e could thus raise an army on his own initiative and resources. The soldiers , now recruited from the poorest classes in Italy,

efeated the Cimbri; there were several families of the Licinii, great soldiers and distinguished orators, not to mention other h

n power and dignity, enlisted the vigour of novi homines, orators and soldiers , helping them by influence to the consulate and c

and 59 B.C. the logical end was armed conflict and despotism. As the soldiers were the proletariat of Italy, the revolution bec

5 Rumour spontaneous or fabricated told of discontent among Caesar’s soldiers and officers; and there was solid ground to doubt

and incorruptible. A jury carefully selected, with moral support from soldiers of Pompeius stationed around the court, would bri

nd power. Had not Sulla enriched his partisans, from senators down to soldiers and freedmen? There were to be no proscriptions.

ng the uncontested memorials of history. Sulla, they said, put common soldiers into the Senate: but the formidable company of th

usting rabble: among the new senators were to be found centurions and soldiers , scribes and sons of freedmen. 2 These categories

ections of Lepidus and Catilina. It is not merely that so many of his soldiers and centurions were recruited from the impoverish

More truly representative of the Roman People should have been the soldiers of the legions and the inhabitants of the towns o

esarian leader and Caesar’s heir was distasteful to the sentiments of soldiers and officers, ruinous to their interests. Remonst

ollege. More costly but more remunerative as an investment were the soldiers of Caesar, active in the legions or settled in th

es of Italy. While at Apollonia, Octavianus made himself known to the soldiers and officers of Caesar’s great army of the Balkan

e art of politics is patent to rob adversaries of their adherents and soldiers , their programme and their catchwords. If the pro

vest to be got soon or late from the cultivation of the plebs and the soldiers . Not less the need for faithful friends and a coh

a dark episode Antonius arrested at his house certain of the veteran soldiers of his bodyguard, alleging that they had been sub

organized. With the young man went five of his intimate friends, many soldiers and centurions and a convoy of wagons bearing mon

hing came of this perhaps the situation was too serious. Not only his soldiers but his partisans were being seduced a report c

ly revolutionary in origin, attracting all the enemies of society old soldiers who had dissipated gratuities and farms, fraudule

red his good offices to bring a Pompeian general to his senses. 8 The soldiers were often more accessible to appeals to reason t

, inexorable in the wars of the State, had been entirely relaxed. The soldiers , whether pressed into service or volunteers from

civil war. Zealous to avoid the shedding of Roman blood, generals and soldiers exalted disloyalty into a solemn duty. Lepidus’ a

rejoicing. ‘Think rather of the desolation of Italy and all the fine soldiers slain’, wrote Pollio from Spain. 3 Cicero had boa

us. The envoys were instructed to approach the troops directly. The soldiers refused to tolerate such a slight upon their lead

inst each other for a time. A small river ran between the camps. When soldiers are citizens, rhetoric is worth regiments. At a f

lbania, Caesar’s general Vatinius essayed his vigorous oratory on the soldiers of Pompeius. 2 But not for long Labienus NotesP

explaining, in the elevated phrases now universally current, how his soldiers had been unwilling to take the lives of fellow-ci

ϕύλιον. 4 Phil. 10, 18. PageBook=>167 their estates; and the soldiers serving in the legions might expect ultimate reco

range embassy confronted the Senate, some four hundred centurions and soldiers , bearing the mandate of the army and the proposal

d the treasury, which, though depleted, could furnish for each of his soldiers the sum of two thousand five hundred denarii more

The best of the legions, it is true, were Caesarian veterans. Yet the soldiers welcomed Cassius when he arrived in Syria more th

years. The Caesarian leaders now had to satisfy the demands of their soldiers for land and money. Octavianus was to return to I

and all Italy was in confusion, with murderous street battles between soldiers and civilians. 4 Towns and local magnates armed i

And now the soldiery took a hand Caesarian veterans from Ancona, old soldiers of Antonius, sent a deputation and arranged a mee

n, BC 5, 23, 92 ff. According to Dio, Antonius and Fulvia derided the soldiers , calling them βουλὴν καλιγ ταν (48, 12, 3). 2 A

l professed that he was fighting in the cause of his brother, and his soldiers inscribed the name of Marcus Antonius as their im

e potent factor than the doubts and dissensions of the generals their soldiers had an acute perception of their own interests as

sible. The victor of Philippi could not forswear his promises and his soldiers . His own share was the gathering of funds in the

of Roman citizens. They refused to fight. On each side deputations of soldiers made their wishes known. 1 Tentative negotiations

e Caesarian faction, founded upon the common interests of leaders and soldiers and cemented by the most binding and personal of

ed for bread and peace. Following the impeccable precedent set by the soldiers , they constrained the Caesarian leaders to open n

red and twenty ships against the promise of twenty thousand legionary soldiers . He never received them. Antonius departed. Bef

with the name of Caesar as his sole protection: it was enough. 4 The soldiers had no opinion of Lepidus and this was Caesar’s h

of splendid courage. 6 It was easier to deal with generals than with soldiers . In Sicily NotesPage=>232 1 Appian, BC 5,

sentiments of Lepidus’ contemporaries. 6 Appian indicates that the soldiers had carefully been worked upon (BC 5, 124, 513),

vocally recorded. PageBook=>236 But now, after Brundisium, the soldiers of fortune Salvidienus and Fango were dead: the y

against certain senators could at last be annulled. 3 The Caesarian soldiers were tumultuous from pride in their exploits, con

