proper names must pass rapidly over certain sections, for example the two chapters (v and vi) that analyse the composition

uggest and demonstrate a sharp line of division in his career between two periods, the first of deplorable but necessary il

to the assembly of the People was able to frustrate its exercise. The two consuls remained at the head of the government, b

en to a rising of the slaves in southern Italy. Then a coup d’état of two generals (70 B.C.), restoring the tribunate, dest

r grasping personal power under cover of liberal politics. There were two branches of their line, unequal in talent the Pul

nd the Claudii Marcelli, in abrupt decadence, had lacked a consul for two generations. 3 But there was a prominent Lutatius

III 152 B.C. 4 For example the Aurelii Cottae and the Octavii (with two consuls each in the years 76-74 B.C.), the Calpur

ion is revealed in the relations and alliances between that house and two other groups. The first is the Claudii: in additi

e old and wily Philippus in the direction of public affairs succeeded two men of contrary talent and repute, Q. Lutatius Ca

tter fortune for four years in Cilicia. Most glorious of all were the two Luculli, sons of a Metella and first cousins of M

s in their parks and villas, the great piscinarii, Hortensius and the two Luculli, pondered at ease upon the quiet doctrine

verning party might assert the claims of birth and talent. There were two young Metelli, Celer and Nepos in capacity no exc

ve through the questionable and hazardous means of the tribunate. Yet two men stood out in this year of another’s consulate

t this patrician demagogue lacked fear or scruple. Contending against two of the principes, he won through bribery and popu

general, seeking profit and advancement in their careers, such as the two Metelli (Celer and Nepos) and certain of the Corn

Ad Jam. 5, 2, 6). 3 For the full lists of Pompeius’ legates in. the two wars, cf. Drumann-Groebe, Gesch. Roms IV2, 420 ff

dynasts, whose influence decided the consular elections for the next two years as well. 2 Despite patronage at home and

d of tribunes. Proconsulare imperium and tribunicia potestas were the two pillars of the edifice. The principes strove fo

nce against the Catonian party until he made final choice between the two . Cato, standing for the consulate, was signally d

piones recalled ancient history and revealed the political decline of two great houses. The Pompeii had once been hangers-o

place, Pompeius and his decorative father-in-law, Q. Metellus Scipio, two Lentuli and two Marcelli. 2 Then came the enigmat

and his decorative father-in-law, Q. Metellus Scipio, two Lentuli and two Marcelli. 2 Then came the enigmatic Appius Claudi

to’s nephew Brutus. 3 Cato himself had not reached the consulate, but two consulars followed, the stubborn and irascible Bi

and respectable jurist lacking in pronounced political opinions, and two novi homines, the Pompeian general Afranius and t

Page=>044 1 Cicero, Phil. 13, 28 f.: not veracious, however, for two of the alleged Pompeian consulars (‘quos civis, q

celli, Marcus (cos. 51) and Gaius (49). For the kinship between these two families, above, p. 44, n. 1. Spinther’s son marr

emies appeared to have triumphed. They had driven a wedge between the two dynasts, winning over to their side the power and

f Italy, gathering troops, momentum and confidence as he went. Within two months of the crossing of the Rubicon he was mast

d legend, declamation and propaganda. By Augustus he was exploited in two ways. The avenging of Caesar fell to his adopted

history. NotesPage=>060 1 Namely Ap. Claudius Pulcher and the two brothers P. Mucius Scaevola and P. Licinius Crass

c statum perveniret. ’ 2 Velleius 2, 48, 6, mentioning Catulus, the two Luculli, Metellus (Creticus) and Hortensius. On H

mines calamitosi’. The censorship was a valuable weapon. In 70 B.C. two Pompeian censors had cleansed the Senate of undes

of the whole number, at least eight subsequently became consuls. Only two of the legates present or past joined the enemies

Ap. Claudius, the most prominent member of the patrician Claudii, and two branches of the Cornelii, the Scipiones and the L

so large. 4 Ib. 43, 49, 1. Caesar clearly contemplated a system of two consular and sixteen praetorian provinces, cf. Mo

ng the recent gift of Caesar, went back to proconsuls a generation or two earlier. Caesar’s friends Troucillus, Trogus and

is sometimes disregarded before it emerges into imperial history with two consuls in the reign of Caligula. 5 There were im

