divus Iulius 3) and under C. Antistius Vetus in Spain (Velleius 2, 43, 4).

politics, a tribune conspicuous among the opponents of the Optimates under the third consulate of Pompeius. 5 Luxury and vic

loyally by their proconsul, commanding armies and governing provinces under the Dictatorship. 6 Some, it is true, were disapp

2 Cicero would have preferred Nero (Ad Att. 6, 6, 1). On his service under Caesar Bell. Al. 25, 3; Suetonius, Tib. 4, 1. Dol

he knight C. Volusenus Quadratus served for some ten years continuous under Caesar NotesPage=>070 1 Bell. Hisp. 19, 6:

lled and surpassed the elder dynast: he placed three legions in Egypt under the charge of a certain Rufinus, the son of one o

s of freedmen had sat in the Senate before now, furtive and insecure, under the menace of expulsion by implacable censors; th

dius Saxa, made tribune of the plebs by Caesar in 44 B.C., had served under him in the wars, either as a centurion or as an e

o Caesar, Velleius 2, 51, 3. Balbus was quaestor in Hispania Ulterior under Pollio, who reports, among other enormities, that

d many other clients whom Cicero had once defended, not, as Gabinius, under pressure from the masters of Rome, but from choic

over the peninsula could transform their internal economy. As at Rome under a Republican constitution, so in the municipia, t

i. For merit and military service he might enter the senatorial order under their protection: they never fancied that he woul

Caesar’s partisans, whether ex-Pompeian senators or knights promoted under the Dictatorship. 5 The union of the alien and

ow left in an anomalous and advantageous position. Lepidus had troops under his command, with results at once apparent. At da

admitted. He belonged to a class of Roman nobles by no means uncommon under Republic or NotesPage=>104 1 Apart from Pl

nimicissimum oti, id est Bruti. ’ 5 Hence Cicero’s indignation that under the pretext of concord Caesarian partisans should

ghtful men reflected that its powers could easily be restored one day under another appellation. At the end of March or early

a period of crisis would mean the strife of faction, veiled at first under honourable names and confined for a time to the s

and Bithynia: the only armies east of Macedonia were the six legions under the Caesarian generals beleaguering Apamea (L. St

s were being seduced a report came that another legion, the Fourth, under Antonius’ quaestor L. Egnatuleius, had embraced t

t abandon all care for his country and lapse into timorous inactivity under the imminent threat of civil war or during the co

conservative and highly respected parent, began his political career under the auspices of Cato. 2 Most of his friends, alli

ssions to Caesar. 1 Cicero was induced to accept a military command under Pompeius, but lingered in Campania, refusing to f

f the clemency and personal esteem of the victor. The years of life under the Dictatorship were unhappy and inglorious. The

ing to Greece and remaining there till the end of the year, to return under happier auspices when Hirtius and Pansa were cons

. On the other hand, he was the heir of the Dictator, a revolutionary under the sign of the avenging of Caesar. Of that purpo

he humiliations of the past exile, a fatal miscalculation in politics under the predominance of Pompeius and the compulsory s

archy in a state where men were free but not equal. He returned to it under the Dictatorship of Caesar,1 but never published,

e struggle was prosecuted, in secret intrigue and open debate, veiled under the name of legality, of justice, of country. N

ife. The non-party government of March 17th, 44 B.C., was inaugurated under the auspices of concord and appeasement. It there

rather a faction among them hostile to Pollio) stimulated recruiting under pain of the loss of citizen rights. Further, a di

afeguards in return for compromising on his right to Gallia Cisalpina under a law passed by the Roman People to say nothing o

own and esteemed, outstripping Dolabella. There he found six legions, under the Caesarian generals Staius Murcus and Marcius

ed the Dictatorship for all time. The tyrannic office was now revived under another name for a period of five years three men

od of five years three men were to hold paramount and arbitrary power under the familiar pretext of setting the Roman State i

revenge for men who had been declared public enemies. Rome shivered under fear and portents. Soothsayers were duly summoned

