ion represented by the army-commanders and their political agents. It took shape at first in his consulate as concordia ordi

consulate in his turn. 2 His aunt was the wife of Marius. Caesar, who took Cinna’s daughter in marriage, defied Sulla when h

ny, NH 22, 11). PageBook=>032 abruptly divorcing his own wife, took Metella’s daughter, Aemilia. 1 When Aemilia died,

im sacrifice Caesar in return for alliance with the oligarchy. Cicero took heart. He proclaimed the ideal of a conservative

uctoritas of a senior statesman. Augustus, the last of the dynasts, took direct charge of the greater military provinces a

s ancestors, corrupt and debauched in the way of his life. 1 Pompeius took in marriage his daughter, Cornelia, the widow of

ion to tyranny, protested that Caesar was already invading Italy, and took action on behalf of the Commonwealth. Accompanied

ree years, the Metelli soon found that their power was passing. Death took off their consuls one by one. 2 Marriage or adopt

mo: the Lentuli were synonymous with aristocratic pride, Ap. Claudius took a peculiar delight in rebuffing or harrying Cicer

cos. 51), dismayed by the outbreak of war or distrustful of Pompeius, took no active part and should more honestly be termed

3 Brutus’ marriage to a daughter of Ap. Claudius Pulcher certainly took place in 54 B.C. (Ad fam. 3, 4, 2), that of Cn. P

object- lessons of the clementia and magnitudo animi of Caesar. They took the gift of life and restoration with suppressed

g. Cicero, when lauding the clemency and magnanimity of the Dictator, took the opportunity to sketch a modest programme of m

. Crassus drew back, and Catilina went on, to his ruin. When Caesar took the Dictatorship for life and the sworn allegianc

257 ff. Ch. V THE CAESARIAN PARTY PageBook=>061 CAESAR, who took his stand on honour and prestige, asserted that P

remembered. Rapacious or idealistic enemies of the dominant oligarchy took heart again. It was evident that Caesar would res

nce. 1 Caesar’s following was dual in composition. The fact that he took up arms against the party in power, had been a Ma

rusus, a friend and associate of certain local dynasts,2 the Italians took up arms. It was not to extort a privilege but to

iple holds as for his legates in the Gallic campaigns. 5 Nine consuls took office in the years 48–44 B.C., all men with sena

parted to the Balkans. The other consul, the redoubtable M. Antonius, took cover. Repulsing the invitations of the Liberator

eBook=>098 On the morning of March 17th the Senate met. Antonius took charge of the debate, at once thwarting the propo

n of C. Marius. The Liberators departed from Rome early in April, and took refuge in the small towns in the neighbourhood of

excuse: their Imperator, in defence of whose station and dignity they took up arms against his enemies, had been treacherous

f concord. The degree of his responsibility for the turn which events took at the funeral will be debated: it was certainly

16, 18), Otho, who governed Lusitania with integrity (ib. 13, 46) and took his own life rather than prolong a civil war (His

erator. Unable to restrain his grief, Caesar’s faithful friend Matius took a grim pleasure in the most gloomy reports; 4 som

alance to D. Brutus. 2 They were in the charge of Caesarians: Plancus took Gallia Comata, while Lepidus had already gone off

4, cf. Münzer, P-W III A, 2137. Crispus, proconsul of Bithynia in 45, took away with him his army of three legions to be use

er 13th (Suetonius, Divus Iulius 83, 1). PageBook=>113 faction took to calling himself ‘Imperator Caesar’. 1 After th

es of plebs and veterans went to Caesar’s heir. And now Heaven itself took a hand. At the eighth hour of the day a comet app

the rights due to his name and station. But not to excess: Octavianus took a firm stand upon dignitas without dangerous indu

ad been alien to the splendid and patrician nature of Caesar. He soon took the measure of Antonius: the Caesarian soldier wa

a rival was to remove a potential ally. 2 However it was, Antonius took alarm. Rome was becoming untenable. If he lingere

y towards Cisalpine Gaul, or to march on Rome himself? 2 Octavianus took the supreme risk and set out for Rome. With armed

n the ghost of Caesar prevailed over the living. The baffled consul took refuge in invective. 1 His edicts exposed and den

tions in the summer and autumn of 44 B.C. With war impending, Atticus took alarm and dissuaded him from action. In November

mpeians in the last battle in Spain:2 and the younger son of Pompeius took a cognomen that symbolized his undying devotion t

hil. 4. 2 M. Valerius Messalla Rufus (cos. 53) was still alive, but took no part in politics. PageBook=>164 battle.

