imi’ and never let them down: they were in the habit of requiting his services by loans or legacies. 3 The gains of finance we

ut of the indictment. Among the old nobility persisted a tradition of service to the State that could transcend material intere

sses in Italy, were ceasing to feel allegiance to the State; military service was for livelihood, or from constraint, not a nat

turned against the People when elected consul and the other lent his services to Crassus. But alliance with Crassus need not al

67 (Val. Max. 3, 8, 3). The Pompeian military man M. Petreius, old in service (Sallust, BC 59, 6), was probably the son of a ce

l to pieces. Yet he claimed at the same time that he was doing a good service to Pompeius. 1 Cicero was in high spirits and fat

ealth and influence of Crassus, the consular power of Caesar, and the services of a number of tribunes; further, less obtrusive

s is evidence for the origin of Balbus’ gentilicium and for Lentulus’ service in Spain. 3 Namely Clodianus (72), Sura (71), S

ator, the generals of the Gallic and Civil Wars, rewarded already for service or designated to high office. 2 Their coalition w

B.C.). 2 Cicero would have preferred Nero (Ad Att. 6, 6, 1). On his service under Caesar Bell. Al. 25, 3; Suetonius, Tib. 4,

would keep faith. ’1 As he also observed, ‘If he had called upon the services of thugs and brigands in defence of his own digni

booty and the opportunities for traffic and preferment made military service remunerative. Caesar borrowed funds from his cent

Ventidius was perhaps, like Mamurra, a praefectus fabrum in Caesar’s service . No contemporary or official source gives him the

elius Balbus was not a citizen by birth he received the franchise for service to Rome in the Sertorian War, through the agency

notable who got the citizenship from a Cn. Cornelius Lentulus in the service of Pompeius during the Sertorian War; cf. the cas

ionate was worth having: it could be got through patronage as well as service . 3 NotesPage=>078 1 The notorious L. Fufid

ar defended (Tacitus, Dial. 21, 6, cf. Pro Cluentio 161)? 2 For his services to Caesar, Velleius 2, 51, 3. Balbus was quaestor

’ Rabirius even hoped for the consulate (Ad Att. 12, 49, 2). For his service in taking troops to Africa, Bell. Afr. 8, 1; 26,

night from Arpinum, was helped by the Metelli. For merit and military service he might enter the senatorial order under their p

ore the outbreak of the Civil War, though no previous affiliations or service in his army can be detected. Others, failing cont

iking relief. 6 The four novi homines were all signalized by military service in Gaul. 7 NotesPage=>094 1 For examples,

eless person), the years of pleasure and adventure brought him, after service with Gabinius in Syria, to brighter prospects, to

ficial follies did not prevent them from rising, when duty called, to services of conspicuous ability or the most disinterested

complain if the Caesarian consul solicited the favour or enlisted the services of the veterans in the cause of public order. As

is step-son to pay the legacies (Appian, BC 3, 23, 89): for his later services , attested or conjectural, below, p. 134. 4 Appi

ther, Caesar’s freedmen were very wealthy. The heir could claim their services . 2 Nor is this all. Caesar, intending to depart w

unsel,4 and time has respected his secrets. No record survives of his services to Caesar’s heir. After November he slips out of

o which many consulars must have aspired as due recognition of public service and political wisdom. The mild and humane doctr

ilure became the only criterion of wisdom and of patriotism. 4 In the service of faction the fairest of pleas and the noblest o

her, less by unity of principle than by mutual interest and by mutual services (officia), either between social equals as an all

State, had been entirely relaxed. The soldiers, whether pressed into service or volunteers from poverty and the prospect of pa

t by the facts. Only one of the five was an obstacle to Cicero, or of service to Antonius, namely an old enemy, Q. Fufius Calen

s of Cicero in January was to propose that, in grateful memory of the services of Lepidus to the Roman State, a gilded statue sh

Marcius who also was cos. suff. in that year. Nothing is known of the services to the Triumvirs of either Asprenas or of any per

