to the senatorial aristocracy, they all became deeply imbued with the traditional spirit of that order; and all were preoccupied wi

e loose in the Roman State, inaugurating a century of revolution. The traditional contests of the noble families were complicated,

entic Cato, so far from being a visionary, claimed to be a realist of traditional Roman temper and tenacity, not inferior to the gr

and provincial commands in advance by placing them, according to the traditional Roman way, in the hands of loyal partisans, or of

nothing more than a corroboration and theoretical defence of certain traditional virtues of the governing class in an aristocratic

s, the elevation of the army and the provinces, the depression of the traditional governing class. Caesar’s autocracy appeared to

aesar for one of themselves or for a mere municipal dignitary. In the traditional way of the patricians, Caesar exploited his famil

ic testimony at Velitrae the name of a townward there, an altar and a traditional religious observance. 6 Of certain local dynast

ageBook=>090 proconsul who, like him, had crushed the Gauls, the traditional enemies of Italy. Caesar in his invasion pressed

nged and the murderers punished derives more from horror of the deed, traditional sense of the solidarity of the family, or resentm

president of a board of seven commissioners. They were chosen, as was traditional at Rome, from partisans. 1 The Liberators remai

ng to the person and family of the revolutionary, he invoked both the traditional charges of unnatural vice with which the most bla

tever his age or party, must expect to find himself assailed, and the traditional contempt which the Roman noble visited upon the f

t work upon the Laws, which described in detail the institutions of a traditional but liberal oligarchy in a state where men were f

ween social equals as an alliance, or from inferior to superior, in a traditional and almost feudal form of clientship: on a favour

esent, however, legitimate authority still commanded respect, and the traditional phrases were useful and necessary had not the Rep

stress) and insulted his wife Fulvia. 3 Further, he composed poems of traditional obscenity about Pollio, who evaded the challenge

e that of Pompeius or the Caesarian leaders, he might still exert the traditional policy of family alliances, though the day was lo

ented a strange and alarming aspect. In the forefront, in the post of traditional leadership of the State, stood an array of consul

nd the front ranks of the Senate regained even the semblance of their traditional distinction. New and alien names were prominent

me at least of the merits of the plain style, which could claim to be traditional and Roman, might be prized and preserved until th

ent reasserted its rights. Horace now composed satires but not in the traditional manner of Lucilius. His subject was ordinary life

r the next summer. The dependent kingdoms of the East furnished the traditional basis of Roman economy and Roman security. The Pa

Egypt, the foreign enemy, the Roman leader declared war with all the traditional pomp of an ancient rite. With Antonius he had N

took no steps to recover that region, but invoked and maintained the traditional Roman practice as an excuse for not turning the l

tue from Prima Porta. Norden argued that Aen. 6, 794 ff. derives from traditional laudations of Alexander, the world-conqueror. 3

s. The revolutionary Augustus exploited with art and with success the traditional concepts and the consecrated vocabulary of Roman

ot changed, namely the firm concord of the propertied classes and the traditional distinction in function and standing between the

cf. 12) to be legislating for the state depicted in the Republic. The traditional constitution of Rome barely requires modification

rested upon the laws, with every class in the Commonwealth keeping to traditional functions and respecting legitimate authority. Tr

eized power at Rome, the consulate and the provincial armies were the traditional instruments of ‘legitimate’ supremacy. No need to

in the direction of senatorial debate and public policy, a vague and traditional control over all provincial governors. At need, h

their alien origin. In politics the Claudii, far from being narrowly traditional , were noted as innovators, reformers and even as

pire, conscious of the need to disguise plutocracy, eagerly inherited traditional prejudice: it was often expressed by the sons of

own to freedmen now enjoyed status and function in the comprehensive, traditional and conservative party that had superseded the sp

ulpicius Quirinius. These three categories of civic excellence were traditional , Republican and openly advertised as the justific

i, Claudii, Fabii and Aemilii, houses whose bare survival, not to say traditional primacy, was menaced and precarious in the last c

nsensus Italiae. Municipal men rising to power and influence followed traditional devices and secured promotion for their friends a

the suppression of rebels or brigands. The dependent princes bore the traditional and honoured title of ‘Allies and Friends of the

ar; and many of the principal actors of the tragedy had little of the traditional Roman in their character. Augustus paid especial

Marius was an exemplar of ‘Itala virtus’; Sulla Felix was much more a traditional Roman aristocrat than many have believed; and Sul

as a novelty, but the spirit was not, for it harmonized both with the traditional activities of the censorial office and with the a

them, but with a loving hand. For the respect due to aristocracy was traditional , and Augustus was a traditional member of the Ita

or the respect due to aristocracy was traditional, and Augustus was a traditional member of the Italian middle class. No less genui

legislation in such matters, a virtuous prince like Tiberius, himself traditional in his views of Roman morality, was forced to exp

In many respects, indeed, their outlook was notably old-fashioned and traditional . Republican sympathies were openly expressed. F

ybody was susceptible to the archaic ritual and austere appeal of the traditional gods of Rome. Nor was Divus Julius enough. His so

ign of allegiance; no proconsul of Rome ever again is honoured in the traditional fashion of the eastern lands. The language of tha

of Augustus were no less detestable than his rule. Of his morals, the traditional stories of variegated vice were freely circulated

e needy Greek of low degree, clever, mendacious and unscrupulous. 2 A traditional and literary figure. Very different the proud son

ho narrated recent and authentic history in epic verse, a typical and traditional occupation at Rome, came from Corduba. His Pharsa

consular sons as objects of fear or flattery. It is evident that a traditional Roman prejudice, sharpened under the domination o