ings about Antonius and Cleopatra (from which I have learned so much, though compelled to dissent in one matter of cardinal im

direct line of Marius, Cinna and Sulla. 3 It all seems inevitable, as though destiny ordained the succession of military tyran

retain the kingly power, vested in a pair of annual magistrates; and though compelled in time to admit the plebeians to polit

ld an influence beyond all relation to their number; and the nobiles, though a wider class, formed yet a distinct minority in

dens from which the nobility is recruited and renewed. None the less, though the composition of the oligarchy is slowly transf

, the manner and fashion of dynastic politics changes but little; and though noble houses suffered defeat in the struggle for

. The son of a competent orator and assiduous himself as an advocate, though not brilliant cautious and crafty in habit, he mi

utarch, Pompeius 16, &c.). Ahenobarbus fell in Africa in 82 B.C.: though some versions exculpate Pompeius, there is a cont

y. He held a command in Africa against Marian remnants and triumphed, though not a senator, adding ‘Magnus’ to his name. After

Caesar, not ceasing to solicit and claim the support of Pompeius even though the one of them turned against the People when el

rassus, who disliked them both. 4 Nor was Pompeius’ consul effective, though a witty man and an orator as well as a soldier. 5

rol of the more important provincial armies. 6 The combination ruled, though modified in various ways, and impaired as time we

he Catonian faction. Rising to power with support from the Metelli, though not without quarrels and rivalry, Pompeius broke

the domination of Pompeius, Cato resolved to support a dictatorship, though anxiously shunning the name. Cato’s confidence in

as to appear pre-ordained; and history has sometimes been written as though Caesar set the tune from the beginning, in the kn

a lay-figure set up to point a contrast with Pompeius or Augustus as though Augustus did not assume a more than human name an

d found a monarchy, complete with court and hereditary succession; as though Pompeius, the conqueror of the East and of every

a transformed State. The composition and vicissitudes of that party, though less dramatic in unity of theme than the careers

Whatever their class in society, men went with a leader or a friend, though the cause were indifferent or even distasteful. O

and re-establish their peers. 5 The patriciate was a tenacious class; though depressed by poverty, by incapacity to adjust the

n, below, p. 80, n. 1; also the Etruscan Cafo, JRS XXVII (1937), 135, though it is not certain that he was a senator. 2 Suet

ian houses for their own political ends and for Rome’s greater power; though NotesPage=>084 1 Suetonius, Tib. I, &c

ilingual inscr. CIEtr. 1, 272. Also the Calpurnii (Schulze, LE, 138), though they faked a descent from the Sabine Numa (Plutar

d and embittered by the strife of local factions. Etruria and Umbria, though wavering, had remained loyal to Rome: the propert

glorified the memory of Cato and of Marius but it was for himself, as though they were his own ancestors. 3 He desired that th

ut it was the Italy of the post-Sullan order, and the representation, though indirect, was to be adequate and of the best, nam

sans were already in the Senate before the outbreak of the Civil War, though no previous affiliations or service in his army c

ately after the funeral (see the preceding note), it would not prove, though it might support, the view that Antonius intended

ttempts were made to convert Hirtius to their cause. 2 But Dolabella, though not impervious to flattery, was fortified by dist

lace of the Dictator and succeed to sole and supreme power at Rome as though the fate of Caesar were not a warning. Moreover,

ssessing the sanction of literary tradition, will here be maintained, though it is dubious and misleading. As his enemies bitt

agogues. Rumours went about in the July days at Rome that Octavianus, though a patrician, had designs upon this office. 1 Noth

tated his leader which came easy to his open nature: Octavianus also, though less easily perhaps. Only two of his associates,

ch is difficult to estimate: but the stand made by the two consulars, though negative, irresolute and not followed by action o

s of Antonius believed in the reality of the attempt and rejoiced1 as though it suited the plans of Octavianus to rid himself