. Münzer, P- W VI A, 1557. For the possibility that there were one or two provincial senators even before Caesar, cf. BSR P

by chance recorded once and never again, to say nothing of more than two hundred unknown to history, the Senate after Sull

onspicuous on Sulla’s side at the capture of the town of Pompeii: his two sons became praetors at Rome. 1 A certain Statius

rom Lanuvium (ib. 86). 4 In each of the years 54–49 B.C. One of the two consuls was of patrician extraction: and three of

l of social eminence fell a little,1 but was to rise again in 42 with two of the marshals, the noble D. Junius Brutus and

. Of consulars, the casualties in the Civil Wars had been heavy: only two of the Pompeians, professed or genuine, were left

Bithynia. There were no legions at all in Asia and in Bithynia, only two in the Cisalpina. For the rest, the only suppor

n governors in the far West. In Syria Bassus had stirred up civil war two years before, seizing the strong place of Apamea.

ng the strong place of Apamea. His forces were inconsiderable, one or two legions; and Apamea was closely invested by Caesa

purchase of lands for the veterans, in pursuance of the provisions of two agrarian laws passed in the consulate of Antonius

llia Comata, while Lepidus had already gone off to his command of the two provinces of Gallia Narbonensis and Hispania Cite

is first wife, by Atia another Octavia and a son, C. Octavius. Of the two children of Atia, the daughter was subsequently m

enemies a pretext for action. Thus he was to find himself attacked on two fronts, by a radical demagogue and by respected c

and Macedonia, which had been assigned to Dolabella and Antonius some two months earlier, was now prolonged until the end o

mptly thwarted by a Republican or NotesPage=>116 1 Namely, the two consuls, the tribune L. Antonius, the dramatic wr

ribune L. Antonius, the dramatic writer Nucula, Caesennius Lento, and two others possibly Decidius Saxa and Cafo, Phil. 8,

to his open nature: Octavianus also, though less easily perhaps. Only two of his associates, so it was recorded, were ever

nce of his speech is difficult to estimate: but the stand made by the two consulars, though negative, irresolute and not fo

istic Pollio. When Brutus entered his province in April he found only two legions there. He proceeded to raise several more

levies were needed. Octavianus had not carried all Campania with him: two old Caesarians of military experience, Decidius S

io 48, 33, 1. Salvidienus was the elder and the more important of the two , cf. Brutus’ abusive reference to him (Ad M. Brut

or the grandfather, Pro Cluentio 153. The Maecenas present along with two other Etruscans, M. Perperna and C. Tarquitius, a

ribery, five adherents of some note participated in the venture. Only two names can be recovered, Agrippa and Maecenas. 9

to a busy and imperious autocrat. Then came the Ides of March and, two days later, the meeting of the Senate in the Temp

t unity had been restored in the Caesarian party. Again, in the first two speeches against Antonius, no word of the young C

s NotesPage=>142 1 Ad Att. 16, 8 (Nov. 2nd), cf. 16, 9 (one or two days later). 1 Ib. 16, 11, 6. 4 Ib. 16, 14, 2

hrough violence and illegal arms against Antonius, there were clearly two opinions. Octavianus marched on Rome. Where was B

In fact, oligarchy ruled through consent and prescription. There were two principles of authority, in theory working in har

heir interests that an alliance between the wealthiest members of the two orders, Senate and knights, should withstand the

. Of the Pompeian consulars, an eminent but over- lauded group,2 only two were alive at the end of 44 B.C., Cicero and Ser.

re C. Antonius (cos. 63), C. Caninius Rebilus (cos. suff. 45) and the two consuls of 53, M. Valerius Messalla Rufus, who li

army from the province of Brutus, not to advance within a distance of two hundred miles of Rome, but to submit to the autho

f.). Firstly, the law violated Caesar’s Lex de provincia, which fixed two years as the tenure of a consular province: but t

