mscribe the prerogative of the First Citizen. No matter: the Princeps stood pre-eminent, in virtue of prestige and authority

and involved the whole world in strife and anarchy. Gaul and the West stood firm; but the horsemen of the Parthians were seen

nity and office. 4 Equestrian or senatorial, the possessing classes stood for the existing order and were suitably designat

epute. 4 The Marcii, in ancient dignity rivals to the patriciate, now stood high again, with several branches. L. Marcius Phi

not unaided. 4 Against novi homines the great families after Sulla stood with close ranks and forbidding aspect. M. Tulliu

gh the questionable and hazardous means of the tribunate. Yet two men stood out in this year of another’s consulate and publi

led a nexus of political alliances among the nobiles. The Optimates stood sorely in need of a leader. There were dangerous

before with Sulla. The implacable Cato detested the financiers. He stood firm against Italians, hating them from his very

g aloof he enhanced his price. Now, in the summer of the year, Caesar stood for the consulate backed by Crassus’ wealth, and

ional pretext was provided by the violence of his adversaries: Caesar stood in defence of the rights of the tribunes and the

Servilia, public and notorious. Above all, to Brutus as to Cato, who stood by the ancient ideals, it seemed that Caesar, avi

tocrat, a friend and a benefactor, for better reasons than that. They stood , not merely for the traditions and the institutio

l these were in the game. Yet in the forefront of this varied company stood trusted officers of the Dictator, the generals of

hirty years before. The memory of Sulla was loathed even by those who stood by the order he had established. Pompeius’ repute

an eloquent lawyer to whom he had lent a large sum of money. 2 He now stood with Caesar and commanded the right wing at Phars

heir origin or affiliation, the generals of the Gallic Wars as a body stood loyally by their proconsul, commanding armies and

dii, and two branches of the Cornelii, the Scipiones and the Lentuli, stood by the oligarchy. But Caesar claimed, among other

d the war against Jugurtha. 1 In the East kings, dynasts and cities stood loyal to Pompeius as representative of Rome, but

ents. Minatus Magius, a magnate of the Samnite community of Aeclanum, stood loyal to Rome, raising a private army conspicuous

f civil war and their proud conviction that wherever they were, there stood Rome and the Republic. 2 Cassius, however, linger

ple. Servilius, however, was not altogether blameless, while Cicero stood out as the head and front of the group of politic

iar offices of Balbus and Oppius and by personal approach. But Cicero stood firm: he refused to come to Rome and condone Caes

he forces of anarchy or despotism. He would stand as firm as Cato had stood , he would be the leader of the Optimates. It mi

incing, the Philippics carry the impression that their valiant author stood in sole control of the policy of the State. The s

all-embracing surely they could help the State on whichever side they stood . 2 The conversion of a military leader might so

of the Republican and Pompeian cause. In the provinces of the West stood Plancus, Lepidus and Pollio, Caesarian partisans

stimarent te nimis servire temporibus. ’ PageBook=>166 Lepidus stood , if the word can be used of this flimsy character

peians to destroy the Caesarian party, assured them that the generals stood by him, and reiterated his resolve to keep faith

and constitutional sanctions against a proconsul. Where and with whom stood now the legitimate government and the authority o

tibly together. They were instruments rather than agents. Behind them stood the legions and the forces of revolution. Octav

the following of Caesar was by no means homogeneous, and the Dictator stood above parties. He did not champion one class agai

an generals and the institution of the proscriptions he knew where he stood . Brutus himself was no soldier by repute, no le

ere separated by distance and divided in counsel. In Gallia Cisalpina stood Pollio with an army of seven legions. The decisio

efore an altar dedicated to Divus Julius. 3 Where Caesar’s heir now stood , Italy learned in horror at Perusia and in shame

mped out the liberties of Rome and Italy in blood and desolation, and stood forth as the revolutionary leader, unveiled and i

in the murder of Caesar; his open ally was Pompeius, in whose company stood a host of noble Romans and respectable knights, t

sailed by the Liberators. 1 In the eyes of contemporaries, Antonius stood forth as the senior partner, overshadowing the yo

ς ὅπλοις, ἃτϵ καὶ ἱσχυρότϵρος αὐτο ὤν, χϵιν. PageBook=>233 now stood some forty legions diverse in history and origin

In the forefront, in the post of traditional leadership of the State, stood an array of consulars, impressive in number but n

from Cicero alike. The young men of promise, C. Licinius Calvus, who stood in the forefront of political speakers, and the s

ide in their exploits, conscious that by their support the government stood or fell. Grave mutinies broke out in 36 and in 35

Pomponius Atticus died in 32 B.C., aged seventy-seven: at his bedside stood old Balbus and Marcus Agrippa, the husband of Cae