a spontaneous consensus. The towns passed decrees. The men of Firmum took the lead in promising money for the war, the Marr

e of Q. Gallius is that he departed on a voyage. Pirates or shipwreck took the blame. 4 Octavianus had spent his patrimony

name and fortune shielded him once again. In the negotiations he now took his stand as an equal: but the apportionment of p

ion; which is not surprising. Of his lieutenants, Laterensis in shame took his own life; P. Canidius Crassus and Rufrenus we

rty. Octavianus gave up his betrothed, the daughter of Servilius, and took Claudia instead, a daughter of Clodius and of Ful

han from thirst for blood. Many of the proscribed got safely away and took refuge with the Liberators in the East or with Se

ook=>202 ON the first day of the new year Senate and magistrates took a solemn oath to maintain the acts of Caesar the

marched along the Via Egnatia across Macedonia, passed Philippi, and took up a favourable position. Antonius and Octavianus

n battle and besieged him at Laodicaea in Syria. In despair Dolabella took his own life: Trebonius was avenged. Except for E

e had suffered complete eclipse in the East. Brutus and Cassius now took counsel for war. Even when Antonius joined Lepidu

rbanus and Saxa, they arrived in the vicinity of Philippi, where they took up a strong position astride the Via Egnatia, inv

it. ’ PageBook=>206 Livius Drusus. 1 Brutus, their own leader, took his own life. Virtus had proved to be an empty wo

s promised to give up the Cisalpina: he retained Comata, however, and took Narbonensis from Lepidus. Lepidus was also despoi

y of Philippi. Ailing, despondent and under evil auspices, Octavianus took in hand the confiscation of Italian property and

st a rapacious proletariat in arms: it blended with an older feud and took on the colours of an ancient wrong. Political con

place of Praeneste in the neighbourhood of Rome. And now the soldiery took a hand Caesarian veterans from Ancona, old soldie

standard of revolution in Campania. 8 Plancus marched northwards and took up a waiting position, as befitted his character,

. Fulvia, the wife of Antonius, had recently died in Greece. Antonius took in wedlock the sister of his partner, the fair an

owing the young Caesar in prestige and in popularity. Of Lepidus none took account: he had family influence and did not resi

d of again save for the ultimate honour of a public funeral. 2 Sosius took his place as governor of Syria,3 and, accompanied

o the new master of Rome. While some reverted again to Pompeius, many took service under Antonius and remained with him unti

fied, his allegiance beyond question. Whether the discarded Scribonia took another husband has not been recorded. 7 NotesP

s, coming from his African triumph (June 30th, 34 B.C.) to Illyricum, took charge of affairs when Octavianus departed (Dio 4

their hold upon a generation that had lost leisure and illusions and took no pains to conceal their departure. But a direct

nished utterly from the public honours and transactions of the State, took refuge in the pursuits and relationships of priva

ng Pompeius, fair of face but dark within, murderous and unrelenting, took on the contemporary features of a Caesarian milit

among them the famous orators Hybreas of Mylasa and Zeno of Laodicea, took up arms to defend their cities ; 5 and a brigan

Artavasdes, for this was essential. Of his Roman partisans Antonius took with him Titius, Ahenobarbus and others. 1 Plancu

f. (gold and silver, with two types of portrait). 2 lb. 510 ff. He took a fleet to Sicily in 36 B.C. to help Octavianus,

e population preferred to be free from the Roman tax-gatherer. Caesar took from the companies of publicara the farming of th

acts of Antonius in the East. 1 Antonius replied with a manifesto. He took his stand upon legality and upon the plighted wor

nedifying tract entitled De sua ebrietate. 3 Poets and pamphleteers took the field with alacrity. Antonius asserted that P

r the triumviral powers had come to an end. 6 He was not dismayed: he took no NotesPage=>277 1 For the details, K. Sc

vianus retired from the city. The new consuls summoned the Senate and took office on January 1st. They did not read the disp

f the East. Ahenobarbus held back, perhaps in hope of peace. 2 Sosius took the lead and delivered a speech in praise of Anto

d patron of the leading men in the communities of Italy; 5 his allies took an oath of personal loyalty, and the towns of Ita

ome as their own capital, for the memory of old feuds and recent wars took long to die; and the true Roman in just pride dis

The surest guarantee provided also the fairest pretext. 7 Octavianus took with him across the seas the whole of NotesPage

