inst the Samnites and the Carthaginians: some had maintained it since then , others had lapsed for a time. The Fulvii, the Se

arro, cf. P-W XIII, 414 f. L. Lucullus was married first to a Clodia, then to a Servilia, cf. above, n. 1 and p. 20, n. 5. T

s (cos. 96), was very influential with the plebs when tribune in 104, then carrying a law to transfer sacerdotal elections t

the Senate held debate concerning the associates of Catilina, Caesar, then praetor-designate, spoke in firm condemnation of

apped between the legions of Spain and the hosts of all the East, and then to return, like Sulla, to victory and to power. 4

causa deis placuit sed victa Catoni. PageBook=>051 defied and then destroyed the Senate’s rule. Each had sought arme

o civil war. Caesar designated him for the consulate of 44: he cannot then have been only twenty-five, as stated by Appian,

h the agency of Pompeius. 2 Caesar, quaestor in Hispania Ulterior and then propraetor, made the acquaintance of Balbus and b

and maps). The first consul is presumably T. Didius, or Deidius (98), then a long gap till P. Ventidius (cos. suff. 43). Nam

f the Liberators, he secured from Calpurnia the Dictator’s papers and then consulted in secret with the chief men of the Cae

n Ad Att. 15, 3, 2 (May 22nd). PageBook=>117 Antonian tribune; then , waiting for a better opportunity, he derived enc

e, after that, Republican allies and constitutional backing. He would then have to postpone the avenging of Caesar until he

tion of Antonius, and so destroy the Caesarian party, first Antonius, then Octavianus. But before such respectable elements

e upon him a tribune, Ti. Cannutius by name. The exacerbated Antonius then delivered a violent speech, with abuse of the Lib

or during the contest. He exerted himself for mediation or compromise then and later, both during the struggle between Caesa

all of playing a directing part in Roman politics. 2 So he thought then and the month of September brought no real comfor

p, to which they could each with justice appeal. In 49 B.C. Antonius, then in charge of Italy, treated Cicero with tact and

deal statesman. Political failure, driving him back upon himself, had then sought and created consolations in literature and

after the fall of Carthage, Rome’s last rival for world-empire. Since then a few ambitious individuals exploited the respect

eBook=>159 who led them: salutary compulsion from the army would then be needed to transform a brigand and murderer int

of citizens, banded together for the good of the Commonwealth, might then organize opinion in Italy so as to exert unoffici

3 Phil 8, 27. 4 Phil. 9. PageBook=>171 A state of war was then proclaimed. It existed already. For the moment, h

wards with rapidity and resolution by Parma and Placentia to Dertona, then southwards by arduous passes across the mountains

n of the dangers of their equivocal alliance. He had not been deluded then . 2 But during the months after Mutina, in the fac

arch on Rome. He crossed the Rubicon at the head of eight legions and then pushed on with picked troops, moving with the rap

The union of Antonius and Lepidus cleared the situation; messages may then have passed. A clear indication was soon given. A

Senate against Antonius and refusing to recognize the Triumvirate. He then became involved in war with T. Sextius, the gover

es as they came upon the market. Money soared in value. The Triumvirs then imposed a levy upon the possessions of opulent fe

4 a Triumvir’s uncle, C. Antonius, becomes censor in the same year; then both disappear. 5 Two honest men, L. Piso and L.

Umbria, Etruria and the Sabine country, which had been loyal to Rome then , but had fought for the Marian cause against Sull

,4 the horsemen swept over Syria, killing Decidius Saxa the governor; then they overran southern Asia as far as the coast of

was now prolonged for another five years until the end of 33 B.C.3 By then , it was presumed, the State would have been set i

ed Scribonia, his senior by many years and a tiresome character. 1 He then contracted with unseemly haste an alliance that s

tum in the spring of the following year (37). The uneasy alliance was then perpetuated. Antonius lent fleets and admirals L.

s and the Galatian prince Amyntas. Pompeius refused an accommodation; then his friends and associates, even his father-in-la

minor partisans served him well, of brief notoriety and quick reward, then lapsing into obscurity again. Some names are know

imus iuvenis’, fought for liberty at Philippi and was proud of it. He then followed Antonius for a time, it is uncertain for

t Varro had consigned to public use; if not the national antiquities, then perhaps the land and the peasant. Varro’s books

r situation. Octavianus was no longer the terrorist of Perusia. Since then seven years had passed. But he was not yet the le

rassus, grandson of M. Crassus (cos. 70 B.C.), with Sex. Pompeius and then with Antonius (Dio 51, 4, 3). M. Octavius, admira

conquests in the Balkans and in Illyricum, as far as the Danube. Only then and only thus could the Empire be made solid, coh

