ntemporary or going back to contemporary sources, often biased, it is true , but admitting criticism, interpretation, or disb

ation of merit, industry and protection. The nobilitas did not, it is true , stand like a solid rampart to bar all intruders.

nity and peace of mind had not ambition and vanity blinded him to the true causes of his own elevation. 5 The political li

the deliberate concealment by the nobiles, for their own ends, of the true character of Roman political life, Römische Adels

w-courts and in opposition to the Senate. The Equites belonged, it is true , to the same social class as the great bulk of th

imagined that oratory and intrigue would suffice. A programme, it is true , he developed, negative but by no means despicabl

tutional sanctions against Caesar, a small faction misrepresented the true wishes of a vast majority in the Senate, in Rome,

hen to return, like Sulla, to victory and to power. 4 Caesar, it is true , had only a legion to hand: the bulk of his army

, half in impatience and resentment. 1 They had cheated Caesar of the true glory of a Roman aristocrat to contend with his p

Greek theories about the supreme virtue of tyrannicide, blind to the true nature of political catch-words and the urgent ne

sloyalty: he composed a pamphlet in honour of the Republican who died true to his principles and to his class. Then he stren

e on the winning side for discerning judges like Caelius assessed the true relation between Pompeius’ prestige and Caesar’s

armies and governing provinces under the Dictatorship. 6 Some, it is true , were disappointed or ungrateful: yet of the whol

Corfinium. Pompeius knew better than did his allies the oligarchs the true condition of Italy: his decision to evacuate the

d requital at last. The Paeligni have to wait a generation yet, it is true , before they can show a senator; 4 the leading fa

d troops for Ventidius in 39 B.C., Dio 48, 41, 1. On‘Poppaedius’, the true form (not ‘Pompaedius’), cf. W. Schulze, LE, 367,

nlarged state is a fair notion, but perhaps anachronistic and not the true motive of Caesar’s augmentation of the Senate. He

versaries, they too had a share of power and glory. Discontent, it is true , could be detected among the populace of Rome N

. Yet there is no proof of any serious estrangement. 1 Lepidus, it is true , was appointed consul in 46 and Master of the Hor

In the early and revolutionary years the heir of Caesar never, it is true , referred to himself as ‘Octavianus’; the use of

uld repose on grey hairs or none remaining. Legitimate primacy, it is true , could only be attained at Rome through many extr

bly for their provinces of Crete and Cyrene; of their whereabouts and true intentions nothing was known. But late in Octob

Divus Iulius 83, 2) calls them grandnephews of the Dictator. Possibly true of Pinarius, most unlikely for Pedius, cf. Münzer

e consular and the revolutionary adventurer. There is a danger, it is true , that the relations of Cicero and Octavianus may

few months pass and Dolabella, by changing his politics, betrays his true colours, as detestable as Antonius. From youth he

y. The defenders of the Senate’s rule and prerogative were not, it is true , merely a narrow ring of brutal and unenlightened

Senate was supreme judge. What if it had not lent its sanction? Why, true patriots were their own Senate. 9 It is evident

to strike down that worthy and innocuous pair, Hirtius and Pansa. The true cause was probably an urgent dispatch from the go

nius, if his troops were mutinous and seditious, Antonius could be no true consul of the Roman People. On the other hand, th

even the perfidious and despised Lepidus may yet in treachery be held true to the Roman People at a time when patriotism and

n generals would have united at once to destroy him Octavianus in his true colours, openly on their side against Caesar’s mu

ok his stand as an equal: but the apportionment of power revealed the true relation between the three leaders. After elabo

ements for some years in advance which provide some indication of the true balance of power and influence. Antonius constr

he passage. Their supremacy at sea was short-lived. Pompeius, it is true , did not intervene; but Cn. Domitius Ahenobarbus,

respected the tried merit of Cassius. The best of the legions, it is true , were Caesarian veterans. Yet the soldiers welcom

e fallen were recorded the noblest names of Rome. No consulars, it is true , for the best of the principes were already dead,

f Perusia. His errors had enabled Octavianus to assert himself as the true Caesarian by standing for the interests of the le

us was born two years earlier. 6 In 40 B.C. Octavianus himself, it is true , had contracted a marriage with Scribonia; Julia,

idence in himself. Of his victories the more considerable part, it is true , had been the work of his lieutenants. His health

into pessimism, found it bad from the roots. History, to be real and true , would have to concern itself with something more

ed with the times, rapidly. Of the Republicans, the brave men and the true had perished: the survivors were willing to make

tarus, the most military of them all, lay low, aged but not decrepit: true to himself, he had just grasped possession of all

ad never yet sat in the Roman Senate. That mattered little now, it is true . They NotesPage=>269 1 Appian, BC 5, 139,

emony was staged in the gymnasium. Antonius proclaimed Ptolemy Caesar true son of the Dictator and ruler in conjunction with

ry. The policy and ambitions of Antonius or of Cleopatra were not the true cause of the War of Actium ; 4 they were a pretex

he field with alacrity. Antonius asserted that Ptolemy Caesar was the true heir as well as authentic son of the Dictator.