East and seizure of a dozen legions was not confirmed until more than two months had elapsed. For the Republican cause, v

away, moving along the Aemilia, on April 22nd. He secured a start of two days, for D. Brutus went to consult Pansa at Bono

a long siege. That was not the worst. The conduct of the war by the two consuls had overshadowed for a time the person of

us continued to send to the Senate should have deceived nobody. The two armies lay against each other for a time. A small

the most violent of terms. 1 Now Pollio supervened, coming up with two legions from Hispania Ulterior. Earlier in the ye

nimpeachable. 6 Ad M. Brutum 2, 2, 3. After an altercation covering two days, Servilius was crushed ‘a me ita fractus est

by a complete divergence of aims and policy. This is made evident by two incidents. Already Cicero and Brutus had exchange

, 10 f. 5 Ib. 1, 16 and 17 (early July?). The authenticity of these two letters has been contested on inadequate grounds.

ere some who did not lose hope. In the evening came a rumour that the two legions which had deserted the consul for Octavia

h, though depleted, could furnish for each of his soldiers the sum of two thousand five hundred denarii more than ten times

partisan Pollio as proconsul of the Cisalpina, perhaps to hold it for two years till his consulate (40 B.C.). 4 Lepidus ret

ed as their just portion. A social revolution was now carried out, in two stages, the first to provide money for the war, t

vernors and commanders in his civil wars naturally fare better; 3 but two of them at least, having passed over to the Liber

eii, which furnished Antonius with generals and diplomats and secured two consulates:4 they were Umbrian in origin. 5 These

, 66, 277; ILS 6267). Also Herod the Idumaean, in temporary charge of two Roman legions sent to him by Ventidius under the

Antonius, for one of his partisans, Calenus, seems to have commanded two legions established in Italy,3 while Pollio held

epted and destroyed the fleet of Domitius Calvinus, who was conveying two legions to Dyrrhachium. 3 It was not the ghost of

and the most experienced of the partisans of Antonius had collapsed, two consulars, the soldier Ventidius and the diplomat

the heritage of Caesar seemed inevitable; for Rome the choice between two masters. Which of them had the sympathy of Italy

Rome’s intestine wars. He exacted nine years’ tribute, to be paid in two . Antonius distributed fines and privileges over t

d revealed the credulity or ignorance of scholars and visionaries for two thousand years; it has been aggravated by a hazar

had a son, Marcellus, by her consular husband; but Marcellus was born two years earlier. 6 In 40 B.C. Octavianus himself, i

the ‘Official version’ of Salvidienus’ treason. PageBook=>221 two eponymous consuls, C. Calvisius Sabinus and L.

creations of a university town. Athens was Antonius’ headquarters for two winters and the greater part of two years (39-37)

ns was Antonius’ headquarters for two winters and the greater part of two years (39-37). Save for two journeys to the coast

s for two winters and the greater part of two years (39-37). Save for two journeys to the coast of Italy to meet his triumv

ally and to the Caesarian party, Antonius had lost the better part of two years, sacrificing ambition, interest and power.

with him, and Libo his wife’s father. 2 Likewise an odd Republican or two and certain of the assassins, for whom there coul

ces of his Greek freedmen; in the subsequent campaigns in Sicily only two Romans held high command on his side: Tisienus Ga

em, Pollio, Ventidius and Plancus, were with Antonius. Octavianus had two and two only, the military men C. Carrinas and Cn

io, Ventidius and Plancus, were with Antonius. Octavianus had two and two only, the military men C. Carrinas and Cn. Domiti

conciliating the neutrals, of seducing Republicans and Antonians (the two terms were sometimes synonymous) has already adva

e conferred as patronage. Before long the marshal Calvisius engrossed two of the more decorative of such offices: Taurus fo

Three dynasts had held the world in an uneasy equilibrium. With only two remaining the alternatives seemed to be fast frie