o word here of the consulars Philippus and Marcellus. Another source, though likewise not of the best, alleges that the pair m

at least his influence, is sufficiently demonstrated by his election, though reluctant, to the censorship in 50 B.C., an honou

ro claimed that he had always been consistent in his political ideal, though not in the means he adopted to attain it. His def

d decision had been all in vain. He persisted, however, and returned, though heavy of heart and with no prospect at all of pla

e exorbitant claims of his personal ambition. The Second Philippic, though technically perfect, is not a political oration,

riotic Lepidus, in word no doubt as well as in deed; Pollio likewise, though not an adept at smooth language. Political intr

first day of the year, when momentous transactions were announced as though any individual or party wished to strike down tha

sul, Antonius was clearly unassailable; when proconsul, his position, though not so strong, was valid in this, that he held hi

ed men and money, vigour and enthusiasm. Levies were held. Hirtius, though rising weak and emaciated from his bed of sicknes

refused to surrender to D. Brutus, resolved to stand firm, precarious though his own position was. Antonius might be destroyed

ic. On April 26th he crossed the Rhône and marched south-eastwards as though to join Lepidus, coming to within forty miles of

evidently afraid of some such manoeuvre. 4 He remained in Macedonia, though a vote of the Senate had summoned him to Italy af

led L. Cornificius marked down Brutus as his prey. 2 Of the jurors, though carefully selected, one man gave his vote for abs

tate, and now the State made requital. He seized the treasury, which, though depleted, could furnish for each of his soldiers

ffluent exile. 6 The knight Calidus had property in Africa. 7 Cicero, though chronically in straits for ready money, was a ver

epublican or Pompeian nobles, old and young. 1 The Caesarian party, though reunited after strange vicissitudes, had suffered

of Cassius, he at last forced on a battle. Octavianus had now come up though shattered in health and never a soldier, he could

s et ipsa Roma viribus ruit. The Epode is quoted and utilized here, though it may very well be several years later in date.

la, Bibulus and others transferred their allegiance to Antonius, who, though a Caesarian, was one of themselves, a soldier and

ers, he might still exert the traditional policy of family alliances, though the day was long past when that alone brought pow

urbances, order had been restored by land and sea. 1 The formulation, though not extravagant, was perhaps a little premature.

the admiral built or repaired a shrine of Neptune, as was right, even though he did not hold a triumph. Apollo, however, was

egun the repair of a great aqueduct, the Aqua Marcia. Now in 33 B.C., though of consular standing, he assumed the onerous duti

of the Romans, the parent of knowledge and propagator of many errors, though not averse from an interest in Pythagoreanism, or

p for the creation of public libraries. 2 Escaping from proscription, though his own stores of learned books were plundered, t

48 1 He was proconsul of Africa Nova in 46‖45 B.C. 2 Dio 43, 9, 2 though this may not be convincing evidence, for it may d

tory become. On the writing of poetry, however, the Roman aristocrat, though he might turn a verse with ease, or fill a volume

fluences. 2 Maecenas, whose aesthetic tastes were genuine and varied, though not always creditable, was on the watch for talen

elli Gallici (cf. esp. Horace, Sat. 2, 5, 41), may well be Bibaculus, though this has been disputed. 4 Quintilian 10, 1, 89:

absent from Italy, but Antonius was the senior partner. His prestige, though waning, was still formidable enough in 33 B.C.; a

rked the resurgence of the Ptolemaic kingdom in splendour and wealth, though not in military power. She had reconstituted her

ean, who had lent help to Gabinius and to Caesar, governed in Judaea, though the ancient Hasmonean house, now decadent, retain

f Titius, may have seen service in this war on the staff of Antonius, though known for talents of another kind. 2 Sosius was l

ia-Pontus and Cilicia an augmentation of territory. His dispositions, though admirable, were in some respects premature. A pro

sacred marriage’. 2 A flagrant anachronism. That ‘ritual marriage’, though fertile with twin offspring, lapsed after a winte

