he Princeps, who was born in the year of Cicero’s consulate, lived to see the grandson of his granddaughter and to utter a

discussion of Pollio’s Histones and their traces in subsequent works, see E. Komemann, yahrbilcher fur cL PhiL, Supplementb

tellus Macedonicus (cos. 143) had four consular sons. For the stemma, see Table I at end. 4 Münzer, RA, 302 ff.; J. Carco

See, above all, the researches of Münzer, RA, 328 ff. For the stemma, see Table II at end. The other children were Q. Servi

e was unpopular he well knew. 1 ‘For all his genius, Caesar could not see a way out’, as one of his friends was subsequentl

hrase. The Dictatorship was enough. The rule of the nobiles, he could see , was an anachronism in a world-empire; and so was

ilippus (cos. 56), related through marriage to Caesar’s grand-nephew, see below, p. 128. PageBook=>063 power and not

Postumii, with Ser. Sulpicius Rufus and C. Claudius C. f. Marcellus, see Münzer, RA, 407; P- W, Supp. v, 369 ff. 3 L. Ju

VI, 204 ff. For a defence of that much-maligned character P. Vatinius see L. G. Pocock, A Commentary on Cicero in Vatinium

eneca, Controv. 7, 3, 9; Macrobius 2, 3, 11. For a fuller discussion, see R. Syme, BSR Papers XIV (1938), 12 ff. 3 Bell.

of corruption. 3 Cicero should have sought consolation: he could now see beside him a great company of bankers and financi

a noted commercial family, trading with the East (for Granii at Delos see BCH XXXI (1907), 443 f; XXXVI (1912), 41 f.). Two

h of Antonius is recorded by certain historians (esp. Appian, on whom see E. Schwartz, P-W II, 230), but is suspect. It is

letter Ad fam. 11, I were to be dated immediately after the funeral ( see the preceding note), it would not prove, though i

litary leader of the Caesarian NotesPage=>112 1 On the family, see above all Suetonius, Divus Aug. 1 ff., presenting

suus fuerit’ (ib. 2, 3). For a tessera of his grandfather the banker, see Münzer, Hermes LXXI (1936), 222 ff. 2 As Vellei

59, 2), ‘gravis sanctus innocens dives’. 3 For these relationships, see Table III at end. Balbus himself, on the maternal

Cicero’s first public appearance since March 17th. The Curia did not see him again for more than three months. The importa

ps also from a mysterious passage in Appian (BC 3, 66, 270), on which see O. E. Schmidt, Philologus LI (1892), 198 ff. Pa

ficer in Caesar’s army. On the local distribution of names in ‘-enus’ see Schulze, LE, 104 ff. and above, p. 93. Coins of t

d in the Caesarian party and so in the Roman State. They would gladly see Antonius curbed but not destroyed: they were not

to completion the commentaries of Caesar, he confessed that he could see no end to civil strife. 1 Men recalled not Caesar

ll the arts of gentle persuasion to convert an opponent, to make him ‘ see reason’ and join the ‘better side’. 6 In the heat

nvoked indulgence and made allowances. Regrets there may have been to see a fine soldier and a Roman noble like Antonius re

n to Glaphyra, there neither is, nor was, any sign at all. Nor did he see the Queen of Egypt again until nearly four years

ven earned repute, in the well-ordered state which he almost lived to see firmly established. 1 T. Pomponius Atticus died i

1 On these dispositions, including the territorial grants to Egypt, see especially J Kromayer, Hermes XXIX (1894), 579 ff

2 Plutarch, Antonius 56. 3 On the provincial governors of Antonius, see L. Ganter, Die Provinzialver- waltung der Triumvi

ito or L. Flavius, On the coinage of Antonian admirals and governors, see especially M. Bahrfeldt, Num. Zeitschr. XXXVII (1

3, 5); for Turullius, cf. BMC, R. Rep. 11, 531; for Cassius of Parma, see Appian, 1. c, and Velleius 2, 87, 3 (the last of

. 3 On the question of the ‘marriage ‘of Antonius, for a discussion see Rice Holmes, The Architect of the Roman Empire 1,

the divorce of Octavia, had served his purpose adequately. Men could see that divorce, like marriage, was an act of high p

32 ff. 3 On the character, form and true significance of the oath, see , above all, Premerstein, o.c, 26 ff., esp. 36 ff.