, M. Herennius the Picene and L. Vinicius, who have left no record of service to the rulers of Rome but, as sole and sufficient

n they made an honourable capitulation to Antonius, some entering his service . One of the friends of Brutus, the faithful Lucil

absence of four years, and the Antonian P. Canidius Crassus. 5 Their services were diverse and impressive, but barely known to

new master of Rome. While some reverted again to Pompeius, many took service under Antonius and remained with him until they r

from choice or from necessity, he came to rely more and more upon the services of his Greek freedmen; in the subsequent campaign

d crews and a harbour. Twenty thousand freed slaves were pressed into service , and Agrippa proceeded to construct a great harbo

d the brigand’s cause and made peace with Antonius, some entering his service . 1 At last Titius captured Pompeius and put him t

but firm. 1 The veterans of Mutina and Philippi he now released from service , allotting lands and founding colonies more on pr

described. He was saved in war and diplomacy by his daring and by the services of three friends. Agrippa held the praetorship in

by Antonius to help his ally and may have passed before long into the service of Octavianus, cf. M. A. Levi, Riv. di fil. LXVI

irinius (cos. 12 B.C), were perhaps making their début in Octavianus’ service about this time. 4 The names derive, unless oth

id est Calvisi et Tauri’): after that, nothing till his consulate and service as an admiral. Presumably one of Caesar’s new sen

as augmented when the last adherents of Sex. Pompeius passed into his service . None the less, the young Caesar was acquiring a

ich is neither proved nor probable. PageBook=>241 The work and services of Agrippa and of Taurus in Illyricum were not pu

nius became consul; the other six were commended by no known military service to the Triumvirs. Nor did they achieve great fame

he inhabitants with pure water or cheap food that was not enough. The services of Agrippa, the soldier and engineer, were solid

hree centuries now, admitted in the main for personal distinction and service in war. ‘Ex virtute nobilitas coepit. ’5 Then Rom

ce of the Triumvirs, with no use left in Senate or Forum, but only of service to overcome the recalcitrance of armed men or all

ry. Long ago he deserted politics, save for a brief interval of loyal service to Pompeius in Spain, and devoted his energies to

the end of all the wars. Maecenas hoped to employ Virgil’s art in the service of Caesar’s heir. The heroic and military age dem

ubservient to popular favour, they built a temple, consecrated to the service of the Egyptian gods. 2 When Agrippa in 33 B.C. e

Ahenobarbus and others. 1 Plancus, the uncle of Titius, may have seen service in this war on the staff of Antonius, though know

, L. Ovidius Ventrio, a municipal magistrate with equestrian military service behind him, the first man to be accorded a public

t Antonius now reminded him. Pollio in reply claimed that in mutual services Antonius had been the gainer: his own conscience

nt in the Cyrenaica, surrendered his four legions and passed into the service of the victor. 4 Antonius and his consort spent n

mmodate itself to the wishes of the chief men in his party. For loyal service they had been heavily rewarded with consulates, t

Dictatorship and Triumvirate. By consent, for merit achieved and for service expected, the Senate invested the first citizen w

victims of the Civil Wars who could be called up and enlisted in the service of the revived Republic. Cicero might be more rem

his own pocket the bounty for the legionaries when they retired from service . NotesPage=>322 1 Res Gestae 34: post id t

by the legions. 1 A second consulate was not the only reward of loyal service —he was granted in 30 B.C. the right of nominating

tain novi homines, subsequent consuls, probably earned ennoblement by service as legates or as proconsuls when praetorian in ra

54, 3, 2—misdated to 22 b.c.). 4 For example, no previous military service of the novi homines C. Sentius Saturninus (cos. 1

ndate from Senate and People was not merely a recognition of the past services and unique eminence of Caesar’s heir, not merely

others. Active partisans clamoured to be rewarded, legates of recent service like M. Lollius and M. Vinicius; and a new genera

Augustus bore with the vices of his minister for the memory of his services and the sake of his counsel. Yet the position of

opinion about the leader whom they all supported for Rome’s sake. The service of the State might be described as a ‘noble servi

he saw it. In Agrippa there was a republican virtue and an ideal of service akin to his own. There was another bond. Tiberi

ss or unsound members, lacking claims of pietas towards the Princeps, service to the Caesarian cause and protection in high pla

made incomparably more easy. The justification for advancement lay in service above all, military service. In this way a soldie

The justification for advancement lay in service above all, military service . In this way a soldier’s family might rise throug

16. 6 Ib. 17; Dio 55, 25, 2 ff. PageBook=>353 The soldier in service looked to Augustus as patron and protector as wel

the Republic he could rise to the centurionate, but no higher. After service , it is true, he might be in possession of the equ

for posts of considerable importance. 1 Such opportunities arose for service , for distinction and for promotion that in time k

ys. First, soldiers or soldiers’ sons become knights through military service . T. Flavius Petro, from Reate, a Pompeian veteran

rom the Princeps both usefulness and dignity. An equestrian career of service in the army, in finance and in administration is

ors, permitted to be acknowledged. Centurions had no monopoly of long service certain knights, active for years on end, won mer

the military knight found ample occupation and increased rewards, as service became a career, with a hierarchy and with graded

om Gallia Narbonensis acquired ‘equestris nobilitas’ in the financial service . 8 NotesPage=>356 1 See especially A. Stei

unate was also thus used. 2 To the best of the new-comers loyalty and service would ultimately bring the consulate and ennoblem