est and execution of a tribune of the Roman People. 4 Roman society under the terror witnessed the triumph of the dark pass

e their property with them; some of the proscribed remained in Italy, under collusion and protection, or returned soon, savin

bed (Appian, BC 4, 42, 175; ib. 39, 164) and Spinther’s son, quaestor under Trebonius (below, n. 9). 3 Ad Att. 16, 4, 4 (Ah

before the outbreak of the Civil War achieve the highest distinction under the domination of the Triumvirs. The consulate fa

ll non-Latin in their nomenclature. Some had held independent command under Caesar: Allienus and Staius are soon heard of no

an, in temporary charge of two Roman legions sent to him by Ventidius under the command of an enigmatic alien called Machaera

egions. Eight of these they dispatched in advance across the Adriatic under C. Norbanus Flaccus and L. Decidius Saxa, who mar

land. As for Antonius, he was held up at Brundisium by a hostile navy under the Republican admiral Staius Murcus. When Octavi

ut-manoeuvring and throwing back the advance guards of the Caesarians under Norbanus and Saxa, they arrived in the vicinity o

lves to celebrate instead the day of Philippi. Ailing, despondent and under evil auspices, Octavianus took in hand the confis

it utterly. 4 Nursia, remote in the Sabine land, held out for freedom under Tisienus Gallus, but was forced to a capitulation

Republican armed forces. His admiral was Ahenobarbus, Cato’s nephew, under sentence of death for alleged complicity in the m

egate or quaestor the Marsian Poppaedius Silo. 6 Ventidius had served under Caesar, and he moved with Caesarian decision and

ter of Rome. While some reverted again to Pompeius, many took service under Antonius and remained with him until they recogni

tavianus there subsisted the danger of a revived Republican coalition under Antonius, Lepidus and Pompeius, banded to check o

year after. No other nobilis can be found holding military command under Caesar’s heir in the four years before Brundisium

for the Republic or for Octavianus. 3 Sex. Peducaeus, who had served under Caesar in the Civil Wars, was one of Octavianus’

was the astute careerist who undertook to prosecute the absent Brutus under NotesPage=>236 1 Appian, BC 5, 102, 422; S

l, of the edifices that already foreshadowed the magnificence of Rome under the monarchy. More artful than Antonius, the youn

t;243 1 Dio 49, 14, 3; Appian, BC 5, 128, 531. 2 About consulates under the Triumvirate (43–33 B.C.), the following brief

pursuit of oratory, interrupted by civil war, languished and declined under the peace of the Triumvirs, with no use left in S

f political negotiators in secret conclave. Few indeed of the consuls under the Triumvirate even professed or pretended any a

of the nobiles. 2 In his disillusionment, now that Rome had relapsed under a Sullan despotism, retired from public life but

ps in the important post of praefectus fabrum (cf. Balbus and Mamurra under Caesar in Spain and Gaul respectively). 5 The v

ld assert the primacy of common sense and social stability. In Rome under the Triumvirs it was more easy to witness and aff

dmit the claims of foreign peoples: with insecurity his pride turned, under the goad of fear, into a fanatical hatred. The

obility, attacked the Roman communications, cut to pieces two legions under Oppius Statianus and destroyed much of Antonius’

He turned the land into a Roman province, leaving there a large army under the tried general Canidius. With Media Antonius w

ius Nerva and a certain C. Cocceius Balbus had held official commands under Antonius; 2 the amiable and diplomatic L. Cocceiu

rt the liberties of the Roman People, to subjugate Italy and the West under the rule of an oriental queen. An expedient and s

ll coastal tract of Cilicia Aspera conceded to Cleopatra did not come under direct Roman government until a century had elaps

me for six years : had his allegiance and his ideas swerved from Rome under the influence of Cleopatra? If Antonius be denied

on was greater than this, to secure and augment her Ptolemaic kingdom under the protection of Rome. The clue is to be found i

rth in the last few years. Lampoon and abuse had likewise been silent under the rule of the Triumvirs. Now came a sudden revi

sul of Syria, died in this year, but the rest of the Catonian faction under Ahenobarbus still stood firm. Had Ahenobarbus req

ke out; and there was widespread incendiarism. Freedmen, recalcitrant under taxation, were especially blamed for the trouble

ficial document records voluntary manifestations of popular sentiment under a despotic government, a certain suspension of be

n have been little difficulty. Though many of the veterans had served under Antonius, they had received their lands from his

nemies and establishing a claim upon their estates. Many regions were under the control of Octavianus’ firmest friends and pa

terest or fear. Hence an impressive spectacle: a whole people marched under the gods of Rome and the leadership of Caesar, un