, partisans of Octavianus; no Fabii at all, of the patrician Cornelii two at the most, perhaps only one; 2 no Valerii yet,

ot only Messalla himself, consul with Octavianus for the year 31, but two Valerii, suffect consuls in 32 and 29 respectivel

audulent was the Republican government that ruled at Rome between the two Dictatorships. Not Caesar’s invasion of Italy but

cal antiquity; 2 before that, however, he had earned the gratitude of two poets, Gallus and Virgil. C. Cornelius Gallus,

uld be in power at Rome. Antonius had already lost the better part of two years not Ventidius but the victor of Philippi sh

achery and mobility, attacked the Roman communications, cut to pieces two legions under Oppius Statianus and destroyed much

had no need. Octavia was instructed by her brother to bring a body of two thousand picked men to her husband. Antonius wa

NotesPage=>265 1 Velleius 2, 82, 3. Livy, Per. 130, is moderate two legions cut to pieces, further eight thousand men

canty. Yet it could be guessed that the Cocceii, a new family showing two consuls in four years, were highly circumspect. M

om Pisaurum, Q. Didius and M. Oppius Capito, obscure persons, and the two marshals whom Antonius had trained Sosius, the co

NotesPage=>268 1 BMC, R. Rep. 11, 487 f. (gold and silver, with two types of portrait). 2 lb. 510 ff. He took a fle

than an accident in the contest, inevitable without her, between the two Caesarian leaders. Failing Cleopatra and her chil

e garb of peace, with concealed weapons. Taking his place between the two consuls, he spoke in defence of his own policy, a

y without sanction. 2 In place of Sosius and Ahenobarbus he appointed two nobles, M. Valerius, a kinsman of Messalla Corvin

ill employed the name, again offered to give up his powers, as he had two years before. 4 Furthermore, if the law and the c

fident and ready for the struggle but might not open it yet. Here the two consuls met him in the spring, bringing with them

estowed upon his paramour the whole library of Pergamum, no less than two hundred thousand volumes. 1 The loyal efforts of

The contest was personal: it arose from the conflicting ambitions of two rivals for supreme power. The elder, like Pompeiu

egiance probably to Caligula (CIL XI, 5998a: Sestinum, in Umbria) and two explicitly to Caligula, namely OGIS 797 (Assos in

ivided empire. The temporary severance of East and West between the two dynasts after the Pact of Brundisium had been pre

e world was to be perpetuated? The limit between the dominions of the two dynasts, the Ionian Sea, and, by land, a narrow a

etween the Latin West and the Greek East. The Empire might split into two parts very easily. It is one of the miracles of R

e been a man of some substance if he could secure senatorial rank for two of his sons. 4 CIL 12, p. 77. 5 CIL 12, p. 77

rovincial levies were heavily drawn upon. Brutus, for example, raised two legions of Macedonians (Appian, BC 3, 79, 324). A

threw a wine-cup in the face of M. Agrippa. 2 Dio 51, 23, 2 ff. His two campaigns belong to the years 29 and 28. 3 C No

evious year he had augmented the total of the patrician families; the two colleagues now held a census in virtue of powers

the enemy in battle with his own hand, a feat that had fallen to only two Romans since Romulus. Such military glory infring

enace of a single consular proconsul governing all Spain, but instead two or three legates, inferior in rank and power. Hen

s proconsul in absence through three legates, namely one consular and two praetorian. The division of imperial provinces

men were advanced in years, namely the senior consular Calvinus, the two survivors from the company of Caesar’s legates in

Cn. Pompeius, the descendant of Sulla the Dictator. After 28 B.C only two of these consulars serve as legates of the Prince

eld good for the public provinces from the beginning. Ultimately only two provinces, Africa and Asia, were governed by proc

roconsuls, independent of the Princeps and equal to him in rank. Only two names are recorded in this period. 3 Certain novi

work suitably dedicated to Agrippa and Maecenas. In his absence, the two legates in Spain (C. Antistius Vetus in Citerior

majestic and misleading record of Augustus’ own life and honours. The two pillars of his rule, proconsular imperium and the

lory L. Sempronius Atratinus triumphed from Africa in 21 B.C., Balbus two years later for his raid into the land of the dis

betrayed a secret. Livia had not given the Princeps a child. She had two sons by her first husband, Ti. Claudius Nero and

for Augustus and probably for Maecenas as well. Between the Princeps’ two steadfast allies of early days there was no love

and untried Marcellus. Reports ran at Rome of dissension between the two . Agrippa’s departure to the East provoked various

and colleague of Caesar Augustus. No system was thus established of two partners in supreme power, twin rulers of all the

e Principate of Augustus there could be no hereditary succession, for two reasons, the one juristic and the other personal.