Velleius Paterculus, of Campanian and Samnite stock, after equestrian service at last became quaestor. 1 Contemporary and paral

ercial upstart, no military careerist rising in social status through service as a centurion. But P. Ovidius Naso was not dispo

the towns to commend candidates for military posts in the equestrian service . 1 Further, he devised a scheme for making their

s and kings, Roman citizens and natives. The provincial recruited for service in the auxiliary regiments might receive the Roma

, held a minor magistracy at least perhaps as promotion for a special service to Augustus (ILS 2676). This person was a XXVIvir

13 B.C. only two novi homines appear on the Fasti, both with military service to their credit, as against eleven nobiles. 1 Con

working of patronage. Under the Republic nobility of birth, military service , distinction in oratory or law, these were the th

not support the Picene intriguer, the loquacious Lollius Palicanus. 3 Service in war might find no higher reward than the praet

rt of ability, ‘militaris industria’ was the most valuable endowment. Service in war and the command of armies brought the high

orthy heirs of the revolutionary marshals, could show to their credit service in the military provinces before the consulate. S

citia, the dynastic marriage and the financial subsidy. Loyalty and service to the patron and leader of the Caesarian party c

Velleius’ father served as an equestrian officer. 2 After equestrian service himself, Velleius entered the Senate. 3 The influ

ng their energies and their leisure from intrigue and violence to the service of the State in Rome, Italy and the provinces. Th

place. Augustus in the same year promulgated regulations of pay and service which recognized at last the existence of a stand

of politics. Never again was provision for the soldier at the end of service to coerce the government and terrify the owners o

from two directions, from the west and from the south, demanding the services of two separate armies. The supreme effort, how

cal evidence for the nine years in which Tiberius was absent from the service of Rome (6 B.C.-A.D. 4). By accident or by the ad

consulate, sturdy men without ancestors but commended by loyalty and service , or young aristocrats, the sons of proscribed and

might turn out to be a valuable person, with long years of continuous service , skilled to lead native cavalry and to provide fo

tum as well. 5 So great was the emphasis laid by Augustus on military service that he would even place two senators’ sons in ch

and C. Sentius Saturninus. 2 The most striking example of continuous service is afforded by the novus homo from Picenum, C.

he annexation of the province after the death of Amyntas; then he saw service in Macedonia as proconsul (19-18 B.C.) and govern

ius Quirinius (cos. 12 B.C.) passed through a long career of faithful service to Augustus and to the State. Among his achieveme

me. 6 Though incomplete, these annals of four senatorial careers of service are instructive and impressive. Quirinius was cer

in the north. Moreover a large number of legionary soldiers, their service expired, were dismissed in the years 7-2 B.C. But

mely Lollius, Quirinius and Vinicius, all with long careers of useful service . Of the rest, no fewer than five were related in

ot in the provinces only that the principes were trained and yoked to service . The city state of Rome lacked permanent administ

, police and the food supply. What slight and intermittent care these services received was the duty of the aediles and of the c

io 55, 28, 3 f.). 5 Below, p. 421. PageBook=>402 For certain services in the city Augustus devised posts to be held by

ablished. The principes viri were tamed, trained and harnessed to the service of the Roman People at home and abroad. Plebs and

longer an end in themselves but the qualification for a career in the service of the State. The principes of the Free State m

removal of Agrippa Postumus. 1 History records no such acts of public service to the credit of P. Vedius Pollio, the son of an

um, perhaps setting in order the system of taxation. 4 When the civil service had developed, freedmen did not hold the procurat

the most eminent authorities and agents in this department of public service appears to have been Cn. Domitius Calvinus, the o

nds. Vinicius knew both Gaul and Illyricum. Lollius was not famed for service in eastern provinces only. After his consulate he

is enemies called it secret vice. 1 Like Agrippa, beneath the mask of service and subordination, Tiberius concealed a high ambi

ment made the first man in the Empire next to the Princeps refuse his services to the Roman People. The purpose of Augustus wa