Epirus to the south-western extremity of Peloponnesus. The land army under the command of Canidius comprised nineteen of his

ctium, on the northern shore of the gulf of Ambracia, while the fleet under Agrippa captured certain posts of Antonius in the

fleet of Octavianus faced the Antonians. The battle was to be fought under the auspices of Caesar—Caesar’s heir in the foref

duovir of Dyrrhachium, ILS 2678. 5 Taurus in Spain, Dio 51, 20, 5 ( under the year 29 B.C.). Calvisius held his triumph on

government. How far was the process of regulating the State to go, under what name were the Caesarian party and its leader

us had no valid claim to the spolia opima because he was not fighting under his own auspices. The relevance of the dispute to

and end of Gallus episodically and not in clear chronological order, under the year 26 B.C.: his account of the procedure (5

ly uncontrolled, but left the more important, deprived of proconsuls, under the immediate rule of Octavianus presented a fair

, and not all of them. As ‘dux’ the young Caesar had fought the war under the national mandate, and ‘dux’ he remained, thou

ience that was not merely a matter of metre. 3 Then, after a century, under the dynasty of the Flavians, an Emperor distrustf

ut Augustus did not take all the legions: three proconsuls had armies under their command, the governors of Illyricum, Macedo

as consul for the third time (52 B.C.), at first without a colleague, under a mandate to heal and repair the body politic. 4

pate of Pompeius, and foreshadowing the ideal state that was realized under the Principate of Augustus. 1 That is an anachron

to tyranny. 5 Cicero refused to admit that freedom could exist even under a constitutional monarchy. 6 NotesPage=>320

f Caesar’s heir should be strengthened and perpetuated. Not, however, under the fatal name of dictator or monarch. 1 On all s

on was subservient. This time the new enactments were carried through under the auspices of the supreme magistrates, Augustus

political wisdom; it is more instructive to discover, in any time and under any system of government, the identity of the age

nsuls, usually consular in rank. Thus all Spain, it appears, had been under one governor, with several legates as his subordi

rs who had governed vast provinces as proconsuls, who had fought wars under their own auspices and had celebrated triumphs wo

s of Augustus were waged in the main by men who reached the consulate under the new order. The position of the Princeps and

by Messalla Corvinus at a date difficult to determine (Dio 49, 38, 3, under 34 B.C., but perhaps in error, cf. L. Ganter, Die

e inner councils of the government. The constitution is a façade as under the Republic. Not only that. Augustus himself is

ut, for that matter, few Triumviral consuls even are at all prominent under the Principate. 2 Dio 51, 4, 6. PageBook=>

on to protect their fortunes. So far indeed from there being reaction under the Principate, the gains of the Revolution were

incipate, sons of freedmen soon occupy military posts; 7 and, just as under the Republic, they are attested as senators in th

Velius Rufus). 5 Pliny, NH 33, 135. 6 Epodes 4, 20. 7 ILS 1949 ( under Tiberius); 2703 (Ti. Julius Viator, son of ‘C. Ju

ight who had served in the armies of Sulla and of Crassus. 2 Balbus under Caesar in Spain, Mamurra in Gaul. It might also b