Cornificius in Africa, On the provincial commands in the years 32–28, see further below, p. 302 f. 6 Dio 51, 3, 5. 7 Di

88. 3 Dio 51, 4, 3 ff. 4 Ib. 51, 9, 1. For the coins of Scarpus, see BMC, R. Rep. 11, 586, corrected by BMC, R. Emp. I

(ILS 895). The precise nature and date of his command is not certain ( see Ritterling, Fasti des r. Deutschland unter dem Pr

easily take a wife from the noblest houses in Rome. 4 On this topic see above all J. Gage, Rev. hist, CLXXI (1933), 1 ff

53, 12 ff. (not quite satisfactory on the division of the provinces, see below, p. 314). Dio does not explicitly mention a

mendatio and its exercise with reference to the various magistracies, see CAH x, 163 f. PageBook=>371 Agrippa depart

strong. 2 For the basis of calculation (which omits certain names), see above, p. 243 f. For the whole Triumviral period

ndson (cos. A.D. 11) a daughter of Valerius Messalla (for the stemma, see P-W III A, 2197). One might also infer a relation

e, to a period of ‘irregularities’. 9 For details (and conjectures) see H. C. Heiter, De patriciis gentibus quae imp. R.

stemma drawn up by Cichorius, Hermes XXXIX (1904), 470, is hazardous: see Table VI at end. PageBook=>385 Influences

this time. 2 For this conception of the foreign policy of Augustus, see CAH x, 355 ff.: the truth of the matter has often

t of praefectus urbi. In the nature of the matter, it is difficult to see how the Princeps could be represented by a deputy

was given consular imperium for life: for the interpretation of this, see Premerstein (ib., 237 f.). 3 Provinces taken ov

at Lugdunum, cf. H. Mattingly, BMC, R. Emp. I, xiii ff. 6 On this, see M. Hammond, The Augustan Principate (1933), 170 f

ttributed to the great road-builder and organizer. He did not live to see the consummation of the campaigns in Illyricum, i

the Plautii, one of the earliest houses of the new plebeian nobility, see Münzer, RA, 36ff. One of them was colleague with

married a Nonia Polla (OGIS 468). 3 Varus was related to the Nonii ( see the previous note); and his sister was the mother

uous and difficult to explain, cf. P-W 11 A, 885 ff.; for the stemma, see Table V at end. L. Scribonius Libo and M. Scribon

could with decency permit. 4 The soldiers at least were quite glad to see Tiberius, a cautious and considerate general. 5 A

9). Then Germany rose. Varus and three legions perished. Rome did not see her new master for many years. The adoption of

usius Saturninus. 5 For details of origin about these novi homines, see above, p. 362 f. For the contrary interpretation

6f.), cf. ILS 9250. On this and on the municipal worship of Augustus, see L. R. Taylor, The Divinity of the Roman Emperor,

race dedicates Odes 4, 1 to Fabius, ‘centum puer artium’. 5 On whom see esp. C. Cichorius, R. Studien, 325 ff. The theory

ant to be taken seriously it was a kind of parody. Augustus did not see the joke. Like the early Germans depicted by Taci

provinces were contented enough, for they had known worse, and could see no prospect of a successful war for liberty again

ssa crudelitas’. 6 PageNotes. 480 1 On his appearance and habits, see the full details in Suetonius, Divus Aug. 79 ff.

rm of composition was peculiarly and wholly Roman. He did not live to see his verdict confirmed by Juvenal and by Tacitus,

n. 2, 37 f. 2 Alleged paramours of Julia, the daughter of Augustus, see above, p. 426. 3 Ann. 4, 13: ‘adultus inter ext

vements, political, social and economic, where antiquity was prone to see only the ambition and the agency of individuals.

