ution, and to remove some blemishes. It was not possible to register, still less to utilize, the writings and discoveries of

eadily be understood. As it was, his path was hazardous. The lava was still molten underneath. 2 An enemy of Octavianus, Poll

. PageBook=>012 Romani’, was a name; a feudal order of society still survived in a city-state and governed an empire.

mpeius utterly. Crassus used his patronage to demonstrate that he was still a force in politics and to embarrass the govern

stage in his career, with no discredit to either. Caesar’s choice was still open had it not been for Cato; and Caesar’s daugh

s and relatives, Lucullus and Hortensius were dead, but the group was still formidable, including his nephew M. Junius Brutus

to which he asserted a hereditary claim. 4 As for Bibulus, he smarted still beneath the humiliation of authority set at nough

absence and retain his province until the end of the year 49 B.C. are still matters of controversy. 1 If they were ever clear

with Pompeius later. It might not come to open war; and Pompeius was still in their control so long as he was not at the hea

esar, it is true, had only a legion to hand: the bulk of his army was still far away. But he swept down the eastern coast o

aning of that act; and Servilia disapproved. There were deeper causes still in Brutus’ resolve to slay the tyrant envy of Cae

he stemma of the Julii, P-W X, 183 f. L. Aurelius Cotta (cos. 65) was still alive (cf. Suetonius, Divus Iulius 79, 4) but not

mperial city. 2 The joke is good, if left as such. Gallia Cisalpina still bore the name and status of a province. The colon

n sincerely made; and many Italians had no use for it. Loyalties were still personal, local and regional. A hundred thousand

licanus, and the military men Afranius and Labienus. 4 The defeated still had to wait for a champion. Cicero was lavish wit

rmies were held by his partisans, save that certain arrangements were still pending the Dictator appears to have designated o

for the Balkan and eastern wars, it might be doubted whether much was still at Rome for Antonius to take. The character and f

sulate. But Dolabella, an unscrupulous and ambitious young man, would still have to be watched. To Lepidus Antonius secured t

ted for a time, or even Caesar, but not Antonius and young Dolabella, still less the respectable nonentities designated as co

tuation in Syria is very obscure. The quaestor C. Antistius Vetus was still apparently in charge at the end of 45 B.C. (Ad At

an unwelcome decision. In no mood to be thwarted in his ambitions, he still hoped to avoid an open breach with the party of B

men and affairs, from predecessors and rivals, from the immediate and still tangible past. The young Pompeius had grasped at

neglecting the public good for the pursuit of selfish pleasure, might still be NotesPage=>135 1 Cicero, In Pisonem 68

the Senate. In spring and summer the cause of ordered government was still not beyond hope: to save it, what better champion

despotism and would reveal the strength which the Commonwealth could still muster. In public pronouncements Cicero went spon

d his post after March 17th when concord and ordered government might still have been achieved. Now, at last, a chance had

d a Senator. 7 In open war the language of peace and goodwill might still suitably be employed to seduce the allies or adhe

o mind to risk their lives for intriguers such as Plancus or Lepidus, still less for liberty and the constitution, empty name

iate and imperative. For the present, however, legitimate authority still commanded respect, and the traditional phrases we

of Cisalpine Gaul. Though nothing could be done while Antonius was still consul, Cicero seized the chance to develop a pro

age=>163 1 Phil. 4. 2 M. Valerius Messalla Rufus (cos. 53) was still alive, but took no part in politics. PageBook=&

vinus, lost to history for thirty months after the Ides of March, but still with a future before him. 2 Ad fam. 10, 3, 3: ‘

hope for the Republic. Of the whereabouts of the Liberators there was still no certain knowledge at Rome at the end of the ye

ten years before the legal age. Octavianus was now nineteen: he would still have thirteen years to wait. After this, the vote

rist without strong political ties or sentiments. In the north winter still held up military operations. At Rome politics lap

alue of the results thereby achieved, in hoping that Octavianus would still support the constitutional cause now that it had

nius. Brutus had not broken off all relations with M. Antonius he may still have hoped for an accommodation:7 the brother of

n the Senate). 8 Dio 46, 44, 2. PageBook=>172 due to Cicero, still trusting that the adventurer could be won to legi

and five hundred denarii more than ten times a year’s pay. 5 They had still to receive as much again. With a devoted army, au

e consulate never afterwards recovered its authority. But prestige it still guaranteed, and the conferment of nobility. The d

tesPage=>198 1 Above, p. 43. 2 C. Marcellus (cos. 50 B.C.) was still alive: for the sons and relatives of the others t

3 approaching with an armament from the East, Antonius’ man Calenus still held all Gaul beyond the Alps. On the coasts Ahen

r disguise after the event; and Antonius, if adequately informed, may still have preferred to wait upon events. 5 At last he

His style of politics was passing out of date. Antonius, however, was still the victor of Philippi; military repute secured h

taking a varied company that included Maecenas and L. Cocceius Nerva ( still perhaps a neutral), the negotiator of Brundisium,

3. 3 Velleius 2, 77, 4. PageBook=>228 Labienus. Yet Pompeius still retained in his following persons of distinction,

al clientela like that of Pompeius or the Caesarian leaders, he might still exert the traditional policy of family alliances,

His brother-in-law the consular P. Servilius carried little weight if still alive. 1 Lepidus, married to a half-sister of Bru

icly commemorated. 1 At the end of 33 B.C. the Triumvirate (as it may still be called despite the disappearance of Lepidus) w

nd itself to mystical inclinations. How far Atticus and Balbus, who still lived on without public signs of their existence,

world-empire and the Roman People. The new order in state and society still lacked its shape and final formulation. This in

d and the new. Despite the losses of war and proscriptions, there was still to be found in the higher ranks of the Senate a n

but Antonius was the senior partner. His prestige, though waning, was still formidable enough in 33 B.C.; and it is fatally e