Apollonia. Making an early beginning, he moved southwards instead and took up a position on the peninsula of Actium, on the

y, Roman or Hellenic. 4 In the official version of the victor, Actium took on august dimensions and an intense emotional col

ore death. After brief resistance Antonius was defeated in battle. He took his own life. The army of the Roman People entere

fell away during the War of Actium. Octavianus was not incommoded: he took no steps to recover that region, but invoked and

h, 28 B.C. (CIL 12, p. 77). Not so Nonius, so far as known, though he took an imperatorial salutation (ILS 895). The precise

olleagues now held a census in virtue of powers specially granted and took in hand a purge of the Senate. 4 ‘Unworthy’ membe

holding in Gaul (above, p. 302). Dio expressly states that Octavianus took the title of imperator from Crassus and added it

he law courts the Senate passed a decree against the offender. Gallus took his own life (27 B.C.). 2 The offence of Gallus i

t xx, 1931), 39 ff., esp. 47 f. According to Dio (53, 12, 1) Augustus took over τὴν μὲν φροντίδα τὴν τє προστασίαν τῶν κοινῶ

ntemporary Strabo (p. 840) free of anachronism. He says that Augustus took as his portion ὅση στρατɩωτɩκῆς φρουφᾶς. ἔχєɩ χρє

ot demand deep thought or high debate in the party councils. Augustus took what he deemed necessary for his designs, the con

. Reunited after the conference of Luca, Pompeius, Crassus and Caesar took a large share of provinces. From 55 B.C. they hel

tus: if so, scant acknowledgement in history. 3 In 26 B.C. Augustus took the field in person. 4 He marched northwards agai

of Macedonia. A man of notorious and unbridled freedom of speech, he took no pains to conceal his opinion of the exercise o

July 1st he resigned the consulate. In his place a certain L. Sestius took office another exercise of auctoritas, it may be

e of the consulate, which gave him a general initiative in policy, he took various powers, above all proconsular imperium ov

ok=>338 It was not for ostentation but for use that the Princeps took a partner and strengthened his powers when he app

and designated its candidates, often in advance, to the very year. It took the compact of Luca to rob L. Domitius Ahenobarbu

anus (PIR2, A 1140) rose against Claudius Caesar. 2 Certain Lentuli took the cognomen ‘Maluginensis’ (ILS 8996), which app

3, 11. PageBook=>382 Whether admission to the various colleges took the form of co-optation or of election by the Peo

tainly artful: he got on very well with his stepmother, whose name he took and carried for a time (ib., 4, 1), and, like his

talian and provincial colonies. Fresh material and a better tradition took their place. Augustus in the same year promulga

spices. But the Senate lost the other two armies. In 12 B.C. Augustus took over Illyricum; 2 and, either after the campaigns

uests or annexations had fallen to the share of the Princeps: he also took over Sardinia, and kept it. 4 NotesPage=>394

iri militares’ as his legates. Piso was not himself a soldier, but he took to Macedonia competent legates; and Cicero in Cil

nses. 2 In A.D. 2, after the disgrace and death of Lollius, Quirinius took his place with C. Caesar. 3 Three or four years l

s with a body of fire-fighting slaves it was not until A.D. 6 that he took the step of appointing an equestrian official, th

emples and public buildings. 3 When Agrippa died in 12 B.C. the State took over his trained staff; of the cura aquarum thus

political force, comparable to her kinswoman Servilia. When Augustus took counsel with his consort, he was careful to set d

who studied dynastic politics and the working of human character. It took an astrologer, the very best of them, to predict

Princeps. Iullus Antonius (cos. 10 B.C.), a man of taste and culture, took over from Agrippa the one Marcella, P. Quinctiliu

y and their mother’s prayers, but not with equal fortune. 1 The elder took to wife Julia, daughter of Julia and granddaughte

10, 15; Tacitus, Ann. 1, 10; 4, 44. Velleius (2, 100, 4) says that he took his own life. The difference is not material. 3

nuvium was accorded a public funeral on the instance of Tiberius, who took occasion to remind the Senate of Quirinius’ merit

ety imposed the ruthless suppression of a rival. Once again fortune took charge of the game and shattered Augustus’ ambiti

sor. At Rome, magistrates and Senate, soldiers and populace at once took a personal oath in the name of Tiberius, renewing

e conscious of their own individual character as a people. While they took over and assimilated all that the Hellenes could

i homines from the towns of Italy, and especially from the provinces, took their place, the rigour of whose parsimony was no

ed eulogies of the New State as were Virgil and Horace. Maecenas also took up Propertius, a young Umbrian in whom something

neat calculation. The different forms which the worship of Augustus took in Rome, Italy and the provinces illustrate the d

local disturbances. 1 The proconsuls and publicani of the Republic took a heavy toll from the provinces. The Empire super

oconsul. 4 Lack of prosecutors does not prove a lack of criminals. It took courage to assail openly the leading men in the S

ation of unsound opinions. Certain of the towns of Italy and the West took pride in their Republican traditions. On the whol

disasters of Antonius will not have been underestimated. Even Agrippa took up the pen. 3 Paramount in the literature of apol

dal or inconvenience. Cato was already out of the way when Octavianus took up arms against the State. But Cato was worshippe

of spirit and of language perished also, when servility and adulation took the place of libertas and virtus, that was hard f