Certain other provinces subsequently acquired by Augustus were placed under the charge of prefects or procurators of equestri

nation of merit, protection and accident. Here as elsewhere Augustus, under the guise of restoration, none the less perpetuat

rom ancient and dynastic stock in Etruscan Ferentum, became a senator under Augustus. 4 P. Vitellius from Nuceria won distinc

litia; 3 further, they held procuratorships and high equestrian posts under Augustus, which gave them rank comparable to the

t. 4 The sons of such eminent personages regularly entered the Senate under the new order. 5 Augustus exalted Italy; but the

mple than to assign to Augustus alone the advancement of novi homines under the Principate? That is to leave out the influenc

changes concerning the magistracies: it is therefore hard to discern under what conditions they were liberated from control

the only force in high politics; and even if Taurus could not retain under the new dispensation his right to designate a pra

ood by Rome in the Bellum Italicum: a descendant was Prefect of Egypt under Augustus. 3 On the other, his grandfather had hel

, a senator, supported Agrippa in prosecuting the assassin C. Cassius under the Lex Pedia. 1 Velleius’ father served as an eq

with the faction from the beginning: active, though studiously masked under the Principate of Augustus, they grow with the pa

ght hastily be imagined, the governing of all Italy and a wide empire under the ideas and system of a city state was clumsy,

onfined to the suppression of local rebellions. 3 Dio 54, 20, 1 f. ( under 16 B.C.); ILS 899 (Aenona in Dalmatia): ‘P. Silio

in 14 B.C. (54, 20, 3; 24, 3), with no mention of M. Vinicius here or under 13 B.C. (54, 28, 1). It might be conjectured that

voluntary exile at Rhodes. NotesPage=>391 1 Dio 54, 20, 3 f. ( under 16 B.C.). For M. Lollius, cf. the fragment of an

ps and his stepsons. Of the great plebeian marshals commanding armies under the Principate of Augustus only one besides Agrip

governors, being legally independent of the Princeps, conducted wars under their own auspices. But the Senate lost the other

ous experience. 2 Another Pompeian from Picenum, Afranius, had served under his patron continuously, in the Spanish wars and

NotesPage=>401 1 Probably not Ahenobarbus, attested here by Dio under the year 1 B.C. (55, 10a, 3): possibly Saturninus

n. 4. 2 Ahenobarbus (Dio 55, 10a, 3); Vinicius (Velleius 2, 104, 2, under A.D. 2). 3 Paullus Fabius Maximus is attested i

any more triumphs. At the most, a stray proconsul of Africa, fighting under his own auspices, might assume the title of imper

sons from becoming patroni (ILS 6087, c. 130). The central government under the Principate, however, was strong enough to do

in an emergency, and gradually develops into a high court of justice under the presidency of the consuls. 6 Augustus had fre

that the task of the historian has been aggravated beyond all measure under the Republic the great questions of policy had be

of Gaul. 5 The treasury of the Roman State was placed (in 23 B.C.) under the charge of two praetors each year, chosen by l

dmen. These financial secretaries later emerge as ministers of State, under Caligula and Claudius: they had been there for a

01, 1) is perhaps the person who turns up as a studiis and a libellis under Claudius. 9 It was handed to the consul in 23 B

the Father of his Country. 3 Religion, law and literature all came under guidance, from above and from behind. The care of

onship. Yet even had Livia not been the wife of the Princeps, her son under the revived aristocracy of the New State would ha

brother, the husband of the younger Julia. He served with distinction under Tiberius in Illyricum, and in this year was gover

my of Germany eastwards as one column of the convergent attack, while under Tiberius served M. Valerius Messalla Messallinus

ee years of the rebellion of Illyricum the following consulars served under Tiberius in various capacities, namely M. Plaut

n the hands of sure partisans. On the Rhine were massed eight legions under two legates, the one C. Silius A. Caecina Largus,

rose in the Senate, and public demonstrations. A cuirass, concealed under the toga of the First Citizen, guarded him from a

The aim of the new code was no less than this, to bring the family under the protection of the State a measure quite super

Augustus,2 for luxury, so far from being abated, was quite unbridled under his successors in the dynasty of the Julii and Cl

he dead rather than the living foreshadows the sad fate of literature under the Empire. When the rule of Augustus is establ

