thwarted of his triumph for years by the machinations of his enemies, turned for consolation to the arts and graces of private

libertatem vindicavit. ’ PageBook=>029 subversive designs, he turned upon his ally and saved the government. Then, com

solicit and claim the support of Pompeius even though the one of them turned against the People when elected consul and the ot

the honour of his family. 6 Everything went wrong. The consul Celer turned against Pompeius, and Afranius was a catastrophe,

led Crassus with Pompeius, to satisfy the ambitions of all three, and turned the year named after the consuls Metellus and Afr

rrogant and stubborn censor, mindful, like Cato, of a great ancestor, turned his attack on the tribune Curio, but in vain, and

of the consulars, youth and ambition in the lower ranks of the Senate turned with alacrity to a politician whose boast and rep

r, when Caesar was an ally and agent of the dynast Pompeius. They now turned against the oligarchs. Catullus and Calvus were d

n ascendancy over the Senate. The people, unfriendly to begin with, turned sharply against them. Accident blended with desig

stic pleas of the Republican Brutus, this motley and excitable rabble turned a deaf ear; for the august traditions of the Roma

so firmly imposed by the Dictatorship might even be prolonged. It all turned upon the Caesarian consul. Marcus Antonius was

eastern coast of Italy, the legio Martia, declared for Octavianus and turned westwards. Antonius confronted the mutineers at A

in 29 B.C. and 20 B.C. respectively. PageBook=>129 Octavianus turned for help to friends of his own, to loyal Caesaria

d that double and melancholy satisfaction. Piso was an ex-Caesarian turned independent. P. Servilius Isauricus, the son of a

ct that Brutus and Cassius might return to political life. 1 Cicero turned back. Near Velia on August 17th he met Brutus, oc

y; 2 and Caesar the proconsul, trapped by Pompeius and the oligarchs, turned his arms against the government ‘in order to libe

ending a civil war clemency and generosity. 3 When the tide of battle turned on the field of Pharsalus, the Caesarians passed

milian name, his family connexions and the possession of a large army turned this cipher into a factor. Both sides assiduously

ennines, in the direction of Pollentia. Brutus fell into the trap and turned westwards. Antonius was able to enter Gallia Narb

warned him that both Lepidus and his army were unreliable. So Plancus turned back and established himself at Cularo (Grenoble)

alition. In Italy that coalition had already collapsed; Caesar’s heir turned his arms against his associates and was marching

isalpina with a strong army. 4 At first there was delay. Octavianus turned aside to deal with Sex. Pompeius, who by now had

via, Plancus fled to Greece, deserting his army. Ventidius and Pollio turned back and made for the coast of the Adriatic. Vent

veterans from the colonies to rally and march against Antonius; some turned back. 4 Octavianus might command a mass of legion

r pacatumque reget patriis virtutibus orbem. 1 The expected child turned out to be a girl (the elder Antonia, born in 39 B

f Marius and Sulla, now gained depth, strength and justification. Men turned to the care of property and family, to the studie

Sallustius Crispus. From the despotism of the Triumvirate Sallustius turned aside with disgust. 4 Ambition had spurred his yo

tor, archaic yet highly sophisticated, sombre but not edifying. Men turned to history for instruction, grim comfort or polit

school of Roman poets had disappeared almost to a man. Lucretius, who turned into epic verse the precepts of Epicurus, the pas

ant to admit the claims of foreign peoples: with insecurity his pride turned , under the goad of fear, into a fanatical hatred.

hed into Armenia, captured and deposed the treacherous Artavasdes. He turned the land into a Roman province, leaving there a l

s, the brutal Herod and the presumptuous Pythodorus. Created belief turned the scale of history. The policy and ambitions of

h of contract. Preferring a topic with moral and emotional appeal, he turned the weight of his attack upon Antonius’ alliance

esarian agent Oppius to disprove paternity. 4 The Republican Messalla turned his eloquence to political advantage; 5 he was so

o remember and perpetuate. The Pompeians Saturninus and Arruntius had turned Caesarian by now; and certain consular diplomats

de and invest his position proved a signal failure. The plan had been turned against him—he was now encompassed and shut in. F

ed that there should be a serious battle if they could help it. So it turned out. Actium was a shabby affair, the worthy clima

us destroyed the Sullan system; and when enlisted in an emergency, he turned his powers to selfish ends. The rule of Caesar an

hilosophers, the rule of the ‘best citizen’. 4 Only a votary of truth turned courtier and flatterer NotesPage=>321 1 Ad

would take time. Augustus’ provincia at once called for attention. He turned first to the provinces of the West, setting out f

istinction or for political success. From cult and ritual the priests turned their energies to intrigue or portentous banquets

PageBook=>414 The historian might with no less propriety have turned his talents to the elucidation of the ‘constituti

il with his friends at Apollonia, the young Caesar had not wavered or turned back. Announced by Apollo, his path lay through b

ry, it was agreed, should be useful. Ovid accepted that principle and turned it inside out. He might have instructed the youth

spersed his trifles with warm praise of the reigning dynasty and even turned his facile pen to versifying the Roman religious

nt methods of suggestion and propaganda. 9 When the man of the people turned a coin in his palm he might meditate on the aspir

well as the native virtues of Roman writers. Like Sallustius, too, he turned with distaste from the wars and politics of his t

se grandfather, he said, was a cobbler, his mother a baker’s daughter turned prostitute. 1 It was Cassius who defined for al

um id scires, deteriorem fore qui vicisset’. 3 In his old age Tacitus turned again to history and composed the Annals of the E

istorical writing, Tacitus abandoned the Empire and the provinces and turned to what some have regarded as a narrow and outwor

eedom of speech, the Principate of Nerva and the rule of Trajan. 2 He turned instead to the sombre theme of the Annals. As a