consent. The Dictatorship of Caesar, revived in the despotic rule of three Caesarian leaders, passed into the predominance o

that Pollio was closely akin both to Sallustius and to Tacitus. 1 All three sat in the Senate of Rome and governed provinces;

that has now become unconventional, NotesPage=>006 1 Pollio’s three letters to Cicero are valuable documents (Ad fam.

house and two other groups. The first is the Claudii: in addition to three sons, Ap. Claudius Pulcher left three daughters,

is the Claudii: in addition to three sons, Ap. Claudius Pulcher left three daughters, whose birth and beauty gained them adv

the oligarchy in its last struggles, M. Porcius Cato. 1 With these three groups were linked in some fashion or other almos

capacity no exception to their family. 2 Next came their cousins, the three sons of Ap. Pulcher. Of these Claudii, the charac

cious, derived only the most dubious examples from the conduct of his three sisters and exploited without scruple the influen

ents of this policy; and the Claudii remained on the alert, expecting three consulates, but not unaided. 4 Against novi hom

m, the young man, now aged twenty-three, raised on his own initiative three legions from the tenants, clients and veterans of

ul. The power and glory of the master of the world were symbolized in three triumphs won from three continents: Pompeiusque

of the master of the world were symbolized in three triumphs won from three continents: Pompeiusque orbis domitor per tresq

sar reconciled Crassus with Pompeius, to satisfy the ambitions of all three , and turned the year named after the consuls Mete

the eastern commands. 1 Transalpine Gaul was soon added. Further, the three rulers designated consuls for the next year, L. C

e. 3 Crassus meanwhile had gone to Ravenna to confer with Caesar. The three met at Luca and renewed the compact, with a secon

of good behaviour, public demonstrations of loyal acquiescence. 5 The three principes now dominated the State, holding in the

ened without consuls. Similar but worse was the beginning of 52 B.C., three candidates contending in violence and rioting, ch

obscure for a century, they emerge again into sudden prominence with three consuls in the last three years of the Free State

ey emerge again into sudden prominence with three consuls in the last three years of the Free State. 4 The influence of Not

divided counsels of his adversaries secured the crowning victory. But three years more of fighting were needed to stamp out t

f them were of any use to Caesar or to the State. During the previous three years Caesar had not been able to influence the c

ebarred from public life until restored by the Dictator. 1 Two of the three , Gabinius and Messalla, received military command

ed the stern censor on that count. Further, Caesar brought back the three disgraced consulars, not all dubious characters.

wer of her family. In her dynastic policy she ruthlessly employed the three daughters of her second husband, whom she gave in

f Gadara. 4 Caesar rivalled and surpassed the elder dynast: he placed three legions in Egypt under the charge of a certain Ru

ctory record, may be presumed to owe their status to him, for example three of the praetors of 44 B.C., dim figures, the bear

aly often permits valid conclusions about origins. Etruscan names, of three types, point to Etruria and the adjacent areas su

rs 54–49 B.C. One of the two consuls was of patrician extraction: and three of the plebeians were Claudii Marcelli. 5 Among

the Dictator appears to have designated or even allotted provinces to three of the Liberators, the consular Trebonius, D. Bru

l adversaries. Antonius had been no friend of Dolabella in the last three years: yet he condoned and recognized Dolabella’s

T. Sextius were in command of the armies of Illyricum and of Africa, three legions each. 3 Q. Hortensius, NotesPage=>11

Crispus, proconsul of Bithynia in 45, took away with him his army of three legions to be used against Bassus, P-W XIV, 1556.

hilippus, a safe candidate for the consulate of 56 B.C. Octavius left three children, an Octavia by his first wife, by Atia a

rance since March 17th. The Curia did not see him again for more than three months. The importance of his speech is difficult

the colonies of Calatia and Casilinum Octavianus raised quickly some three thousand veterans. The new Pompeius now had an ar

from returning to Rome, to cross the central mountains and intercept three of the consul’s legions which were moving along t

erents, to shady adventurers. Good fortune has preserved the names of three of his earliest associates, the foundation-member

not Maecenas but his father (so Münzer, P-W xiv, 206). About the last three names few attempts at identification have been ma

l and revealing account of his associates, save honourable mention of three tribunes and a legionary commander whom he had se