d. Republican freedom of speech now revelled in a brief renascence as though it were not fettered to the policy of a military

an opportune discovery so opportune that forgery might be suspected, though the provisions of the will do not perhaps utterly

the culmination in the summer of a series of local agitations, which, though far from unconcerted, presented a certain appeara

hes the text of an oath of allegiance to Drusus, which is significant though the phraseology cannot be genuine, cf. H. J. Rose

ical end of the factions, compacts and wars of the last thirty years, though liberty perished, peace might be achieved. It was

lla). 7 Virgil, Aen. 8, 680 f. PageBook=>297 But Octavianus, though ‘dux’, was even less adequate in maritime warfare

people. The disaster of Crassus and the ill success of Antonius, even though not as great as many believed, were sobering less

ts to the insecure throne of Parthian monarchy. That kingdom, indeed, though difficult to an invader and elusive from its very

on May 30th, 28 B.C. (CIL 12, p. 77). Not so Nonius, so far as known, though he took an imperatorial salutation (ILS 895). The

olicy, his powers were a direct continuation of the Triumvirate, even though that despotic office had expired years before: in

l inscriptions incised on the pyramids of Egypt. 3 Lapidary evidence, though not from a pyramid, shows the Roman knight procla

had fought the war under the national mandate, and ‘dux’ he remained, though the appellation gradually faded from use. Yet he

s proconsul, year after year without a break. The supreme magistracy, though purporting no longer to convey enhanced powers, a

Yet the memory of the past reminded the Romans that change had come, though slow and combated. Rome’s peculiar greatness wa

mmendation. He controlled all the armies of the Roman People, in fact though not in law, and provided from his own pocket the

er. There is something unreal in the sustained note of jubilation, as though men knew its falsity: behind it all there lurked

c remedia pati possumus. ’ Horace, Odes 1, 2, is quite relevant here, though the poem may well have been composed as early as

ain,2 but no serious warfare in the senatorial provinces. But now, as though to demonstrate their independence, proconsuls of

e with Livia Drusilla had been a political alliance with the Claudii, though not that alone. The cold beauty with tight lips,

re, in cheerful subservience to their new rulers, or boisterously, as though towards a popular entertainer. Despite such power

ers and even as revolutionaries. In Tiberius there was the tradition, though not the blood, of M. Livius Drusus as well. Like

was saved. A democracy cannot rule an empire. Neither can one man, though empire may appear to presuppose monarchy. There i

nd sometimes thwarted the power of money: the new order was patently, though not frankly, plutocratic. Capital received guar

ery to the aristocracy of Rome, whose own Sabine or Etruscan origins, though known and admitted, had been decently masked, for

. 9), of an ancient dynastic house. Two other consuls in this period, though not locally identified, are certainly of municipa

pire, east and west, stood firm by their protector. The vassal kings, though still in name the allies of the Roman People, wer

ly, Polemo of Pontus or the Thracian dynasts, all worked for Rome, as though provincial governors. Augustus regarded the kings

ections in the years 22–19 B.C. are very puzzling. It almost looks as though , in each year, Augustus had filled one place with

erit. Caesar and the Triumvirs had changed all that. None the less, though modified, the old categories subsisted. 5 Descent

istocratic monarchy linked with one another and with the dynasty; and though the Scipiones were all but extinct, numerous Lent

influences were bound up with the faction from the beginning: active, though studiously masked under the Principate of Augustu

cation of its southern boundaries King Amyntas had lost his life; and though there was no permanent establishment of Roman tro

inces in 27 B.C., and reveals its own inadequacy. It is here assumed, though it cannot be proved, that M. Vinicius was the las

ssor was the trusty and competent C. Sentius Saturninus. 2 But Syria, though more prominent in historical record, was not the

scrr. IGRR IV, 410 f. (Pergamum) and BCH V (1881), 183 (Stratonicea): though these could as well refer to L. Calpurnius Piso (

ssembly; he takes charge of public provinces; he appoints proconsuls, though with respect for forms preserved ; 3 and he conve

re can hardly be any doubt that their powers were developed and used, though not frequently in the time of Augustus, cf. J. G.