Notes. 503 1 Suetonius, Galba 6, 2 f. 2 For Paullinus and Avitus, see above, p. 502, n. 2; for Curtius Rufus, Ann. 11,

t, felix in publicum fuit. ’ 2 For a brief panegyric of Saturninus, see Velleius 2, 105, 1. PageBook=>510 As among

9, 213, 239, 242, 248, 292, 303, 330, 339, 401, 435, 438. Agricola, see Julius. Agriculture, 31, 247, 253 f., 450 f.

ricola, see Julius. Agriculture, 31, 247, 253 f., 450 f. Agrippa, see Vipsanius. Agrippa Postumus, 410, 416; his unat

the Elder, 422. Agrippina, the Younger, 384, 386, 511. Ahenobarbus, see Domitius, Alba Longa, 84. Albius Tibullus, po

tus, 448, 454. Apollonia, Octavianus’ friends at, 129, 463. Appius, see Claudius. Appuleii, 289, 382, 496. Appuleius,

f, 8, 10 ff., 18, 77 ff., 196 ff., 244 ff., 349 f., 357 ff., 501 ff.; see also Nobiles. Armenia, Antonius’ relations with

, 194. Atius Balbus, M., grandfather of Augustus, 31, 112. Atticus, see Pomponius. Attius Tullus, Volscian king, 83. At

ff.; as a party leader, 288, 322 f., 340, 349 ff., 419 ff., 473 ff. ( see also Clientela); relations with the nobiles, 238

Baetica, not a province in 27 B.C., 326; date of origin, 395. Balbus, see Cornelius. Balkans, Roman conquests in, 222 f.,

e Cornelius. Balkans, Roman conquests in, 222 f., 240, 308, 390 f.; see also Macedonia, Moesia. Barbarius Philippus, esca

Beneventum, 84. Betilienus Bassus, P., from Aletrium, 360. Bibulus, see Calpurnius. Billienus, C., remarkable novus hom

giance of, 285, 465. Bourgeoisie, characteristics of, 360, 453 ff.; see also Municipia. Britain, rumours about, 332. Br

63; notorious prudery of, 455. Brundisium, pact of, 217 ff. Brutus, see Junius. Buildings, of viri triumphales, 241, 40

eedwoman of Antonia, 386. Caepasii, small-town orators, 81. Caesar, see Julius. Caesennius Lento, Antonian partisan, 11

n cognomen of Pansa, 90. Cafo, ex-centurion, 79, 116, 126. Calenus, see Fufius. Cales, 90, 193, 194, 289, 362. Calidi

s the Via Latina, 402; his origin, 199; descendants, 499 f. Calvus, see Licinius. Camillus, 18, 305. Campania, Roman no

Transpadani, 465; his brothers, 64; wife, 69, 492; descendants, 492; see also M. Junius Brutus, Liberators. Cassius Long

informer, 483. Castricius, A., son of Myriotalentus, 367. Catilina, see Sergius. Catilinarians, punishment of, 25 f.; o

of, 25 f.; on Caesar’s side, 66; in the towns of Italy, 89. Catullus, see Valerius. Catulus, see Lutatius. Censorship,

de, 66; in the towns of Italy, 89. Catullus, see Valerius. Catulus, see Lutatius. Censorship, in Roman politics, 41, 66

rank under the Principate, 353. Chumstinctus, Nervian, 475. Cicero, see Tullius. Cilicia, no longer a province, 260, 27

157 f.; on language, 154, 156; on the study of history, 250. Cinna, see Cornelius. Claudia, exemplar of female virtue,

reek in equestrian service, 506. Claudius Drusus, Nero (cos. 9 B.C.), see Drusus. Claudius Marcellus, C. (cos. 50 B.C.),

es his wife Livia Drusilla, 229. Claudius Nero, Ti. (cos. 13 B.C.), see Tiberius, the Emperor. Claudius Pulcher, Ap. (cos

B.C.), Antonian, 200, 266, 267. Cocceius Nerva, M. (cos. A.D. 71), see Nerva, the Emperor. Coelius Caldus, C. (cos. 94 B