None dared to raise a voice against the Caesarian leader. Octavianus then dismissed the Senate, instructing it to assemble

r Wiss., phil.-hist. Abt., N.F. 15 (1937). PageBook=>286 Italy then had been foreign, and the activities of Drusus pr

ian nationalism followed rather than preceded the War of Actium. Only then , after victory, did men realize to the full the t

io 51, 20, 4). PageBook=>304 policy and an omen of victory was then embodied in the dedication of the Ara Pads August

proconsuls, Caesarian or Antonian, before Actium, and six more since then . Some of these men were dead or had lapsed long a

regulated without restricting the powers of the Princeps. The formula then devised would serve for the present, but his New

cero’s bibulous son in the year after Actium: no pretence of Republic then . Nor was the consulate of a Marcellus (Aeserninus

s. Neither the measure nor the men were as scandalous as was made out then and since. Caesar preserved distinctions. The mor

cant one of the two consulates for the next year, 21 B.C. Two nobiles then contended, L. Junius Silanus and Q. Lepidus: the

tter so much. Enemies were dangerous only if they had armies and even then they would hardly be able to induce the soldiers

gle husband only. Of the two Marcellas, the elder married Agrippa and then Iullus Antonius; the two husbands of the younger

minent and the most highly prized were the two Claudii, his stepsons, then L. Domitius Ahenobarbus, L. Calpurnius Piso (the

that celebrated the Secular Games; 5 and it was C. Ateius Capito who then interpreted the Sibylline oracle no doubt to just

in the exorbitant power of imperial freedmen, first the servants and then the ministers and masters of the Caesars. What in

ssessed a long experience of the East from his Antonian days, appears then to have been appointed legate in Syria:1 his succ

arried out the annexation of the province after the death of Amyntas; then he saw service in Macedonia as proconsul (19-18 B

lost but which earned him ornamenta triumphalia for a successful war, then proconsul of Asia, then legate again, of Syria. T

m ornamenta triumphalia for a successful war, then proconsul of Asia, then legate again, of Syria. This would fit Piso and h

s Messalla. He held the post until his death. Ateius Capito followed, then the aged Tarius Rufus. 4 The regulation of the co

eps; 5 not always without cause. But careful supervision at first and then the abolition of free election soon diminished th

ut the practice of comitial legislation soon decays: senatus consulta then became common, gradually acquiring force of law.

in Illyricum, in the Balkans and beyond the Rhine. Agrippa died and then Drusus, Tiberius retired morosely to Rhodes. A cr

tes that Julia was relegated after her husband had been put to death, then recalled, but finally exiled when she proved inco

im came Quirinius (A.D. 6). 6 M. Plautius Silvanus governs Asia and then Galatia (A.D. 4-6); 7 Cn. Piso’s command in Spain

led; and the small holding had not become any more remunerative since then . Samnium was a desolation after Sulla, and wide t

sly expurgating the traces of alien influence, first the Etruscan and then the Greek: the inevitable romanticism of a prospe

ions when Pollio governed the Cisalpina: the wealthy went into hiding then , and not a single slave betrayed his master. 3

at serious opposition to the new régime was at all likely to come and then not from the majority. The new men were contented

, the nephew of Augustus, but the name supplied one collateral consul then , M. Claudius Marcellus Aeserninus, consul in 22 B

. L’ann. ép., 1924, 72. He was married first to Nero’s aunt, Domitia, then to Nero’s mother, Agrippina. For examples of his

d to a woman from Nemausus. 3 Hadrian, his nearest kinsman, followed, then Antoninus Pius, in origin a Narbonensian from Nem

C. Sulpicius Galba (cos. suff. 5 B.C.), married to Mummia Achaica and then to the beautiful and wealthy Livia Ocellina (Suet

ay when he assumed his first consulate after the march on Rome. Since then , fifty-six years had elapsed. Throughout, in ac

s (Fasti Consulares Imperii Romani, Kleine Texte 41–3, 1909). Since then various supplements and improvements have accrued