appeal to the antiquarian, the administrator or the politician, even though his character and habits were the reverse of sace

equent deductions (supported by Tiberius’ voluntary exile in Rhodes), though correctly diagnosing the nature of the crisis, we

derating influence of Livia Drusilla in the counsels of the Princeps, though sometimes exaggerated and always malevolent, was

liance with the Caesarian house. Scarcely less prominent the Valerii, though escaping notice in the politics and the scandals

ed rank and eminence with the foremost in the Principate of Augustus, though not seeking closer relationship with the reigning

and influential. 4 Of the more recent novi homines, L. Tarius Rufus, though a personal friend of Augustus, probably commanded

, his own sons secure. Though absent, Tiberius still had a following; though an exile he still held his tribunicia potestas; a

e evil behaviour of C. Caesar. 1 The position of Tiberius improved, though his political prospects grew no brighter. His s

ebarred from public life. He dwelt in Rome as a private citizen. Even though the other Caesar, Lucius, when on his way to Spai

Augustus remained true to himself. Tiberius had a son; but Tiberius, though designated to replace Augustus, was to be cheated

o hold a long tenure of the post of praefectus urbi. 5 His successor, though only for a year, was L. Aelius Lamia, a lively ol

d so they receive no praise from the poets. 1 Pompeius was no better, though he has the advantage over Caesar in Virgil’s sole

ortion to the duties of their high station. Marriage with freedwomen, though now forbidden to senators, was condoned in others

was not only a conqueror Rome was a protector of Greek culture. As though to strengthen this claim, measures were taken in

all farmers there were to be sure, and cereals continued to be grown, though not for profit. 3 Thousands and thousands of vete

y baffled by the transgressions of his daughter and his granddaughter though in truth their offence was political rather than

cf. L. Wickert, Klio xxx (1937), 232 ff. 2 The two Epistulae, even though authenticity be denied, are far from contemptible

na and secured them full Roman citizenship. But the men of the North, though alert and progressive, were far from being revolu

m taking the form of honours almost divine. Augustus was not a god, though deification would come in due course, from merit

he King of Mauretania, a man of peace and letters, enjoyed long rule, though not undisturbed by the nomad Gaetulians. The king

m’1 The life of the Princeps was threatened by continual conspiracies though these plots may not have been either as frequent

emergency, if believed, would reveal one man at least who was killed though begging for life. 5 It was a commonplace of antiq

lorious or silent: he introduced the practice of holding recitations, though to friends only and not to an indiscriminate publ

ave had a local accent. Nor was the judgement merely one of style, as though a Roman of Rome, infallible arbiter of urban puri

Fasti their principal use. For all else they were believed a danger, though often only a nuisance, so great a tribute did Rom

ominous, the future offered no consolation. The forces of revolution, though confined within definite channels and adapted to

H). The date of Messalla’s death emerges from Frontinus, De aq. 102 ( though this has been disputed): cf. PIR1, V 90. PageBo

private status need not depend upon the form of government. And even though hereditary succession was sternly banished from t

rium, was familiar with the notion of absolute power. The Principate, though absolute, was not arbitrary. It derived from cons

t P. Memmius Regulus, a pillar of the Roman State and secure himself, though married for a time to Lollia Paullina, and the ve

duty. Augustus stood like a soldier, ‘in statione’ for the metaphor, though it may have parallels in the language of the Stoi

ere not so splendid as in the wars of the Revolution; but the rhythm, though abated, was steady and continuous. It had been

a. There is no word in this passage of the tribunicia potestas which, though elsewhere modestly referred to as a means of pass

prominence of the naval expedition in A.D. 5, commanded by Tiberius, though his name is not mentioned (ib. 26). 3 Ib. 34.