. Tiberius became consul at the age of twenty-nine but that was after service in war, as a military tribune in Spain, a general

lution, swept up into one party and harnessed as they had been to the service of the State, the nobiles now enjoy a brief and l

dicated by a historian who omits Ahenobarbus and is as cool about the services of Vinicius as his personal attachment to the fam

Principate should be conferred by consent upon the first citizen for services rendered and expected. The task might appear too

e officer class. These bodies provided an apprenticeship for military service , opportunities for social and political advanceme

leged rank in the empire of all the world. Privilege should stand for service . If the citizen refused to fight, the city would

mer, all the glorification of the martial ideals of an imperial race, service in the legions was unpopular in Italy, the levy d

ves from the recently conquered valleys of the Alps were pressed into service in the legions of the Roman People. 1 On no inter

es were dispirited and discontented, having been economically kept in service beyond the promised term; and ‘Itala virtus’ seem

the aristocracy was sharply recalled to its hereditary traditions of service ; and the men of property, in their own interest a

orally unedifying creed and likely to inculcate a distaste for public service . Stoicism, however, was salubrious and respectabl

god, though deification would come in due course, from merit and for service , as to Hercules, who had made the world habitable

one generation only. 3 Nor are the new families ennobled for loyal service in the years of peace and the Principate always r

ght, procurator of Augustus. When he died after a brilliant career of service his enemies called it sordid adulation trusted by

eir ancestors. It was paid by the Principate, under pretext of public service and distinction in oratory or law, but more and m

ts peculiar functions, there was no sharp division between classes. Service to Rome won recognition and promotion for senator

; their mailed statues and the brief inscribed record of their public services adorned Augustus’ Forum of Mars Ultor. This was t

tory of the Roman Empire. Oxford, 1926. ROUSSEL, P. ‘Un Syrien au service de Rome et d’Octave’, Syria XV (1934), 33 ff.

Citizenship, spread of, 74 f., 79, 86 ff., 262, 365 ff., 405. Civil service , need for, 331; growth of, 355 ff., 409. Civil

78. PageBook=>542 Claudius Cleonymus, Ti., Greek in equestrian service , 506. Claudius Dinippus, Ti., Greek in equestri

questrian service, 506. Claudius Dinippus, Ti., Greek in equestrian service , 506. Claudius Drusus, Nero (cos. 9 B.C.), see Dr

reedmen, 385, 410; legislation concerning, 446; enrolled for military service , 458. Freedom, see Libertas. Freedom of speec

by Antonius, 262 f.; derided by Juvenal, 490; in the Roman equestrian service , 506; in the Senate, 365 ff. Hadrian, the Emper

urycles, C, Spartan dynast, 476. Julius Laco, C., Greek in imperial service , 506. Julius Papius, C., officer in Egypt, 295.

senator from the East, 366. Julius Spartiaticus, C, Greek in imperial service , 506. Julius Vercondaridubnus, C, high priest a

and senator, 367. Junius Montanus, T., equestrian officer with long service , 356. Junius Silanus, D. (cos. 62 B.C.), 69. Ju

rol of law courts, 13; entry to Senate, 10, 13, 81, 358 ff.; military service , 70 f., 78 f., 82, 353 ff., 395 f.; in the factio

see Caecilius. Militarism, 448 f.; distaste for, 466, 467. Military service , of knights, 70 f., 353, 356, 395 f.; of senators

5 f.; brought into Roman politics, 285 f., 359 ff., 364; and military service , 356; organic function in the system of the Princ

ncials, in the Senate, 79 f., 367, 455 f., 501 ff.; in the equestrian service , 367, 506; in the legions, 295, 457; wealth of, 4

poet, 488 f. Rabirius Postumus, C., financier, his importance, 73; services to Caesar, 82; not given the consulate, 82, 95; h

dens, 380; his son, 384; removes Agrippa Postumus, 439; character and services of, 410, 412. Sallustius Passienus Crispus, C.

52 f.; avenue for promotion in the Principate, 352 ff.; conditions of service , 389; as clients of the Princeps, 352 f., 404; vi

ared with Pollio, 485. Stertinius Xenophon, C., Greek in equestrian service , 506. Stoicism, 57, 247, 321, 461, 519. Suess

Paterculus, 383. Velleius Paterculus, C, his origin, 360; military service , 356, 360, 428; family, 383 f.; dishonesty of his

.), origin and early career, 71, 92; a ‘muleteer’, 92, 151; his early services to Antonius, 126, 176, 178; his consulate, 188; i