ient revival of Republican institutions, the assumption of a specious title , the change in the definition of authority, all t

t;014 from ambition and wedded to quiet, the knights could claim no title of civic virtue, no share in the splendour and pr

tocracy. The greatest of those families had earned or confirmed their title of nobility by command in war against the Samnite

us as a god, a saviour and a benefactor, devising before long a novel title , ‘the warden of earth and sea’. 2 Not so menacing

ways. The avenging of Caesar fell to his adopted son who assumed the title of Divi filius as consecration for the ruler of R

moral and sumptuary legislation (Suetonius, Divus Iulius 42 f.): the title of praefectus moribus did not make him any more p

devotion to the welfare of his clients. Brutus wrote a book with the title De officiis (Seneca, Epp. 95, 45). The code was c

nt an unknown agent was instigated to prosecute Balbus, impugning his title to the Roman citizenship. The pact of Luca reunit

Book=>087 general, Q. Poppaedius Silo, and the earliest official title of the War, Bellum Marsicum. The name Bellum Ital

useful there, whether as Master of the Horse or without any official title . PageBook=>105 Empire, whose unofficial fo

er, the official deification of his adoptive parent soon provided the title of ‘Divi Julii filius’; and from 38 B.C. onwards

ast. In neither of these speeches does Cicero mention Antonius’ legal title to Gallia Cisalpina, namely the plebiscite of Jun

suls, the direction of military operations against Antonius, with the title of pro-praetor. 2 Further, by a special dispensat

Caesarian alliance formed in September of the year which bore as its title the consulate of Pollio and Calvinus. 4 It might

publicly for mercy. 5 Stripped of triumviral powers but retaining the title of pontifex maximus, Lepidus was banished to Circ

enjoyed. 7 He had already usurped the practice of putting a military title before his own name, calling himself ‘Imperator C

East, had shown the way to imperial power. Beside princes of blood or title , the personal following of Rome’s ruler in the Ea

in Judaea, though the ancient Hasmonean house, now decadent, retained title and throne. 3 In the eastern lands many Julii rev

the blandishments of Cleopatra, refusing even to salute her with the title of ‘Queen’:2 Republican principle, or rather fami

he oath could never change or lapse. By whatever name known or public title honoured, the last of the monarchic faction-leade

ecenas controlled Rome and Italy, invested with supreme power, but no title . 6 There must be no risks, no danger of an Antoni

ers to selfish ends. The rule of Caesar and of the Triumvirs bore the title and pretext of settling the constitution on a sta

of this ‘reform’ will emerge later. Octavianus himself assumed the title traditionally pertaining to the senator foremost

were the Caesarian party and its leader to rule? He had resigned the title of Triumvir, but it might have been contended tha

e proconsul of the spolia opima. An arbitrary decision denied him the title of imperator, which had been conceded since Actiu

ius a linen corslet with the name of Cossus inscribed, giving him the title of consul. This frail and venerable relic, intact

n Gaul (above, p. 302). Dio expressly states that Octavianus took the title of imperator from Crassus and added it to his own

25, 2). A premature Athenian inscription (ILS 8810) gives Crassus the title he deserved (αὐτʋκράτωρ). PageBook=>309 Ye

ch he disappears completely from history. In robbing Crassus of the title of imperator Octavianus raised, perhaps at an unt

tion of Republican government at Rome. The denial to Crassus of the title of imperator was not merely a matter of constitut

ury, under the dynasty of the Flavians, an Emperor distrustful of the title of ‘princeps’ and eager for warlike glory was fla

It was therefore both appropriate and inevitable that the unofficial title by which he chose to be designated was ‘princeps’

5). M. Appuleius (cos. 20 B.C.) is attested at Tridentum, bearing the title of ‘legatus’, perhaps c. 23 B.C. (ILS 86). Note a

the Guard knew what little power resided in the decorative office and title of consul. That was novel and revolutionary. Not

n plebs clamoured that Augustus, present or absent, should assume the title of Dictator. When he refused, they persisted in

firmly held for the Princeps in his absence by party- dynasts without title or official powers. In 26 B.C. Taurus was consul,

efrained from having a proconsul appointed. There is no record of the title of M. Lollius. 2 Dio 54, 28, I f., cf. Velleius

R1t Q 27. 4 L. Passienus Rufus earned ornamenta triumphalia and the title of imperator C.A.D. 3 (Velleius 2, 116, 2; ILS 12

roconsul of Africa, fighting under his own auspices, might assume the title of imperator. 6 Before long that honour too would

or brigands. The dependent princes bore the traditional and honoured title of ‘Allies and Friends of the Roman People’: in f

nt with the ‘mos maiorum’. That office savoured of regimentation, its title was all too revealing. More to the point, he did

gular. 3 As in all else, the First Citizen could act without law or title by virtue of his paramount auctoritas. Soon after

olled numerous freed slaves in separate formations with the revealing title of ‘cohortes voluntariorum’. 1 The war in Illyr

decessors, a god and saviour; not only does he take from Pompeius the title of ‘warden of land and sea’; 7 PageNotes. 473

with no little complacency that throughout his campaigns, for all his title of imperator bis, and despite the frieze of weapo

published after Plancus’ death; 3 and it was Messalla who coined as a title for Dellius the phrase ‘desultor bellorum civiliu

sts, but he was ‘salubris princeps’. He might easily have adopted the title of ‘Optimus princeps’: that was left for Trajan.

duces’ after death. 4 Sulla had been ‘Felix’, Pompeius had seized the title of ‘Magnus’. Augustus, in glory and fortune the g

son of a gladiator, 503. Cusinius, M. (pr. 44 B.C.), 91. Custos, as title of Augustus, 519 f. Cyprus, given to Egypt, 260

00, 436, 437. Imperator, adopted as a praenomen by Octavianus, 113; title assumed by proconsuls, 238, 308, 312; denied to a

rs Via Latina, 402; declines to be praefectus urbi, 403; proposes the title of pater patriae, 411; as an orator, 246, 375; on