407. Ch. X THE SENIOR STATESMAN PageBook=>135 IN the Senate three men of consular rank had spoken against Antonius,

. That was all they had in common in character, career and policy the three consulars were discordant and irreconcilable. P

et, ut nihil aliud, ab Antonio seiungendus. ’ PageBook=>142 of three thousand veterans in Campania. He pestered Cicero

emotions, by envy of Cicero’s renown. 7 Of the surviving consulars three were absent from Italy, Trebonius, Lepidus and Va

ord or deed, for good or evil, in the last effort of the Senate. Only three , so Cicero, writing to Cassius, asserted, could b

f the West stood Plancus, Lepidus and Pollio, Caesarian partisans all three , but diverse in character, attainments and standi

ll three, but diverse in character, attainments and standing; and all three were to survive the years of the Revolution, Lepi

public and prayed in secret. 1 The embassy set forth. It comprised three consulars Piso, Philippus and Ser. Sulpicius, a

f Mutina, was coming up in the rear of the constitutional forces with three veteran legions raised in his native Picenum. Cae

f Genoa). Here on May 3rd he was met by the trusty Ventidius with the three veteran legions. The first round was won. The nex

o death: there was nothing to choose between Dolabella and any of the three Antonii; only practise a salutary severity, and t

but the apportionment of power revealed the true relation between the three leaders. After elaborate and no doubt necessary

office was now revived under another name for a period of five years three men were to hold paramount and arbitrary power un

scene may have been impressive, but the prophecy was superfluous. The three leaders marched to Rome and entered the city in c

y had the leisure and the taste to draw fine distinctions between the three terrorists, it was hardly for Octavianus that the

remote from political interests. 2 The interval of a year carried off three , Ser. Sulpicius Rufus, Trebonius and Cicero, with

ged, at the proscriptions which it was his duty to announce. 3 If the three dynasts be excluded, the surviving consulars now

lested. 6 Of the supposed dozen survivors among the consulars, only three claim any mention in subsequent history, and only

3rd). 2 Both sides drew back, damaged and resentful. There followed three weeks of inaction or slow manoeuvres in which the

esarians and Republicans as he had stirred up against Antonius nearly three years earlier. In alarm he sent his confidential

murders were magnified by defamation and credulity into a hecatomb of three hundred Roman senators and knights slaughtered in

inferior Lepidus the dynasts resigned possession of Africa, which for three years had been the theatre of confused fighting b

d under Caesar, and he moved with Caesarian decision and rapidity. In three great battles, at the Cilician Gates, at Mount Am

mind the chance to suppress Caesar’s heir had been offered repeatedly three years before, by fortune, by Fulvia and by Salvid

us had surrendered the island of Sardinia, a war-fleet and an army of three legions. Octavianus or his admirals L. Cornificiu

this time. Agrippa devised a grandiose plan for attacking Sicily from three directions in the summer of 36: Octavianus was to

the fame of his father in the eastern lands, raised a private army of three legions in Asia, with which force he contended fo

e was saved in war and diplomacy by his daring and by the services of three friends. Agrippa held the praetorship in that yea

the first of new families to attain the consulate. Beside them stand three descendants of patrician houses, Ap. Claudius Pul

riumvirs, and iterations, there were thirty- eight consuls. Of these, three are difficult to classify (C. Norbanus Flaccus an

haps only one; 2 no Valerii yet, but the Valerii were soon to provide three consuls in four years. 3 No less conspicuous were

or Umbrian, Picene or Lucanian. 4 Rome had known her novi homines for three centuries now, admitted in the main for personal

promise of long duration. 1 East of the Hellespont there were to be three Roman provinces only, Asia, Bithynia and Syria. F

of them in the power or gift of Antonius, were also bestowed upon the three children whom Cleopatra had borne him. Hostile pr

workable. Of the Roman provinces which Antonius inherited in Asia, three were recent acquisitions. To Pompeius Syria owed

s of gold for domestic and intimate purposes. Messalla wrote at least three pamphlets against Antonius (Charisius, GL 104, 18

bearing with them the unread missive. They were followed by more than three hundred senators, Republican or Antonian. 3 Not

y to turn against him if they dared: it was a bad sign that more than three hundred senators had decided to join Antonius, cl

invoked for revolution, for reaction or for domination, even for all three ends at once. The tribune Livius Drusus, working

erate, heralding the end of a great career and a powerful party. Only three men of consular standing remained on Antonius’ si

stern frontiers, Polemo, Amyntas, Archelaus and Herod; and there were three Roman provinces in Asia, namely Asia, Bithynia-Po