arried out a purification in 28 B.C. Of the ‘unworthy elements’, some two hundred were induced to retire by the exercise of

soldier’s family might rise through equestrian to senatorial rank in two or three generations, according to the social sys

r rank to become centurions. 2 The equestrian order is recruited in two ways. First, soldiers or soldiers’ sons become kn

f the Mytilenean historian, was procurator in Asia; 7 and before long two men from Gallia Narbonensis acquired ‘equestris n

lminate in the governorship of Egypt or the command of the Guard were two administrative posts in Rome created by Augustus

rian service at last became quaestor. 1 Contemporary and parallel are two other municipal partisans, from Treia in Picenum

13) may illustrate the names ending in ‘-idius’. 3 ILS 5925. He has two gentilicia. Each of them is found at Canusium and

them military. Picenum, as would be expected, supplied soldiers: the two Poppaei came from an obscure community in that re

Larinum, a small town of criminal notoriety, now furnished Rome with two consuls. 7 NotesPage=>362 1 Tacitus, Ann.

terran gens this Caecina belonged evades conjecture. Apart from these two men (and Quirinius and Valgius) there are in all

s affirmed and consolidated the alliance of the propertied classes in two ways by creating an official career for Roman kni

understanding of history. 3 The difference between the policy of the two rulers will be explained in large measure by circ

xed thirty as the age at which the quaestorship could be held, forty- two the consulate. Caesar had been hasty and arbitrar

ous expedients. 2 The Senate had been purified: it was rejuvenated in two ways, by knights’ sons made eligible through gran

sed, they persisted in the next best thing, leaving vacant one of the two consulates for the next year, 21 B.C. Two nobiles

lf. During the absence of the ruler (22-19 B.C.) each year one of the two consuls had been a partisan of Augustus and a mil

t counting Varro Murena. PageBook=>373 From 18 to 13 B.C. only two novi homines appear on the Fasti, both with milit

, three Cornelii Lentuli, L. Calpurnius Piso, lullus Antonius and the two Fabii Maximi. Most of them were entrapped in the

including 6 B.C., a period of thirteen years, only four are recorded, two of them caused by death. 3 Augustus was baffled b

er by the Princeps at this point) and Spain, which probably still had two armies, cf. below, p. 394 f. PageBook=>374

os. suff. 5 B.C.). Note the praenomina, Paullus and Africanus, of the two Fabii, descended from Aemilii and Scipiones. 3

ius Dolabella, father of the consul of A.D. 10, ib., C 1345; at least two men of the name of Cornelius Sisenna, ib., C 1454

s not the Princeps’ only pawn. His sister Octavia had children by her two marriages: from the first, C. Marcellus and two M

a had children by her two marriages: from the first, C. Marcellus and two Marcellas, who soon became available for matrimon

soon became available for matrimonial alliances, from the second the two Antonias, daughters of M. Antonius. The elder A

rs of the profligate Antonius knew each a single husband only. Of the two Marcellas, the elder married Agrippa and then Iul

wo Marcellas, the elder married Agrippa and then Iullus Antonius; the two husbands of the younger were Paullus Aemilius Lep

et senex. ’ 2 See Table III at end. 3 For the evidence about the two Marcellas, PIR2 C 1102 and 1103. The younger marr

s the most able, the most eminent and the most highly prized were the two Claudii, his stepsons, then L. Domitius Ahenobarb

inued thus to be recruited. 3 Calvisius and Taurus each held at least two priesthoods; 4 the excellent Sentius Saturninus i

ster also adopted his friend’s son, who became in time the husband of two princesses of the blood of Augustus, Domitia and

