ee State, after the ordinances of Sulla the Dictator, there were many senators whose fathers had held only the lower magistracie

l obligations, is here followed closely. PageBook=>011 hundred senators the names of some four hundred can be identified,

longed, it is true, to the same social class as the great bulk of the senators : the contrast lay in rank and prestige. The kni

pride of the governing class. For that surrender they were scorned by senators . They did not mind. 1 Some lived remote and secur

upon public land, seized through mortgages the ancestral property of senators , and thus built up large estates in Italy. Among

property of senators, and thus built up large estates in Italy. Among senators were great holders of property like Pompeius and

y of this sacred army of the wealthy was clearly the financiers. Many senators were their partners, allies or advocates. Concord

own private conduct, worked for his party by ejection of undesirable senators , and augmented the following of Caesar. The arrog

ainst both dynasts. 2 The consul C. Marcellus denounced the apathy of senators as submission to tyranny, protested that Caesar w

the Adriatic carrying with him several legions and a large number of senators , a grievous burden of revenge and recrimination.

government, an important topic, demands separate treatment. 2 Many senators tried to remain neutral, including several eminen

ff. Premerstein argues that this was a general oath, not confined to senators . 3 If the Sallustian Epistulae ad Caesarem sene

epute has been prejudiced by the regrettable affair of the Salaminian senators . The figure of interest demanded (48 per cent.) w

hen Caesar took the Dictatorship for life and the sworn allegiance of senators , it seemed clear that he had escaped from the sha

s to Rome, purchasing consuls and tribunes, paying the debts of needy senators and winning the support of daring agents. There

comprised a formidable array of ability and social distinction. Some senators turn up on Caesar’s side, holding commands in the

6 Ad fam. 8, 14, 3 PageBook=>064 their allegiance. 1 Not only senators chose Caesar, but young nobiles at that, kinsmen

massed against him. No matter Caesar’s faction numbered not only many senators but nobiles at that. Most conspicuous of all is

Rome the alien millionaire exercised a power greater than most Roman senators . Certain of the politicians whose methods earned

ly indicated and characterized by the names of representative members senators , knights and centurions, business men and provinc

wealth, dignity and power. Had not Sulla enriched his partisans, from senators down to soldiers and freedmen? There were to be n

aesar’s adherents were a ghastly and disgusting rabble: among the new senators were to be found centurions and soldiers, scribes

. But there may have been others. On the class from which Sulla’s new senators were drawn, cf. H. Hill, CQ XXVI (1932), 170 ff.

e of Caesar’s equestrian officers may have been ex-centurions. Of the senators stated once to have served in the ranks as centur

is can assert a peculiar and proper claim to be the home of trousered senators . No names are recorded. Yet surmise about origins

ecame quaestor in 44 B.C.2 Of Caesar’s partisans, equestrian or new senators , from the provinces of the West, some were of Ita

VI A, 1557. For the possibility that there were one or two provincial senators even before Caesar, cf. BSR Papers XIV (1938), 14

s champions of the established order. No mere concordia ordinum, with senators and knights keeping to their allotted functions a

was manifest and announced. It is evident enough that Caesar’s new senators , some four hundred in number, comprised adherents

princeps coloniae’ (Val. Max. 9, 3, 8). PageBook=>091 Caesar’s senators . 1 The ex-centurion Fango came from the colony of

figures, the bearers of obscure names, the first and perhaps the last senators of their respective families. 3 Above all, the

rly dedicatory inscr. beside Lake Fucinus, CIL I2, 387. For other new senators of non-Latin stock, Calvisius and Statilius, cf.

an be surmised for certain of Caesar’s partisans, whether ex-Pompeian senators or knights promoted under the Dictatorship. 5 T

Italici now admitted to the Senate must not obscure the numerous new senators from certain older regions of the Roman State whi

ve the force of law. The need of this was patent and inevitable: many senators , many of the Liberators themselves, held preferme

ained the mark of its origin. A long time passes before any number of senators emerge on his side. When four years have elapsed

tation. A praetor committed suicide. That was the only bloodshed. The senators advanced to make their peace with Octavianus; amo

he list of the proscriptions all told they set one hundred and thirty senators and a great number of Roman knights. 3 Their vict

Orosius 6, 18, 10; Florus 2, 16, 3) perhaps too low. Appian gives 300 senators (BC 4, 5, 20, cf. 7, 28) and 2,000 knights. Pluta

range from 200 to 300 (Cicero 46; Brutus 27; Antonius 20) presumably senators . It is to be regretted that there is such a lack

ries might head the list: the bulk is made up by the names of obscure senators or Roman knights. The nobiles were not necessaril

er their station, were the real enemies of the Triumvirs. In concord, senators and business men upheld the existing order and pr

declared a regular vendetta against the rich,2 whether dim, inactive senators or pacific knights, anxiously abstaining from Rom

at Rome had been financed by the spoils of the provinces, extorted by senators and by knights in competition or in complicity, a

senators and by knights in competition or in complicity, and spent by senators for their own magnificence and for the delight of

ad greeted the nominees of the Dictator: with the ignominy of the new senators of the Triumviral period they could not have comp

rt among the Roman youth there pursuing the higher education, sons of senators like L. Bibulus, his own stepson, and M. Cicero,5