Octavianus returned to Italy. He entered Rome on August 13th. During three successive days the imperial city witnessed the p

During three successive days the imperial city witnessed the pomp of three triumphs, for the campaigns in Illyricum, for the

he Aeneid of Virgil and is not of very common occurrence in the first three books of the Odes of Horace (which appeared in 23

part from the reckoning. But Augustus did not take all the legions: three proconsuls had armies under their command, the go

inces to the Senate; and proconsuls remained, as before, in charge of three military provinces. But Augustus was not surrende

f a single consular proconsul governing all Spain, but instead two or three legates, inferior in rank and power. Hence securi

us Pompeius Magnus had governed Spain as proconsul in absence through three legates, namely one consular and two praetorian.

from the campaign of Philippi, C. Norbanus. But there were presumably three nobiles in the prime of life; 2 and three recent

. But there were presumably three nobiles in the prime of life; 2 and three recent novi homines. 3 Not to mention T. Statiliu

found in charge of military provinces; still less such nobiles as the three Valerii, Cinna’s grandson, or Cn. Pompeius, the d

se consulars serve as legates of the Princeps in his provincia; 2 and three only, so far as known, hold the proconsulate of A

Senate seems to balance the provincia of the Princeps - it comprised three military provinces, Illyricum, Macedonia and Afri

ces of Illyricum and Macedonia; and such are in fact attested, namely three of the principal marshals of Augustus, all novi h

distinct political advantages. Caesar the Dictator intended to spend three years in the Balkans and the East, not merely for

eoples. Cn. Domitius Calvinus had governed Spain during a difficult three years (39-36 B.C.); 2 Calvinus and five procons

ure of the land dictated a division of forces. The Romans operated in three columns of invasion; and as all glory and all his

ϕή and ὠμότης of Carisius). PageBook=>333 In Citerior the next three legates all had hard fighting to do. 1 Finally in

turned to Rome towards the middle of 24 B.C. He had been away about three years: Rome was politically silent, with no voice

ivia, Maecenas and Agrippa. Augustus could not afford to alienate all three . In alliance they had made him, in alliance they

ealed. When the Caesarian armies prevailed and the Republic perished, three dynasts divided and ruled the Roman world: their

e was a very precise reason for reducing the roll of the Senate. Over three hundred senators had chosen Antonius and the Repu

ed. Nothing is heard again of the consular L. Gellius Poplicola or of three other Antonian admirals at Actium. 1 Nobiles we

tion of their lands for the benefit of the veterans. 2 The estates of three hundred and more disloyal or misguided senators w

The Roman Commonwealth in the days of the Republic was composed of three orders, each with definite rank, duties and privi

r’s family might rise through equestrian to senatorial rank in two or three generations, according to the social system of th

t and remained there as the first Prefect of the land, at the head of three legions. Certain other provinces subsequently acq

ank comparable to the consulate in the senatorial career. Two, if not three , provincials were Prefects of Egypt. 4 The sons o

. ’ 2 Junius Gallio, a speaker of some note, who adopted one of the three sons of Seneca the Elder, probably came from Spai

udius Nero and his brother Nero Claudius Drusus, P. Cornelius Scipio, three Cornelii Lentuli, L. Calpurnius Piso, lullus Anto

irth, military service, distinction in oratory or law, these were the three claims to the consulate. An orator might make moc

Such were M. Lollius, M. Vinicius and P. Sulpicius Quirinius. These three categories of civic excellence were traditional,

. Vitellius, a knight’s son, but a power at the court of Caligula and three times consul, colleague in the censorship with hi

, summoned from Galatia with an army, was occupied in the Balkans for three arduous years. 3 So it was Tiberius, as legate of