Pompeius’ agent Demetrius, the affluent Gadarene, possessor of nearly two hundred million sesterces, to whom cities paid ho

ame place. Demanded by the needs of government, the separation of the two dynasts also helped to remove causes of friction

f the Principate the imperial frontier on the north-east consisted of two senatorial provinces, Illyricum and Macedonia, fl

arming during the Triumviral period, that the Empire might split into two parts. By 13 B.C. a firm beginning had been mad

paigns (15 B.C.). Silius has almost faded from historical record: the two Claudii, the stepsons of the Princeps, had their

he may have been, was surely not inactive. Conquest had to come from two directions, from the west and from the south, dem

rections, from the west and from the south, demanding the services of two separate armies. The supreme effort, however, w

as well. The glory of it all was intended to fall to Agrippa and the two Claudii. Agrippa on his return from the East went

invaded Germany and reached the Elbe. 5 In 9 B.C. Drusus died, and two more campaigns against the Germans were conducted

litics, had a short time to live. But there was a new generation, the two Claudii, to inherit the role of Agrippa and of Ta

orld with special powers? An ageing despot was left stranded with the two untried boys, Lucius and Gaius, the sons of Agrip

s sources for this period were in any case probably not abundant; and two pages of the manuscript of Dio were lost at this

onducted wars under their own auspices. But the Senate lost the other two armies. In 12 B.C. Augustus took over Illyricum;

allus governed Asia after an even shorter interval, perhaps of barely two years. 3 As for his own province, the Princeps wa

f visited Spain. Two armies still remained for a time in Spain in the two provinces of Ulterior (Lusitania) and Citerior (T

mphasis laid by Augustus on military service that he would even place two senators’ sons in charge of a single regiment of

, 161 ff. Hence the possibility that M. Titius was legate of Syria on two separate occasions. The argument for assigning to

esia, in a great battle all but disastrous for Rome, and remained for two years at the head of his army till the insurgents

of Galatia- Pamphylia c. 9-8 or 4-3 B.C.), it cannot be made to prove two governorships of Syria. 5 Dio 55, 28, 2 f.; SEG

ore important than Syria or Galatia were the northern armies with the two great commands in Illyricum and on the Rhine, a m

in charge of the army, namely P. Vinicius and P. Silius, the sons of two of Augustus’ marshals. 6 NotesPage=>400 1

been transferred from the latter province to the former and that the two Spanish armies had by now been fused into one. Wh

ime, such as an Economy Commission of three members in A.D. 6, or the two curatores annonae of that year and the next, whos

to be four men of consular rank, together with three praetorians and two other senators. 7 Casual or continuous employme

easury of the Roman State was placed (in 23 B.C.) under the charge of two praetors each year, chosen by lot. 6 The finances

er followed before long, and Augustus loudly lamented the loss of his two most trusty counsellors, Agrippa and Maecenas: ha

consolidate the monarchy, was formed after private debate with those two party-magnates, the soldier and the diplomat. The

s, inspired by clemency and appealing to good sense, for the space of two unbroken hours. The malcontent was overwhelmed an

succession to his nephew Caligula, when Rome lacked a government for two days and in the Senate men debated about a restor

en a second son, Lucius, followed in 17 B.C. the Princeps adopted the two boys as his own. In all, this fruitful union prod

o boys as his own. In all, this fruitful union produced five children two daughters as well, namely Julia and Agrippina, an

tissime cupiverat. ’ 4 Res Gestae 14. PageBook=>418 Thus the two orders, which with separate functions but with co

or the moment, Augustus had his way. He was left in 6 B.C. with the two boys, the one in his fourteenth, the other in his

ng in talent or very closely related to the reigning family; and only two of them are known to have commanded armies in the

bi may have inculcated a rational distaste for politics and adventure two members of his family perished in the wars of Mar

dus, from the Sicilian War onwards a personal friend of Augustus, had two wives, Cornelia and the younger Marcella. Paullus

o wives, Cornelia and the younger Marcella. Paullus was now dead; his two sons by Cornelia, L. Aemilius Paullus (cos. A.D.