. Not so Messalla, however. As for the plebeian military men promoted under the New State, there is no evidence that they wer

nst Greece as against Egypt and the East. The contest was perpetuated under the Principate by the Augustan reaction from cont

be put to good use. Living in a changed and more bracing atmosphere, under the watchword of duty and morality, Lucretius mig

t be fooled and fed, the knights persuaded to disguise greed and gain under the fair cloak of loyalty and patriotism. The ari

Cassius was vulnerable and widely hated. Augustus ordered an inquiry under the law of maiestas. Fabius prosecuted. The offen

roscriptions,5 survived the Principate of Augustus. He was prosecuted under Tiberius by a client of Seianus. Cremutius antici

tinctus amabitur idem. 2 This moral platitude became a wild paradox under the Empire. Augustus’ memory might be safe after

dson of M. Antonius, disguising native malignity or a sense of humour under the garb of piety to his ancestors, encouraged an

benefit to history: it merely poisoned the sources again. Literature under the Empire was constrained to veiled criticism or

xcess of principle, some of the nobiles failed to reach the consulate under Augustus. The son of P. Servilius Isauricus lived

emilia Lepida, Ann. 3, 23. PageBook=>493 His son became consul under Tiberius, a great orator and a man of infamous li

heir compacts and their feuds over the body of the dying Republic and under the shadow of the Monarchy. Caesar, with the alli

ni, connected already with the Aemilii, attain to alarming prominence under the Principate. M. Junius Silanus, grandson of th

nt. 4 PageNotes. 498 1 On the descendants of Taurus, with consuls under Claudius, P-W III a, 2198. Calvisius’ line, conti

e at least attained to consular rank:4 a direct descendant was consul under Trajan. 5 In the Flavian period two consuls recal

respectable family that had not risen above the praetorship. 6 Even under Trajan and Hadrian there were venerable relics of

the person of L. Nonius Calpurnius Torquatus Asprenas, twice consul, under Domitian and under Hadrian. 9 For prudence and

onius Calpurnius Torquatus Asprenas, twice consul, under Domitian and under Hadrian. 9 For prudence and for success, it mig

isans ennobled in the Triumviral period. Though missing the consulate under Augustus, they were favoured by subsequent empero

alty ’pietatis immobilis erga principem’. 2 It might have been set up under any reign. Such men deserved to succeed. Vitelliu

consular standing. PageNotes. 502 1 D. Valerius Asiaticus, consul under Caligula, cos. 11 46, and Cn. Domitius Afer, cos.

ry provinces, it is true. But a rational distrust persists, confirmed under his successors by certain disquieting incidents,

orders. It is too simple an explanation of the decline of the nobiles under the Empire to assert their lack of ability; and m

ina. 4 PageNotes. 504 1 ILS 986. The precise meaning of ‘nobilis’ under the Empire is hard to establish. E. Stein (Hermes

their estates and steadily thinned by a progressive proscription. As under the Republic, the normal method for an ambitious

icers and political or financial agents of the government, not merely under Augustus but even with Pompeius and Caesar. Onc

e. 1 Succeeding ages looked back with regret to the freedom enjoyed under the tolerant Principate of Augustus. 2 Discontent

attery. It is evident that a traditional Roman prejudice, sharpened under the domination of the Caesarian party and debarre

owed them a debt for their ancestors. It was paid by the Principate, under pretext of public service and distinction in orat

the only neutral in the campaign of Actium; he retained his ‘ferocia’ under the New State. Pollio hated Plancus and composed

the last of the Marcelli. 6 He should have had nothing to complain of under the new dispensation. Pollio himself lived on to

o (Pliny, Epp. 1, 17). This person had been a high secretary of state under Domitian, Nerva and Trajan, without a break (ILS

ipate of Augustus rather more so. To be sure, the State was organized under a principate no dictatorship or monarchy. Names d

tutional forms. Indeed, it was inconceivable that a Roman should live under any other dispensation. Hence Libertas could be i

the military province of Upper Germany: less was heard about Libertas under his firm regiment. Tacitus announced an intention

they had a genius for safety. There could be great men still, even under bad emperors, if they abated their ambition, reme

cal propaganda in the military plebiscite of 32 B.C. became a reality under the Principate Augustus represented the Populus R

eality under the Principate Augustus represented the Populus Romanus: under his trusteeship the State could in truth be calle