292, 356, 420, 478, 483, 507. Corfinium, 87, 90, 360. Coriolanus, see Marcius. Corioli, 85. Cornelia, daughter of Met

s, 31. Court, the imperial, 385 f. Courtiers, 385 f., 501. Crassus, see Licinius. Crastinus, Caesarian centurion, 70. C

morum, 443. Cura rei publicae, 313. Curatores, at Rome, 403. Curio, see Scribonius. Cursus honorum, under the Principat

theris, famous actress, 252. Dacians, 74, 296, 400 f. Dalmatia, 437 see also Illyricum. Dalmatians, rising of, 431, 457

also Illyricum. Dalmatians, rising of, 431, 457, 476. Danube lands, see Illyricum, Moesia. Dardani, 223. Decidius, Cn.,

; governor of Syria, 214; killed by the Parthians, 223. Defamation, see Invective, Propaganda, Vice. Deification, of Ca

211, 250, 301, 305, 318; cult of, in the Principate, 471. Dolabella, see Cornelius. Domi nobiles, 82, 89; see also Munic

he Principate, 471. Dolabella, see Cornelius. Domi nobiles, 82, 89; see also Municipia. Dominatio, 155, 418, 516. Domit

Marcellus, on the Republic, 514. Equality, political, 352. Equites, see Financiers, Knights, Publicani. Estates, large,

ruscan nomenclature, 93, 129 f., 362. PageBook=>547 Etruscans, see Etruria. Eunoe, mistress of Caesar, 275. Fabia

22, 157. Factions, in Roman politics, 7 f., 11 ff., 16, 20, &c. see also Feuds. Faesulae, prolific person from, 469.

272 f., 290; welcome the Principate, 351; under the Principate, 355; see also Knights. Firmius, L., military tribune, 35

avius Sabinus, T., tax-gatherer, 354, 361. Flavius Vespasianus, T., see Vespasian, the Emperor. Fleets, of Sex. Pompeiu

of Antonius, 231, 294 f.; command of, under the Principate, 356, 397; see also Admirals. Fleginas, C, knight from Placent

ation concerning, 446; enrolled for military service, 458. Freedom, see Libertas. Freedom of speech, in the Republic, 1

xports of, 455. Gaetuli, clients of Marius, 76. Gaius, the Emperor, see Caligula. Gaius Caesar (grandson of Augustus),

0, 501 f.; importance under the Empire, 366, 455. Gallia Transalpina, see Gallia Narbonensis. Gallius, Q. (pr. 43 B.C.), 18

the Principate, 468 f. Gardens, pleasure-, 21, 77, 380, 452. Gaul, see Gallia. Gellius Poplicola, L. (cos. 72 B.C.), c

orical evidence, 84 f., 89, 91, 93 f., 129, 200 f., 237, 360 f., 405; see also Nomenclature. Germanicus Caesar, son of Dr

60. Gracchi, activity of, 16; party of, 60; and agriculture, 450 f. see also Sempronius. Granii, commercial family from P

5, 332 f., 401, 433 f., 438, 503; extent of, under Augustus, 395, 401 see also Spain. Hispania Ulterior, governors of, 34

, 64, 72, 110, 166, 213, 332 f., 401; status under Augustus, 395, 401 see also Spain. Histonium, 360, 361. History, Rom

Augustus, 313 f., 336 f., 406, 412. Inimici, 13, 61, 288, &c.; see also Feuds. Insteius, M., Antonian partisan fro

286 ff., 359, 365, 450; local families in, 10, 31, 82 ff., 356, 359; see also Bellum Italicum, Municipia, Tota Italia. I

of birth, 68; literary interests, 459 f.; Caesar and Cicero, 137 ff.; see also Divus Julius. Julius Caesar, C. (cos. A.D.

o, 137 ff.; see also Divus Julius. Julius Caesar, C. (cos. A.D. 1), see Gaius Caesar. Julius Caesar (Octavianus), C. (c

Gaius Caesar. Julius Caesar (Octavianus), C. (cos. suff. 43 B.C.), see Augustus. PageBook=>551 Julius Caesar, L.

iae, 83. Land, ownership of, 12, 31, 194 f., 451 f.; price of, 451; see also Agriculture, Estates. Lanuvium, 94, 303, 3