Sex. Pompeius in Asia and by the lack of trained troops. The western soldiers were held to be far the best. Eastern levies ha

s and the armed power to back it. He entered the Curia, surrounded by soldiers and adherents in the garb of peace, with conceale

s among the civil population were suppressed by armed force for the soldiers had been paid. To public taxation was added priva

s of Actium, a patriotic poet revolted at the mere thought that Roman soldiers , captives from the disaster of Crassus (and by im

people to the clientela of a party-leader, as clients to a patron, as soldiers to an imperator. It resembled also the solemn ple

om the revenues of the East, the return she gained from her export of soldiers , financiers and governors. The source of life cut

e armies of the West were left in charge of safe partisans. The tried soldiers C. Carrinas and C. Calvisius Sabinus held Gaul an

n the main of the survivors of his veteran legions. 1 But would Roman soldiers fight for the Queen of Egypt? They had all the ol

shefte XXV (1929), 70 ff.) deduced from the gentilicia of a number of soldiers of eastern origin the fact that they were given t

at work in the land-army. Canidius the commander sought to induce his soldiers to march away through Macedonia, but in vain. He

f men of his party were not jurists or theorists—they were diplomats, soldiers , engineers and financiers. The study of law, the

gures of Augustus, Maecenas and Agrippa. To attach the loyalty of the soldiers and inspire the veneration of the masses a popula

that their aspirations for land and security would be recognized, the soldiers had been able to baffle politicians, disarm gener

glect. Augustus remembered, rewarded and promoted the humblest of his soldiers . He defended in person the veteran Scutarius in a

centurions. 2 The equestrian order is recruited in two ways. First, soldiers or soldiers’ sons become knights through military

mines, most of them military. Picenum, as would be expected, supplied soldiers : the two Poppaei came from an obscure community i

inceps as their patron and defender. The towns of Italy contributed soldiers , officers and senators to the Roman State. They w

they had armies and even then they would hardly be able to induce the soldiers to march against their patron and imperator. Au

ke the earlier dynasts, he spent for power and ostentation to gratify soldiers and plebs, to adorn the city and to subsidize his

to justify the date chosen by the government. 6 Yet beside the great soldiers and politicians there was still a place for noble

Parthians was persuaded to surrender the captured standards and Roman soldiers surviving from the disasters of Crassus and Anton

were not enough, the proconsul could invoke the advice of experienced soldiers . NotesPage=>395 1 Cyprus and Narbonensis i

d have commanded in the north. Moreover a large number of legionary soldiers , their service expired, were dismissed in the yea

ary glory was jealously engrossed by the Princeps and his family. The soldiers were his own clients it was treason to tamper wit

th the troops, and in time even an edict forbidding senators to admit soldiers to their morning receptions. 7 NotesPage=>40

d huge sums of money at his disposal he paid the bounty to discharged soldiers , granted donations to army and plebs and carried

chment to the family of that general could with decency permit. 4 The soldiers at least were quite glad to see Tiberius, a cauti

the designation of his successor. At Rome, magistrates and Senate, soldiers and populace at once took a personal oath in the

ndi fictor Ulixes: durum a stirpe genus. 3 They were peasants and soldiers . Tradition remembered, or romance depicted, the c

nd ideals with the rough farmers whom they led to battle generals and soldiers alike the products of ‘saeva paupertas’. 4 It was

, for all its profession of peace, called on Rome and Italy to supply soldiers for warfare all over the world. They were united

, the influx of capital from Rome’s invisible export of governors and soldiers , along with improvement in the art and practice o

y. 6 PageNotes. 457 1 E. Ritterling, P-W XII, 1781. Some of these soldiers do not even simulate Latin nomenclature. The freq

Macedonia (ILS 2030; 2032) can also be found. 4 Compare the list of soldiers from Coptos, ILS 2483: two Galatians bear the nam

us, Divus Aug. 24, 1; cf. Pliny, NH 7, 149; ‘iuventutis penuria’. The soldiers were apathetic (Suetonius, Tib. 21, 5, where Augu

nsciousness of dignity and duties as members of an imperial race. The soldiers learned obedience, the veterans the habit of a re

ast, that his native caution was happily seconded by fortune when the soldiers of Brutus broke into the camp and tent of the Cae

a, 357, 476. Coponius, C, enemy of Plancus, 283, 379. Coptos, list of soldiers at, 457. Corduba, 292, 356, 420, 478, 483, 507.

senator, 44. Donations, of Antonius, 260, 270, 300 f. Donatives to soldiers , 125, 126, 177, 187, 204, 284, 352. Drusus, ste

an partisans, 74 f.; senators from, 79 f., 367, 502 f.; knights, 356; soldiers , 457; poets, 252 f.; emperors, 360, 490, 501 f.;

udii, 390, 443; the Carmen saeculare, 444; on pietas, 448; on peasant soldiers , 449, 451; on freedmen, 354; the interpretation o

natorial province, 314, 315, 328 ff.; taken by Augustus, 394, 400 f.; soldiers from, 295, 457; governors, 21, 36, 107, 110 f., 1

f., 470, 519. Pax Augusta, 470, 506. Peace, see Pax. Peasants, as soldiers , 449 ff.; idealization of, 453, 456. Pedius, Q.

ice, 389; as clients of the Princeps, 352 f., 404; virtues of peasant soldiers , 449; social status of, 15, 457 see also Army, Le

ncial divisions in, 326, 395, 401; senators from Spain, 80, 367, 501; soldiers , 457; emperors, 366, 490, 501; importance in the