ere were her grandchildren, the three children of Drusus and Antonia; two of them were artfully interlocked with the descen

as in 16 B.C. The consul of A.D. 2 is probably a Lentulus. 3 Namely two consuls in 18 B.C., one in 14 B.C. Then an interv

monster. Granted a sufficient and damning measure of truth in one or two charges of adultery Julia was a Roman aristocrat

ite glad to see Tiberius, a cautious and considerate general. 5 After two campaigns he passed to Illyricum. In the interval

Dolabella and M. Furius Camillus, or heirs of recent consuls like the two Nonii L. Arruntius and A. Licinius Nerva Silianus

of Tiberius (1931), 43 f., cf. 67. PageBook=>435 Such are the two Vibii from the small town of Larinum in Samnium;

small town of Larinum in Samnium; Papius Mutilus, also a Samnite; the two Poppaei from the Picene country; also L. Apronius

hey received the consulate but no consular military province. Silius’ two brothers attained to the consulate, only one of t

7 Cn. Piso’s command in Spain probably belongs to this period; 8 and two Cornelii Lentuli turn up in succession as procons

hands of sure partisans. On the Rhine were massed eight legions under two legates, the one C. Silius A. Caecina Largus, the

of Tiberius, was in supreme command. 4 In Illyricum, now divided into two provinces, Pannonia was held by Q. Junius Blaesus

na virum ! 2 Where was that peasant now to be found? In the course of two centuries the profits of empire, the influx of

ndirect arguments can be used. For example, Narbonensis supplies only two auxiliary regiments; and that province is early e

lso be found. 4 Compare the list of soldiers from Coptos, ILS 2483: two Galatians bear the name of M. Lollius. For anothe

n the Bellum Civile, cf. L. Wickert, Klio xxx (1937), 232 ff. 2 The two Epistulae, even though authenticity be denied, ar

tica was written at a late date in Horace’s life and was dedicated to two sons of this Piso is so plausible that it can dis

ate than some that prolonged an ignoble existence for a generation or two . Depressed by vice or poverty, lack of enterprise

nddaughter of the Princeps. The union was blessed with three sons and two daughters, all of whom in turn, by death or releg

d of Claudius, was the latest survivor; 4 the Valerii terminated with two characters symbolic of the doom of a class, Claud

Lollius, too, had only one son. M. Papius Mutilus the Samnite and the two Vibii from Larinum are the first and the last con

an, left a daughter. 1 Quirinius, however, could show no children for two marriages with daughters of the patriciate, a Cla

ut good fortune seldom accompanied their descendants. The families of two Pompeian partisans, L. Scribonius Libo and L. Arr

ilius Nerva had three sons, all consulars. 2 But his three grandsons, two consuls and a consul-designate, did not outlive t

a direct descendant was consul under Trajan. 5 In the Flavian period two consuls recalled the merits of L. Volusius Saturn

ards and Narbonensians. By the time of Caligula, Narbonensis provides two consuls, a Valerius from Vienna and a Domitius fr

the great military commands. Eight legions on the Rhine, brigaded in two armies, are in themselves a large part of the his

observed, ‘pauci libertatem, pars magna iustos dominos volunt’. 5 The two were now to be reconciled, with constitutional mo

P. Cornelius (Scipio) and T. Peducaeus are new. 32 and 29 B.C. The two Valerii can now be clearly distinguished (for ear

.; completes the Basilica Aemilia, 241, 256; as censor, 339, 402; his two wives, 378, 422; his sons, 422, 433. Aemilius L

s feuds, 63; his character, 45; his brothers and sisters, 20, 23; his two daughters, 45; kinsfolk and descendants, 20, 23,

enna, his daughter marries the son of Taurus, 379. Cornelius Sisenna, two Augustan nobiles of this name, 377. Cornelius S

. Sallustius Passienus Crispus, C. (cos. 11, A.D. 44), 384; marries two princesses, 501. Saloninus, dubious son of Pollio

researches of Münzer, RA, 328 ff. The leading clue is provided by the two marriages of Livia, the sister of M. Livius Drusu