, 34, 5 ff.; Velleius 2, 98; Livy, Per. 140; Seneca, Epp. 83, 14. The three years of the Bellum Thracicum are either 13–11 or

te of praetorian rank and was commonly reckoned as praetorian. Yet on three occasions at least in the Principate of Augustus,

mpire, embracing no fewer than fifteen legions. The contrast with the three provinces of 27 B.C. illustrates the change both

sly, in the Spanish wars and against Mithridates. 3 He was one of the three legates who governed Spain for Pompeius. Of the o

atia he was summoned to Thrace with an army, where he was engaged for three years; after that, he was proconsul of Asia; 7 su

tia already discussed, there is a total of ten eminent men. Of these, three are novi homines, next to Agrippa and Taurus the

were established from time to time, such as an Economy Commission of three members in A.D. 6, or the two curatores annonae o

ortion the judges were to be four men of consular rank, together with three praetorians and two other senators. 7 Casual or

rtance increased steadily as the reign drew to its close, now showing three new posts in the city of Rome; and knights as wel

e consulate after an interval of five years (that is, in A.D. I); and three years later the same distinction was proclaimed f

s later the same distinction was proclaimed for Lucius, his junior by three years. The Senate voted Gaius this unprecedented

As the family circle of Augustus at one time comprised no fewer than three pairs of women bearing the names Octavia, Antonia

lt up into a faction. 2 To be sure, there were her grandchildren, the three children of Drusus and Antonia; two of them were

through the climacteric year of a man’s life, the sixty-third. 3 Not three years passed and Gaius was dead. After composing

rt the ambitious design, fully engaging the attention of Tiberius for three years (A.D. 6-9). Then Germany rose. Varus and th

of Tiberius for three years (A.D. 6-9). Then Germany rose. Varus and three legions perished. Rome did not see her new master

m, and in this year was governor of Hispania Citerior, at the head of three legions. 1 Tiberius could trust Lepidus not Gallu

in charge of Moesia (now that Macedonia had lost its army). 2 In the three years of the rebellion of Illyricum the following

s last will and testament. 4 About the same time, it may be inferred, three state-papers were composed or revised, namely, th

is life. But for that disaster he could have borne the loss of Varus’ three legions with more composure. Despite the varied

, Horace and Livy are the enduring glories of the Principate; and all three were on terms of personal friendship with Augustu

site or rather an imaginary figure. The poet himself, who had married three times, was not unhappy in his last choice, a virt

accompanied by the procession of his sixty-one living descendants in three generations. 4 Even slaves could be commended Aug

an altar of Pax Augusta should be set up. The monument was dedicated three or four years later. On its sculptured panels cou

namenta triumphalia in lieu of that distinction. In the temple itself three deities were housed in concord, Mars, Venus Genet

esar’s political competition, six months after the Ides of March. All three Triumvirs concurred in the deification of Caesar;

Julia, the granddaughter of the Princeps. The union was blessed with three sons and two daughters, all of whom in turn, by d

>500 The Etruscan A. Caecina was prolific. 1 P. Silius Nerva had three sons, all consulars. 2 But his three grandsons, t

prolific. 1 P. Silius Nerva had three sons, all consulars. 2 But his three grandsons, two consuls and a consul-designate, di

iserable end. But Gallus propagated the Asinii with six sons, of whom three at least attained to consular rank:4 a direct des

nd of a Sabine family. Passienus could not compete with L. Vitellius, three times consul. Vitellius was the son of a knight

among the legates who commanded the armies in his provincia, and only three men of consular standing. PageNotes. 502 1 D.

he Republican and the Augustan nobility, there are still on the Fasti three Republican nobiles and some seven or eight men sp

pid, rapacious and incompetent, bears in those epithets the blame for three legions lost not all his own fault. 2 The most em

, 421. Antonia (Minor), married to Drusus, 378; her court, 386; her three children, 422. Antonii, 19, 493, 494, 495. Anto

, 378, 395 Alpine campaigns, 390; in Germany, 391; death of, 391; his three children, 422. Drusus, son of Tiberius, 431. Dr

such as the family of Ap. Claudius Pulcher, the sons of Crassus, and three of the five marriages of Pompeius Magnus. Neith