Triumvirs. The consulate falls in the main to the newest of the new, senators nominated by the Dictator or introduced after his

5, 49, 204 ff. PageBook=>212 The captives were a problem. Many senators and Roman knights of distinction had espoused the

ed by defamation and credulity into a hecatomb of three hundred Roman senators and knights slaughtered in solemn and religious c

Censorinus, were a visible reminder of Caesarian loyalty alone of the senators they had sought to defend Caesar the Dictator whe

East. Octavianus was able to win over more and more of the leading senators , Caesarian, Republican or neutral. 2 For the pres

their own salvation, the better cause ‘meliora et utiliora’. 2 Many senators and knights, being peaceful members of the proper

ould be no excuse for delay to restore constitutional government. Few senators can have believed in the sincerity of such profes

praetorship in that year, but Maecenas and Salvidienus were not even senators . Again, at Brundisium his position was critical.

the army and the plebs, reinforced in devotion, but had attached few senators of note, even when four years had elapsed since t

fighting to hold Africa for Octavianus, were among the Dictator’s new senators . The younger Balbus was probably in Spain at the

s consulate and service as an admiral. Presumably one of Caesar’s new senators . 4 Note Statius Statilius in 282 B.C. (Val. Max

vious year. 3 To distribute consulates and triumphs as patronage to senators , to embellish the city of Rome and to provide the

ew years later charges of highway robbery outstanding against certain senators could at last be annulled. 3 The Caesarian sold

the preponderance of Antonius less evident in his following of Roman senators his provincial governors, generals, admirals and

hem the unread missive. They were followed by more than three hundred senators , Republican or Antonian. 3 NotesPage=>278

t ex- Republicans in the Caesarian party. 3 More than seven hundred senators fought on Octavianus’ side in the War of Actium (

nst him if they dared: it was a bad sign that more than three hundred senators had decided to join Antonius, clear evidence of s

ius, had done for Cicero’s consensus Italiae against Antonius. 1 Many senators had fled to Antonius. Rival factions in the towns

re no doubt to be found in the order of Roman knights and among those senators most nearly allied to them by the ties of family

cola. It would not be long before the defection of the leaders, Roman senators or eastern princes, spread to the ships and the l

ssession and governed it through a viceroy, jealously excluding Roman senators . The first Prefect of Egypt was C. Cornelius Gall

en simply sacrificed to conciliate the feelings of a powerful body of senators . 2 Suetonius, Divus Aug. 66, 2. 3 A woman cal

he Senate and People of Rome. Acclamation was drowned in protest. The senators adjured him not to abandon the Commonwealth which

ated name, stained with a brother’s blood and himself killed by Roman senators , so one legend ran, before his assumption Notes

maiorum’—which in practice meant the sentiments of the oldest living senators . Lacking any perception of the dogma of progress—

his portion as allies and clients. A citizen and a magistrate to the senators , he was imperator to the legions, a king and a go

ublicans and could masquerade as a national party. Over seven hundred senators accompanied Italy’s leader in the War of Actium,

recise reason for reducing the roll of the Senate. Over three hundred senators had chosen Antonius and the Republic at the time

terans. 2 The estates of three hundred and more disloyal or misguided senators were not all tenderly to be spared out of respect

of victims of the purge probably belonged to the deplorable class of senators unable to keep up their station. For the rest, th

4, 6. PageBook=>351 No hint of a Republican reaction here. The senators knew the true purpose of Augustus’ adoption of Re

ee generations, according to the social system of the Principate; and senators were eligible for the purple. The passage of time

litary posts; 7 and, just as under the Republic, they are attested as senators in the purified Senate of Augustus. 8 Above all,

Montanus is the prime example. 3 Again, in Egypt, a land forbidden to senators , Roman knights commanded each of the legions in g

nary. Not indeed that a sharp line of division had hitherto separated senators from knights. They belonged to the same class in

ter Sulla contained many members of equestrian families. 5 Like other senators outside the circle of the consular families, such

only do ancient cities of Latium long decayed, like Lanuvium, provide senators for Rome there are remote towns of no note before

en heard of before in the Senate or even at Rome. They were the first senators of their families, sometimes the last, with no pr

and defender. The towns of Italy contributed soldiers, officers and senators to the Roman State. They were themselves a part o

was liberal and ‘progressive’. Moreover, every class in society from senators down to freedmen now enjoyed status and function

grosser anomalies, men designated to the consulate who had never been senators , such as Balbus the Elder and Salvidienus Rufus.