Juliae, 426, 443 ff. Lenaeus, freedman of Pompeius, 250. Lentulus, see Cornelius. Lepidus, see Aemilius. Lex de perm

naeus, freedman of Pompeius, 250. Lentulus, see Cornelius. Lepidus, see Aemilius. Lex de permutatione provinciarum, 115

and order, 9, 59, 512 ff.; guaranteed by monarchy, 516, 518. Libo, see Scribonius. Licinia, mother of Q. Metellus Scip

20, 21; relatives, 21 f., 44. Licinius Lucullus, M. (cos. 73 B.C.), see Terentius Varro Lucullus, M. Licinius Lucullus, M

alty, need for, in politics, 120, 157; impaired by civil war, 157 f.; see also Fides. Luca, pact of, 37, 44, 72, 326. Luc

war, 157 f.; see also Fides. Luca, pact of, 37, 44, 72, 326. Lucan, see Annaeus. Lucania, senators from, 238, 360. Lu

us Carus, T., 251, 461; quoted to illustrate politics, 513. Lucullus, see Licinius. Ludi Saeculares, 84, 218, 339, 381 f.

f.; provisions of Augustus, 369 ff.; dispensations, 369, 3731 417 f.; see also Consulate. Magius Maximus, M., from Aeclan

Magius, Minatus, local dynast from Aeclanum, 82, 88, 383. Magnates, see Dynasts, Municipia. Magnitudo animi, 51, 70, 146,

ra, 421. Marcella (Minor), her marriages, 378, 421, 422. Marcellus, see Claudius. Marcia, second wife of Cato, 24, 36.

A.D. 31), 499, 518 Menedemus, Caesarian in Thessaly, 262. Messalla, see Valerius. Messallina, see Valeria. Messius, C.

us, Caesarian in Thessaly, 262. Messalla, see Valerius. Messallina, see Valeria. Messius, C. (tr. pl. 57), 37; joins Ca

aleria. Messius, C. (tr. pl. 57), 37; joins Caesar, 66. Metellus, see Caecilius. Militarism, 448 f.; distaste for, 466,

396; in relation to the municipio, 384, 446; Greeks in it, 506. Milo, see Annius. Mimisius Sardus, Post., senator from Um

r of, 14 f., 62, 130 f., 351, 379 f., 501, 504. Monumentum Ancyranum, see Res Gestae. Mos maiorum, nature of, 315 f. Mu

y service, 356; organic function in the system of the Principate, 364 see also Italy, Novi homines. Murcus, see Staius.

system of the Principate, 364 see also Italy, Novi homines. Murcus, see Staius. Murena, see Tcrentius Varro Murena. Mur

te, 364 see also Italy, Novi homines. Murcus, see Staius. Murena, see Tcrentius Varro Murena. Murredius, Augustan orato

f-sister of Augustus, 112, 378, 421. PageBook=>557 Octavianus, see Augustus. Octavii, 19, 83, 493. Octavius, the

Octavius, M., Antonian partisan and admiral, 269, 296, 350. Officers, see Knights, Centurions. Oligarchy, as a form of go

pellius Hister, Sex., Augustan senator, 363. Pannonia, origin of, 437 see also Illyricum. Pansa, see Vibius. Paphlagoni

n senator, 363. Pannonia, origin of, 437 see also Illyricum. Pansa, see Vibius. Paphlagonia, oath of allegiance sworn t

. Pax, 2, 9, 156, 303 f., 470, 519. Pax Augusta, 470, 506. Peace, see Pax. Peasants, as soldiers, 449 ff.; idealizati

202 ff. Philippics, of Cicero, 104, 140, 146 f., 162 ff. Philippus, see Marcius. Philodemus, Epicurean from Gadara, 135,

cil of, 418, 472, 519f. Pisaurum, 132, 296. Piscinarii, 23. Piso, see Calpurnius and Pupius. Placentia, 74, 150, 357.