Princeps are omitted, save for Tiberius, whose conquest of Illyricum under the auspices of Augustus is suitably commemorated

€™, BSR Papers XIV (1938), 1 ff. ——— ‘Galatia and Pamphylia under Augustus: the governorships of Piso, Quirinius an

ae’, CQ XXXI (1937), 39 ff ——— ‘Some Notes on the Legions under Augustus’, JRS XXIII (1933), 14 ff. ———

that Augustus, members of his family, and Roman emperors are entered under their conventional or most familiar names. Names

ius, 228; of Octavianus, 230, 236 f., 297; of Antonius, 267 ff., 296; under the Principate, 397. Aeclanum, 82, 88, 356, 383

conspiracy and death of, 430, 432. Aemilius Scaurus, Mam. (cos. suff. under Tiberius), noble birth and vices of, 374; marries

189, 213, 233; as a senatorial province, 314, 326 f., 330, 394; wars under Augustus, 339, 394, 401; governors, 110, 189, 213

at Tarentum, 225; his public library, 241; attitude in 32 B.C., 291; under the Principate, 320, 482, 512; his death, 512.; H

of birth, 78, 81, 150 f., 350. Bithynia, allotted in 44 B.C., 103; under Antonius, 266; a senatorial province, 328; govern

339. Centurions, 70, 79 f., 243, 395; promotion to equestrian rank under the Principate, 353. Chumstinctus, Nervian, 475

., 368 ff.; imperium, 162, 315, 326, 330; controlled by Pompeius, 36; under the Triumvirs, 188, 199 f., 243 ff., 372; control

f. Consuls, after Sulla, 22; in the last years of the Republic, 94; under Caesar’s Dictatorship, 94 f.; Triumviral, 188 f.,

conspiracy of, 414, 420. Cornelius Dolabella, misses the consulate under Augustus, 377. Cornelius Dolabella, P. (cos. su

. Curatores, at Rome, 403. Curio, see Scribonius. Cursus honorum, under the Principate, 358 f., 369 ff., 396. Curtius, C.

tos, as title of Augustus, 519 f. Cyprus, given to Egypt, 260, 272; under the Principate, 326, 339, 395, 406; governors of,

vernors of, 406. Cyrene, as a province of the Liberators, 119, 126; under Antonius, 266, 298; under Augustus, 328, 357, 399

as a province of the Liberators, 119, 126; under Antonius, 266, 298; under Augustus, 328, 357, 399; governors, 266, 298, 399

by Antonius, 260 f., 272 f.; annexed, 300; wealth of, 290, 304, 380; under Augustus, 314, 357; garrison, 356; property held

Epicureanism, in politics, 135 f.; anti-political, 247; out of favour under the Principate, 461. Epicureans, 135 f., 149 f.

131; attitude to Antonius, 272 f., 290; welcome the Principate, 351; under the Principate, 355; see also Knights. Firmius,

, 228; of Octavianus, 231, 295; of Antonius, 231, 294 f.; command of, under the Principate, 356, 397; see also Admirals. Fl

speech, in the Republic, 149 ff.; an essential part of Libertas, 152; under the Triumvirs, 246; under Augustus, 482 ff.; decl

49 ff.; an essential part of Libertas, 152; under the Triumvirs, 246; under Augustus, 482 ff.; decline of, 487 ff., 507. Fr

t, 428 f.; death, 430. Galatia, in the Triumviral period, 259, 260; under Augustus, 391, 394; annexed, 338, 476; governors,

, 465. Gallia Comata, loyal to Caesar, 74 f.; in 44 B.C., 110, 165; under the Triumvirate, 189, 207, 210, 213, 292; in the

ia Narbonensis, as Caesar’s province, 36, 74 f.; in 44 B.C., no, 165; under the Triumvirate, 189, 207, 292; in the provincia

soldiers, 457; poets, 252 f.; emperors, 360, 490, 501 f.; importance under the Empire, 366, 455. Gallia Transalpina, see Gal