Antonius’ Republican followers (a nephew and a grandson of Cato were still with him) as they were to Octavianus’ agents and

n insecure control of Rome and Italy. But violence was not enough: he still lacked the moral justification for war, and the m

Antonius, but to other contemporaries for Antonius, who, more honest, still employed the name, again offered to give up his p

had two years before. 4 Furthermore, if the law and the constitution still mattered, Antonius had a valid plea both NotesP

been tremendous, alike in Rome and in the camp of Antonius. Yet he still kept in his company men of principle, distinction

in this year, but the rest of the Catonian faction under Ahenobarbus still stood firm. Had Ahenobarbus required a pretext fo

as familiar from recent history, whereas idea and practice were older still . Long ago the nobles of Rome, not least the dynas

e Italy of his fathers and for his own dignity but not for any party, still less for the fraud that was made to appear above

enemy could transport across the Adriatic a force superior to his own— still less feed them when they arrived. Fighting qualit

ions. Once aroused they would be difficult to allay: their echo could still be heard. Horace produces a divine decree, forbid

lication of the last book of the Odes (13 B.C.) the ruler of Rome can still be called ‘dux’—but with a difference and with th

onger to convey enhanced powers, as after the end of the Triumvirate, still gave him the means to initiate and direct public

to the chorus. Pollio, the other ex-Antonian and former public enemy, still nursed his resentment against Cicero’s character

ntion was paid to him at all, or to Pompeius. Genuine Pompeians there still were, loyal to a family and a cause—but that was

Herennius, L. Vinicius are not found in charge of military provinces; still less such nobiles as the three Valerii, Cinna’s g

Republic first invaded Spain: the conquest of that vast peninsula was still far from complete. The intractable Cantabrians an

: behind it all there lurked a deep sense of disquiet and insecurity, still to be detected in contemporary literature. The pa

ceived in all no less than four hundred million sesterces. 5 The army still preserved traces of its origin as a private army

ast and west, stood firm by their protector. The vassal kings, though still in name the allies of the Roman People, were in f

rval the same trouble recurred. The year 19 B.C. opened with Augustus still absent, and only one consul in office, C. Sentius

y taken over by the Princeps at this point) and Spain, which probably still had two armies, cf. below, p. 394 f. PageBook=&

played some show of talent in oratory or letters. Pollio and Messalla still dominated the field: Gallus and Messallinus recal

s of Labienus and Mamurra, the gardens of Balbus:3 Cicero himself was still owing money to Caesar for a timely loan when the

government. 6 Yet beside the great soldiers and politicians there was still a place for nobles in their own right, without sp

me of the Pact of Brundisium, their total and their prestige had sunk still further except for the dynasts Antonius, Octavian

es of two separate armies. The supreme effort, however, was greater still . There was the Rhine as well. The glory of it all

eriod 16–13 B.C., when the Princeps himself visited Spain. Two armies still remained for a time in Spain in the two provinces

would fit Piso and his Bellum Thracicum quite well; but Quirinius is still not absolutely excluded (below, p. 399, n. 4).

e Balkans in these years is doubly obscure. The army of Macedonia may still have been retained by the proconsul or may alread

of all games and largesse. The descendants of great Republican houses still retained popularity with the plebs of Rome and tr

n the consulate, M. Valerius Messalla Rufus, who wrote on augury, may still have been alive. Messalla was augur for fifty-fiv

kill. Whatever nominal and legal prerogatives the Senate and People still retained in foreign policy mattered little in com

ping notice in the politics and the scandals of these years. Messalla still lived on; and he had something of a party. 1 The

make Tiberius harmless, his own sons secure. Though absent, Tiberius still had a following; though an exile he still held hi

re. Though absent, Tiberius still had a following; though an exile he still held his tribunicia potestas; and he was still th

ng; though an exile he still held his tribunicia potestas; and he was still the Princeps’ son-in-law. Augustus might think th

ging the hopes of rivals or relatives. One danger, ever menacing, was still averted by the continuous miracle of Augustus’ lo

f men of the government must have made careful provision. The way was still rough and perilous. Two obstacles remained, Jul

encumbrance was dispatched to a suitable island (A.D. 7). Augustus still lived through the scandals of his family. The dis

ovinces, that was not enough. Peace came, and order; but the State, still sorely ailing, looked to its ‘salubris princeps’

1 On no interpretation could these aliens pass for Italian peasants, still less for members of the Italian bourgeoisie. 2 Bu

of a united Italy and all the realities of reconciliation, there must still have been Romans who were a little shocked at hea

voking the insurrection of Judas the Galilaean. Rome’s rule was hated still , for good reasons. PageNotes. 476 1 Josephus,

of evil habits and solaced by generous subsidies, the populace might still assert for itself the right of free speech, as no

lattered their authors without alarming the government; and men might still read without danger the opprobrious epistles of A

eo continued to enjoy the better reputation. 1 The law courts could still provide scope for oratory, ambition and political

eneration of the Free State, Sulla, Cinna, Crassus and Pompeius, were still prominent in the first days of the Empire but the

n from Nemausus. Even had Antoninus Pius not become emperor, he would still have been one of the wealthiest citizens in all t

, the delayed but logical end of Revolution and Empire. Noble birth still brought the consulate as of right, and after a lo

all but exhausted the Republican and the Augustan nobility, there are still on the Fasti three Republican nobiles and some se

ower was to pass from Augustus to Tiberius, remarks that few men were still alive that remembered the Republic ’quotus quis

mperors or by artful and unscrupulous prosecutors. While the Republic still maintained for a season its formal and legal exis

the Cocceii, they had a genius for safety. There could be great men still , even under bad emperors, if they abated their am