re other ways. The system broadens as it descends from consulars to senators of lower rank, to knights, freedmen and plain cit

wns had a definite role to play. Knights themselves might rank with senators in the New State or even above them. Patronage co

lmost without exception praetorian in rank. At the same time, as more senators reached the consulate, sturdy men without ancesto

s, often had a useful record behind them. For the rest, young sons of senators , aspirants to the senatorial career, serve as mil

vised posts to be held by Roman knights. For the rest, he called upon senators ; and the presidents of the various boards were co

ancient authority states a reason for these innovations that as many senators as possible should take an active part in adminis

That could not go on. After 19 B.C. there were no more triumphs of senators ; and in any case Augustus would have wished, even

praefectus vigilum. 1 In the meantime a number of permanent boards of senators had been established. The first dealt with roads

r men of consular rank, together with three praetorians and two other senators . 7 Casual or continuous employment was thus dev

ired popularity with the troops, and in time even an edict forbidding senators to admit soldiers to their morning receptions. 7

ater, Narbonensis). 2 Caesar’s law about the colony of Urso forbids senators and their sons from becoming patroni (ILS 6087, c

consuls, one member from every other board of magistrates and fifteen senators chosen by lot, was to change every six months. 1

is, the Princeps and the party- dynasts to sound the feelings of the senators , avoid surprises and shocks each way in their rec

for innovations. The mechanical choice by lot of a small council of senators and their inevitable impermanence, restricted as

time to time a consilium, drawn from personal friends, representative senators and legal experts. NotesPage=>408 1 Dio 53

w showing three new posts in the city of Rome; and knights as well as senators have their place in the different councils of sta

sessions had been shaped in private before being sponsored by eminent senators if possible by such as had a reputation for indep

e (2, 100, 4 f.) gives the list. He says that there were others, both senators and knights. 2 Dio 55, 10, 15; Tacitus, Ann. 1,

their high station. Marriage with freedwomen, though now forbidden to senators , was condoned in others for it was better than no

propaganda. Though the realities of power were veiled, none the less senators had an opportunity in the Curia or in the law cou

is also recorded, brought to ridicule a proposal that a bodyguard of senators should keep watch outside the bed-chamber of the

dynasts would swamp out descendants of noble houses and impoverished senators from Latium. 5 PageNotes. 501 1 PIR1, P 109.

s and its own phraseology. Quies was a virtue for knights, scorned by senators ; and neutrality had seldom been possible in the p

52; comparison with Caesar, 47, 51 f.; proscriptions, 65, 190; Sullan senators , 78; Sullan creatures, 249; memory of, 65; descen

ed, 195. Financiers, activities of, 14 f., 355, 477; relations with senators , 14; detested by Cato, 26; hostile to Lucullus, 2

vities of Pollio there, 207, 252, 404; poets from Cisalpina, 74, 251; senators , 79, 363; contribution to the army, 70, 456; patr

ii, 44, 74 f., 79 f.; of Pompeius, 74 f.; Caesarian partisans, 74 f.; senators from, 79 f., 367, 502 f.; knights, 356; soldiers,

arity of, in the Triumviral period, 250 f.; suitably to be written by senators , 5, 251, 420, 485; Republican tone of, 5, 420; pr

plebeian families from, 85; support for Liberators in, 101; Augustan senators from, 360. Latus clavus, 358, 359, 363. Lauda

des. Luca, pact of, 37, 44, 72, 326. Lucan, see Annaeus. Lucania, senators from, 238, 360. Lucceius, L., opulent friend of

arsi, 86 f.; their proverbial valour, 86, 287, 449; nomenclature, 93; senators from, 91, 200. Matius, C., friend and agent of

466, 467. Military service, of knights, 70 f., 353, 356, 395 f.; of senators , 395 ff.; a qualification for political promotion

acorus, Parthian general, 223. Paeligni, 86, 89, 90, 193, 359, 363; senators from, 91, 363; nomenclature, 93. Palace, of Augus

Sabines, see Sabinum. Sabinum, patrician families from, 84, 493; senators from, 31, 83, 90, 361. Salassi, conquest of, 329.

to Rome, 17, 87 f., 287; impoverished by Sulla, 91; nomenclature, 93; senators from, 88, 195, 360, 361, 362 f.; condition of, un

13, 326; conquest of, 332 f.; provincial divisions in, 326, 395, 401; senators from Spain, 80, 367, 501; soldiers, 457; emperors

iance of, 74; merits and virtues of, 455, 465; recruits from, 456 f.; senators from, 79, 363. Trebellenus Rufus, T., senator f

Triumphs, in the Triumviral period, 241; after Actium, 303; denied to senators , 404. Triumvirate, founding of, 188 f.; reinforce

(cos. suff. A.D. 3), 518. Vulcanius, haruspex, 190, 218. Wealth, of senators and knights in the Republic, 12, 14; transference