Q. (pr. 43 B.C.), 187. Games, demonstrations at, 116 f., 459, 478; under the Principate, 468 f. Gardens, pleasure-, 21,

governors of, 36, 110, 165, 332 f., 401, 433 f., 438, 503; extent of, under Augustus, 395, 401 see also Spain. Hispania Ult

lterior, governors of, 34, 64, 72, 110, 166, 213, 332 f., 401; status under Augustus, 395, 401 see also Spain. Histonium, 3

with ‘clari viri’, 508; archaism, 485; conservatism, 508; decline of, under the Empire, 487. Homonadenses, 393, 399, 476.

ssassination, 97; funeral, 98 f.; cult, 99, 117, 123, 204; reputation under the Principate, 317 f., 442. His partisans and ad

f., 420, 440, 456, 482, 492, 506, 512, 515; as a catchword, 154 ff.; under the Principate, 320 f., 516 f. Libertas Augusta

ustinus, Sp., as type of prolific peasant soldier, 449. Literature, under the Triumvirs, 247 ff.; under the Principate, 459

fic peasant soldier, 449. Literature, under the Triumvirs, 247 ff.; under the Principate, 459 ff.; political literature,

in, 129. Maecenas, L., 129, 132. Magistracies, access to, 11 ff.; under the Triumvirs, 196 f.; provisions of Augustus, 36

, 94; in the proscriptions, 192, 195; casualties at Philippi, 205 f.; under the Triumvirate, 243 f., 257; on the side of Octa

according to Seneca, 518 f. Oratory, function of, at Rome, 149 ff.; under the Triumvirate, 245 f.; different styles of, 245

sar, 26 f., 46; laudations of Cato, 56, 138 f., 250, 459, 460; repute under the Principate, 329 f., 506 f.; Augustus’ verdi

ynasts, 8 f., etc.; inadequacy of principes in 43 B.C., 197; function under Augustus, 348, 379, 387, 392; prerogatives of, 32

silio, 160, 163. Proconsuls, danger from, 310, 328; appointment of, under the Principate, 330, 382, 395; with armies under

328; appointment of, under the Principate, 330, 382, 395; with armies under the Principate, 314, 328, 330, 394; divine honour

, 282, 300. Ptolemy Philadelphus, 261. Publicani, 14, 67, 271 f.; under the Principate, 355, 477. Pulcher, see Claudius.

; true character of, 514; in northern Italy, 465, 478. Republicans, under the Principate, 318, 320, 335, 338 f., 420, 481 f

nclature, 93; senators from, 88, 195, 360, 361, 362 f.; condition of, under Augustus, 450. Sancus, Sabine god, 83. Sanquini

., 100, 110 f., 163 ff.; increased by Triumvirs, 196 ff.; recruitment under Augustus, 358 ff., 370 ff.; transformation during

provinces, 394, 406; prerogatives in the Republic, 153, 160, 167 f.; under the Principate, 406, 412; judicial powers, 406; c

te, 406, 412; judicial powers, 406; committees, 408 f.; real function under the Principate, 407. Senators, as a class, 10 f

ral, 196 ff.; with Octavianus at Actium, 293, 349. Senatus consulta under the Principate, 406. Sentinum, 210. Sentius Sat

Caesar, 75; Caesarian partisans, 80; in 44–43 B.C., 110, 165 f., 189; under the Triumvirate, 189, 207, 213, 227, 292, 326; go

named after him, 281, 405; deserts Antonius, 281 f.; at Actium, 297; under the Principate, 328, 349; legate of Syria, 398; h

xile,36, 135; feud with Piso, 135, 140; in the Civil War, 45, 137 f.; under the Dictatorship of Caesar, 53, 56, 81, 138 f., 1

litical illusions, 143; political theory, 144 f., 318 f., 351; repute under Augustus, 318, 321, 484, 506, 520; general repute