atius Plancus, 512. Plancius, Cn., defended by Cicero, 89. Plancus, see Munatius. Plautii, 85, 399, 422. Plautius, A. (

ff., 119 ff., 152 ff; distaste for, 13, 94, 246, 358 f., 363, 513 f.; see also Quies. Pompeia, wife of Caesar, 25. Pomp

of Caesar, 74, 79. Pomponia, daughter of Atticus and wife of Agrippa, see Caecilia Attica. Pomponius Atticus, T., 13, 73,

aeneste, 91; the divine founder of, 85. Praetorian Guard, 353, 357; see also Praefectus praetorio. Priesthoods, as patron

Publicani, 14, 67, 271 f.; under the Principate, 355, 477. Pulcher, see Claudius. Pupius Piso Calpurnianus, M. (cos. 61

lpicianus, T. (cos. 9 B.C.), 377; paramour of Julia, 426. Quintilian, see Fabius. Quirinius, see Sulpicius. PageBook=&g

.), 377; paramour of Julia, 426. Quintilian, see Fabius. Quirinius, see Sulpicius. PageBook=>561 Rabirius, epic po

ate of Lepidus and ardent Antonian, 189, 202. Rutilii, 25. Sabines, see Sabinum. Sabinum, patrician families from, 84,

io, 357. Salvius Otho, M., from Ferentum, 361, 385. Salvius Otho, M., see Otho, the Emperor. Samnium, in relation to Rome

, 216. Sardis, honours the grandsons of Augustus, 474. Saserna, 131 see also Hostilius. Satire, 489; does not attack th

s, M., Picene landowner, 92. Satyrus, from Chersonnesus, 262. Saxa, see Decidius. Scaeva, Caesarian centurion, 70. Scau

262. Saxa, see Decidius. Scaeva, Caesarian centurion, 70. Scaurus, see Aemilius. Scipio, see Cornelius. Scribonia, w

. Scaeva, Caesarian centurion, 70. Scaurus, see Aemilius. Scipio, see Cornelius. Scribonia, wife of Octavianus, 213,

D. 16), 425. Scutarius, veteran and client of Augustus, 353. Seianus, see Aelius. Seius Strabo, L., friend of Augustus, 3

y Octavianus, 230 ff.; as a senatorial province, 328, 405. Silanus, see Junius. Silii, 382. Silius, P. (cos. A.D. 3), 4

f., 404; virtues of peasant soldiers, 449; social status of, 15, 457 see also Army, Legions. Sosius, C. (cos. 32 B.C.),

=>564 Suetonius, on the Restoration of the Republic, 324. Sulla, see Cornelius. Sulmo, 90, 289, 363, 468. Sulpicii

, legate of Caesar, 67, 69, 95. Sulpicius Galba, Ser. (cos. A.D. 33), see Galba, the Emperor. Sulpicius Quirinius, P. (co

302 f., 326, 330, 334, 397 f., 398 f., 401, 428, 435, 437. Tacitus, see Cornelius. Tarius Rufus, L. (cos. suff. 16 B.C.

Tarquinii, 18, 55, 59, 85. Tarraco, altar at, 473. Tarraconensis, see Hispania Citerior. Taurus, see Statilius. Taxat

rraco, altar at, 473. Tarraconensis, see Hispania Citerior. Taurus, see Statilius. Taxation, imposed by Triumvirs, 195

C.), 22. Tertulia, alleged mistress of Octavianus, 277. Theophanes, see Cn. Pompeius Theophanes. Thermus, see Minucius.

Octavianus, 277. Theophanes, see Cn. Pompeius Theophanes. Thermus, see Minucius. Theopompus, Caesarian from Cnidus, 76

88 f., 362. PageBook=>566 Ulpius Traianus, M. (cos. A.D. 91), see Trajan, the Emperor. Umbria, attitude of, in th

t Paelignian senator, 363. Varius Rufus, L., poet, 225, 254. Varro, see Terentius. Varro, legate in Syria, see M. Teren

L., poet, 225, 254. Varro, see Terentius. Varro, legate in Syria, see M. Terentius Varro. Vasio, 502, 503. Vatinius,

3; a favourable verdict on Agrippa, 509. PageBook=>568 Virgil, see Vergilius. Viri militares, as legates, 396. Vir