tude towards Augustus. If Caesar and Antonius by contrast are treated rather leniently, the reason may be discovered in the ch

ork of families or of a few men. A small party, zealous for reform or rather , perhaps, from hostility to Scipio Aemilianus put

obles, that they found support in the higher ranks of the aristocracy rather than in the lower. It is all too easy to tax the

onsensus omnium bonorum and embraced tota Italia. But it was an ideal rather than a programme: there was no Ciceronian party.

d worthy of his ancestors; 2 while Cato chose to fall by his own hand rather than witness the domination of Caesar and the des

ned the Cisalpina in 62 B.C. (Ad fam. 5, 1). 5 e.g. C. Fleginas (or rather , Felginas) from Placentia, Caesar, BC 3, 71, 1. T

IX, 892 ff.; RA, 05 ff. PageBook=>086 But these are exceptions rather than examples. The governing oligarchy, not least

ilings of Antonius may have told against him but in Rome and in Italy rather than with the troops and in the provinces. Yet th

governed Lusitania with integrity (ib. 13, 46) and took his own life rather than prolong a civil war (Hist. 2, 47), and L. Vi

lf-deception, he chose to blame Caesar, the agent of his misfortunes, rather than Pompeius with whom the last word rested. Pom

civic virtue. Once again the ideal statesman is depicted in civilian rather than in military garb; and the ambition of unscru

om corresponding with definite parties or definite policies. They are rather ‘ideals’, to which lip-service was inevitably ren

elf to the sentiment and interests of Italy as a whole. An aspiration rather than a programme. If the political literature of

resolution of the patriotic front. 6 Then war became just and heroic: rather than seek any accommodation with a citizen in arm

suspicion. The conception of a consul’s imperium maius here stated is rather antiquarian in character, to say the least. In ne

vianus and D. Brutus. This meant usurpation of power by the Senate or rather , by a faction in the Senate and war against the p

ok the lead in promising money for the war, the Marrucini (or perhaps rather a faction among them hostile to Pollio) stimulate

sar. To a thoughtful patriot it was no occasion for rejoicing. ‘Think rather of the desolation of Italy and all the fine soldi

arian leaders were drawn irresistibly together. They were instruments rather than agents. Behind them stood the legions and th

not the fierce peoples of the Apennine as in the Bellum Italicum, but rather the more prosperous and civilized regions Umbria,

e young revolutionary was becoming attractive and even respectable or rather , he already gave signs of becoming equal if not s

s well as antiquarian works, he had gathered the materials of history rather than written any annals of note or permanence. Th

sted with the following of the rival Caesarian dynast, but decorative rather than solid and useful. Many of these men had neve

an, Pompeian and Republican, bound by personal loyalty or family ties rather than by a programme and a cause, would stand the

nocent and unsuspecting ally. Both sides were preparing. The cause or rather the pretext was the policy which had been adopted

en to salute her with the title of ‘Queen’:2 Republican principle, or rather family tradition and the prospects of his own son

the Caesarian leader and executed simultaneously over all Italy, but rather the culmination in the summer of a series of loca

as well as the most vocal assertions of Italian nationalism followed rather than preceded the War of Actium. Only then, after

pretender fled to Syria, he preferred to use that advantage for peace rather than for war. Crassus and the national honour c

vigour. The attempts of earlier statesmen had been baulked by fate—or rather by their own ambition, inadequacy or dishonesty.

e of imperator was not merely a matter of constitutional propriety—or rather , impropriety. Crassus was a noble, from a great h

ld be exercised— few legions for garrison, proconsuls of new families rather than noble, and praetorian rather than consular i

arrison, proconsuls of new families rather than noble, and praetorian rather than consular in rank; and no imperatorial saluta

ius. The tone of literature in the Augustan age is certainly Pompeian rather than Caesarian, just as its avowed ideals are Rep

27 B.C.—Augustus’ men should be described as legati in his provincia rather than as governors of provinces. To begin with, th

s refusal of honours was represented as modest self-effacement: it is rather the sign of a concentrated ambition, of a single

at Augustus had been. The nobiles would not have stood it. Agrippa is rather to be regarded as the deputy-leader of the Caesar

une. NotesPage=>358 1 Suetonius, Cal. 23, 2 (Aufidius Lurco or rather , Alfidius: her mother was called Alfidia, ILS 125

e provinces of Macedonia and Achaia as well. 3 But Poppaeus belongs rather to the reign of Tiberius, notorious for long tenu

nd suggestive. The problems of the eastern provinces were political rather than administrative. The legate of Syria might

(Lucus Augusti). If it could be proved that he was legate of Citerior rather than of Ulterior, it would show that by now the r

rate fiction of Cassius Dio, the decision to restore the Republic, or rather , as that historian believed, to consolidate the m

n Rhodes), though correctly diagnosing the nature of the crisis, were rather at a loss to explain Agrippa’s dispatch to the Ea

t to the problem of providing for the succession to the Principate or rather , for the continuity of the government. No less ev

rful and unpopular ally of the Princeps may perhaps be held confirmed rather than refuted by Horace’s eager praise of his disi

o command in war awaited him, but a dreary and precarious old age, or rather a brief term of despair until Gaius succeeded to

approved by their towns (perhaps ex-magistrates). 2 The municipia, or rather the local dynasts who controlled them, were suffi

world: many preferred to stay in the provinces or drift to the towns rather than return to a hard living in some valley of th

ter and his granddaughter though in truth their offence was political rather than moral. Nor is it certain that the Princeps h

ng class. That the official religion of the Roman People was formal rather than spiritual did not appear to the Roman states

to, the martyr of Republican liberty. The praise or blame of the dead rather than the living foreshadows the sad fate of liter

reat age of Greece. The new Roman literature was designed to be civic rather than individual, more useful than ornamental. H

pectable figure, so did Octavianus. It was the fashion to be Pompeian rather than Caesarian, for that was the ‘better cause’.

propertied classes of the new Italy of the north, which was patriotic rather than partisan. The North, unlike so many parts of

nnot match Propertius’ Cynthia. Corinna is literature, a composite or rather an imaginary figure. The poet himself, who had ma

assumed the dignity of pontifex maximus. To witness the induction or rather to confer the grant, for Augustus restored electi

ok=>473 From Rome sentiment radiated forth to the Roman towns or rather , the towns in sedulous loyalty imitated for the e

of Caesar. No less comprehensible was the loyalty of the provinces or rather of the propertied classes which the Empire preser

ll have preferred to condone the vices or the rapacity of his friends rather than expose or surrender the principal ministers

ted into a fine art, and desperate wits preferred to risk their heads rather than forego a jest. 3 For Augustus it was inexp

Octavianus, the statement is not as daring as it might appear, but is rather a subtle compliment. It was Messalla who proposed

ence of the intrusion of alien elements; but they indicate the climax rather than the origins of the process, which belong gen

omment on Tiberius. It was no less true of the Principate of Augustus rather more so. To be sure, the State was organized unde

relation to the Roman Commonwealth might also be described as organic rather than arbitrary or formal. It was said that he arr