of Augustus and in the political system of the Principate had already taken shape, firm and manifest, as early as the year 23

Sulla and became consul with him in 80 B.C. The Dictator himself had taken a Metella to wife. The next pair of consuls (P. S

ications of this oligarchy were pervasive, its most weighty decisions taken in secret, known or inferred by politicians of th

cognate of the Latin ‘quinque’; and the termination ‘-eius’ has been taken as evidence of Etruscan influence on the family a

ted and he was declared contumacious: six days later his province was taken from him. The Caesarian tribunes NotesPage=>

e decrees of the Senate ordained that an oath of allegiance should be taken in his name. 2 Was this the measure of his orderi

senators. 3 If the Sallustian Epistulae ad Caesarem senem could be taken as genuine, or even contemporary, they would prov

Warde Fowler points out, his Roman contemporaries do not seem to have taken much interest in the matter, Roman Ideas of Deity

te country, reinforced the new nobility. 6 These foreign dynasts were taken up and brought in by certain patrician houses for

e true condition of Italy: his decision to evacuate the peninsula was taken long before it was manifest and announced. It i

Caesar’s life, artfully fomented by his enemies; and Caesar, who had taken up arms in defence of the rights of the tribunes,

sured of a brilliant career through these influential connexions, was taken up by Caesar. 5 When C. Octavius passed by adop

mised her influence to get the measure revoked. No other decision was taken . For the present, the Liberators remained in Ital

of praetorian provinces for the following year. Crete and Cyrene were taken from Brutus and Cassius, while Macedonia was assi

Rep. 11, 407). No other authority gives ‘Salvius’ as his name: had he taken to latinizing the alien gentilicium? or else ‘Sal

for the public good; 4 when the legions of a consul deserted, it was taken to prove that the consul was not a consul. 5 The

is own near relatives. 3 When all was ready, and the decision at last taken , he moved with rapidity. The quaestors of Asia an

, novel and crushing, were invented for example a year’s income being taken from everybody in possession of the census of a R

>224 place. There was delay and allegations that Ventidius had taken bribes from the prince of Commagene. Antonius arr

y. 1 Higher estimates can be discovered the failure in Media was soon taken up for propaganda and the survivors were not loat

inence of consuls and of a tribune at the beginning of 32 B.C. may be taken as fair proof that the Triumvirate had come to an

ate to Caesar the Dictator in the last month of his life, or the oath taken at Tibur to the consul Antonius in a public emerg

tion he acutely invokes four documents: the oath of the Paphlagonians taken at Gangra in the name of Augustus after the annex

sus was a noble, from a great house, the grandson of a dynast who had taken rank with Pompeius and Caesar; in military glory

d after its nominal decease, proconsuls had governed large provinces, taken imperatorial acclamations and celebrated triumphs

o accident in preparing these exemplary manifestations. The ruler had taken counsel with his friends and allies—and perhaps w

he Antonian province (Syria and Cilicia Campestris), to which Cyprus, taken from Egypt after Actium, was at first added. 2

ment. Whatever happened, the new order must endure. Two measures were taken , in the name of Caesar Augustus. The constitution

itae, nullis rei publicae negotiis permixtos. ’ Augustus is not to be taken too seriously here. 5 Cf. above, p. 81. PageB

l theory and the long-desired unifying of Italy may with propriety be taken to commend and justify, but they do not explain i

suffect, died in office. 4 Namely Syria, Gaul, Illyricum (probably taken over by the Princeps at this point) and Spain, wh

. 3 Pliny, NH 35, 8. Observing other frauds, old Messalla Rufus had taken to writing family histories (ib.). Pliny observes

ribed as ‘proconsul’. This may mean that the Princeps had temporarily taken over the province or refrained from having a proc

interpretation of this, see Premerstein (ib., 237 f.). 3 Provinces taken over: Illyricum in 12 B.C., Sardinia in A.D. 6. P

e urgent, organization as well as fighting, and grave decisions to be taken about the frontiers of Empire. Veterans of the tr

he daughter of the other. 1 Paullus Fabius Maximus (cos. 11 B.C.) had taken to wife Marcia, the granddaughter of Augustus’ st

nd political intrigue. 2 Against Lollius it was alleged that he had taken bribes from eastern kings3 in itself no grave mis

ly exiled when she proved incorrigible in her vices. If this could be taken as quite reliable, the conspiracy of Paullus occu

eum. These were official documents. It is evident that Augustus had taken counsel with the chief men of his party, making h

of Greek culture. As though to strengthen this claim, measures were taken in Rome to repress the Egyptian cults, pervasive

racter or in the political sentiments of Virgil and Livy. Both may be taken as fairly typical representatives of the properti

sed a didactic poem on the Art of Love. The tract was not meant to be taken seriously it was a kind of parody. Augustus did

laxity was a topic of innocent amusement. 4 Nor can Ovid himself be taken seriously in his role of a libertine or a corrupt

re eagerly detected or surmised. As the most important decisions were taken in private and known to few, speculation about hi

2 Above, p. 379. 3 See above, pp. 425, 497. 4 Lollia Paullina, taken away from P. Memmius Regulus by Caligula (Ann. 12

f active discontent with the present state of affairs. It need not be taken as seriously as it was by suspicious emperors or

gns of Octavianus, 240; a senatorial province, 314, 315, 329 f., 394; taken by the Princeps, 329, 394, 406; conquest in, 370

campaigns of Crassus, 308; a senatorial province, 314, 315, 328 ff.; taken by Augustus, 394, 400 f.; soldiers from, 295, 457

, 393; Augustus’ control of senatorial provinces, 382, 406; provinces taken over by Augustus, 394, 406; control of, in A.D. 1

in the Triumviral period, 189, 213, 216; a senatorial province, 328; taken over by Augustus, 357, 394, 406; governors, 213,

he Licinii Crassi, the consul of 14 B.C. The descendants of Sulla are taken from Groag’s table, PIR2, C, facing p. 362, where