d, presented a certain appearance of spontaneity. This fair show of a true vote was enhanced NotesPage=>284 1 Dio 50,

d outworn constitution he appealed to the voice and sentiments of the true Roman People not the corrupt plebs or the packed

for the memory of old feuds and recent wars took long to die; and the true Roman in just pride disdained the general and und

erden und Wesen des Prinzipats, 32 ff. 3 On the character, form and true significance of the oath, see, above all, Premers

the propaganda of the Caesarian party and refuse to believe that the true cause of the war was the violent attempt of a deg

legions to thirty. The new recruits were inferior to Italians, it is true , but by no means contemptible if they came from t

llies. 4 The battle of Actium was decided before it was fought. The true story is gone beyond recall. It is uncertain whet

had once been betrothed to Octavianus, bravely followed him in death, true to noble and patrician tradition. She was the las

rnelius Cinna. 7 Scribonius Curio, however, was executed—perhaps this true son of a loyal and spirited father disdained to b

memory of civil strife. Rome expected (and the poets announced) the true , complete and sublime triumph—the young Caesar wo

the New Republic of Caesar Augustus. 3 That would be comforting, if true . It only remains to elucidate NotesPage=>318

of Pollio came as a verbal reminder of that tradition. Pollio, it is true , was preserved as a kind of privileged nuisance—h

gainst any power that set itself above the laws, would have known the true name and essence of the auctoritas of Augustus th

the sources defy and all but preclude the attempt to reconstruct the true history of a year that might well have been the l

more deeply rooted, more firmly embedded. It remains to indicate the true cause of the settlement of 23 B.C and to reveal t

the hard-headed Livia Drusilla, he kept his secret and never told his true opinion about the leader whom they all supported

dred were induced to retire by the exercise of moral suasion. 2 The true character of the purge, so gravely attested and s

gt;351 No hint of a Republican reaction here. The senators knew the true purpose of Augustus’ adoption of Republican forms

e could rise to the centurionate, but no higher. After service, it is true , he might be in possession of the equestrian cens

as quickly abandoned. Not so much because it was a mockery, given the true character of popular election at Rome it was quit

es. PageBook=>368 Augustus, himself of a municipal family, was true in character and in habits to his origin; Roman k

o bar. Others were not merely his allies, bound by amicitia, but in a true sense his intimates and friends the Princeps rega

without title or official powers. In 26 B.C. Taurus was consul, it is true ; but the authority of Agrippa, Maecenas and Livia

e a city of brick and left it a city of marble. 3 The observation was true in every sense. Augustus, who waived the name of

rranius, C. Julius Aquila and M. Magius Maximus. These persons, it is true , have no known history among the equestrian counc

rusus had received special dispensations and early distinction, it is true . Tiberius became consul at the age of twenty-nine

a formidable faction. Gracchus bears most of the official blame:2 the true principal was probably Iullus Antonius. The son o

r upon the principes, his rivals. In this emergency Augustus remained true to himself. Tiberius had a son; but Tiberius, tho

rippa Postumus, the last surviving son of Agrippa and Julia. Of the true sentiments of Senate and People when the Claudian

fraud them of military glory. The deplorable Lollius had a son, it is true , but his only claim to fame or history is the par

nelii Lentuli. L. Calpurnius Piso (cos. 15 B.C.) was connected, it is true , with the family of Caesar; but the bond had not

gn. 3 From first to last the dynasty of the Julii and the Claudii ran true to form, despotic and murderous. NotesPage=>

h mild remedies and incomplete redress, into a crime. The wife, it is true , had no more rights than before. But the husband,

ld be only one answer. The official head of the state religion, it is true , was Lepidus, the pontifex maximus, living in sec

nus. 1 Agents with skill to evoke spontaneous manifestations of the true sentiments of the sovran people were indispensabl

san men of letters were less in evidence. There was Sallustius, it is true , attacking both oligarchy and the power of money,

porting a Greek versifier, Antipater of Thessalonica. 5 Pollio, it is true , was honoured by Horace in a conspicuous ode. Not

rm and features were reproduced in Rome and over all the world. It is true that he caused no fewer than eighty silver statue

ntaneous criticism of the whole government. The major scandals, it is true ., did not always come before the courts; but poli

in the age of Pompeius, became extinct in the Civil Wars. Some, it is true , especially decayed branches of the patriciate, w

Triumvirs. The man from Gades, consul in 40 B.C., is a portent, it is true but a portent of the future power of Spaniards an

Piso and Paullus Fabius Maximus govern the military provinces, it is true . But a rational distrust persists, confirmed unde

o his name or his reputation. 4 But the prediction made long ago came true fear, folly or ambition spurred Galba to empire a

ng between their own ‘industria’ and the ‘inertia’ of the nobles. The true causes lie deeper: as has been shown, they are po

w, one man ruled. 2 This is his comment on Tiberius. It was no less true of the Principate of Augustus rather more so. To

ue he might have, not in potestas, but only in auctoritas. 3 Which is true as far as it goes not very far, Auctoritas, howev

y-six years had elapsed. Throughout, in act and policy, he remained true to himself and to the career that began when he r

f. Actium, War of, 294 ff.; causes, alleged and real, 270 f., 275; true character, 289; as a myth, 440 f.; as an Italian

351; of Sallustius, 154, 248 f., 515; of Tacitus, 512 ff. Politics, true character of, 3, 7 f., 11 ff., 119 ff., 152 ff; d

f.; indirect, 364, 519. Republic, Restoration of, 3, 313 ff., 323; true character of, 325, 351. Republicanism, in the P

, 351. Republicanism, in the Principate of Augustus, 320, 420, 506; true character of, 514; in northern Italy, 465, 478.