E EAST PageBook=>259 AFTER Brundisium the prestige of Antonius stood high, and his predominance was confirmed by the r

es had the habit of keeping faith. In birth and in repute Ahenobarbus stood next to Antonius in the new Caesarian and Republi

Dio 50, 7, I. PageBook=>280 consuls were on his side. Antonius stood on the defensive and therefore, it might be repre

ensued, Cleopatra or no Cleopatra. But the Queen was there: Antonius stood as her ally, whatever the nature of the tie that

, however, was not the prime cause of the trouble. Next to Antonius stood the Republican Ahenobarbus and the old Caesarian

tile talents prominently at court masques in Alexandria. 3 Antonius stood by Cleopatra. Ahenobarbus hated the Queen and was

is year, but the rest of the Catonian faction under Ahenobarbus still stood firm. Had Ahenobarbus required a pretext for dese

ld tolerate no neutrality in the national struggle. One man, however, stood firm, the uncompromising Pollio. He had been a lo

ed his amicitia, their feud was private and personal. But if Antonius stood by his ally, his conduct would patently stamp him

the birth-legend in the mythology of the Principate. On the one side stood Caesar’s heir with the Senate and People of Rome,

d, not only all Italy, but the whole world. 3 In 28 B.C Caesar’s heir stood supreme—’potentiae securus’. 4 Naked despotism

territories of the Empire and the majority of the legions; and Egypt stood apart from the reckoning. But Augustus did not

sole survivor, as warden of the more powerful of the armed provinces, stood as a guarantee against any recurrence of the anar

y that ran contrary to the ‘mos maiorum’. 3 He did not need to. As it stood , the Roman constitution would serve his purpose w

e legions, a king and a god to the subject populations. Above all, he stood at the head of a large and well organized politic

f these men, or at least no candidate hostile to the Princeps. Taurus stood second only to Agrippa as a soldier and an admini

lling the provinces the recent past could offer lessons, had Augustus stood in need of instruction. Reunited after the confer

n powers, were the Revolution itself the Army and the People. On them stood the military and monarchic demagogue. For Augus

A god’s son, himself the bearer of a name more than mortal, Augustus stood aloof from ordinary mankind. He liked to fancy th

wer, to become all that Augustus had been. The nobiles would not have stood it. Agrippa is rather to be regarded as the deput

vianus had been too ambitious to be a loyal partner. Now that one man stood supreme, invested with power and with auctoritas

provinces, at Tarraco, Lugdunum and Samos. But the Princeps after all stood at the head of the Roman State and would be requi

e government and, through him, to the Roman State. One body of troops stood in an especial relation of devotion to the Prince

ll, the propertied classes in the towns of the Empire, east and west, stood firm by their protector. The vassal kings, though

al honours to the consulate, an imposing collection of principes viri stood massed around the Princeps bringing distinction a

f Campania and Samnium. One side of his family, Samnite local gentry, stood by Rome in the Bellum Italicum: a descendant was

mitous. Many able men lacking birth, protection or desperate ambition stood aloof from politics. They could hardly be blamed.

. Annaeus Lucanus from Corduba. Among the nobiles were magnates who stood close to Augustus in the inner circle of the fami

tic houses of the patrician nobility now renascent, Aemilii and Fabii stood closely bound by ties of kinship or personal alli

turdy novus homo C. Poppaeus Sabinus was legate of Moesia. 6 In Syria stood Creticus Metellus Silanus, whose infant daughter

ve the past and to set standards for the future. In this matter there stood a valid precedent: Augustus inexorably read out t

deeds, to be set up in his new Forum, where the temple of Mars Ultor stood , itself a monument of victory and the scene of ma

mens agitat molem et magno se corpore miscet. 1 Stoicism, indeed, stood for order and for monarchy. Catullus, however, co

ey had fought for the constitution; and even with praise of Cato Cato stood for the established order. Virgil, Horace and L

Suetonius, Divus Aug. 29, 1 f. PageBook=>471 Around the Forum stood the mailed statues of military men with the inscr

ons of Roman generals, imitating Augustus’ Forum. 3 At Carthage there stood an altar of the Gens Augusta reproducing, at leas

be described as the provinces’ revenge upon Rome. Army and provinces stood firm for the established order. The legions were

name of the relegated Triumvir Lepidus. Questioned by Augustus, Labeo stood his ground and carried his point Lepidus was incl

ven Agrippa took up the pen. 3 Paramount in the literature of apology stood Augustus’ own autobiographical memoir, recording

Liberators and himself the last admiral of the Republic, Cn. Domitius stood next to Antonius for leadership in his party. T

i Lamiae. 7 The last Lamia was consul in 116, by which time that name stood for the bluest blood. 8 The descendants of anothe

stified by merit, founded upon consent and tempered by duty. Augustus stood like a soldier, ‘in statione’ for the metaphor, t