i–xxiii). The period witnessed a violent transference of power and of property ; and the Principate of Augustus should be regarde

and bloodshed, based upon the seizure of power and redistribution of property by a revolutionary leader. The happy outcome of t

er, in the main deriving from the local aristocracies, the holders of property , power and office in the towns of Italy, the prop

, encroached upon public land, seized through mortgages the ancestral property of senators, and thus built up large estates in I

built up large estates in Italy. Among senators were great holders of property like Pompeius and Ahenobarbus with whole armies o

n could not be expected to have a personal interest in redistributing property or changing the value of money. The financiers we

Sergius Catilina to raise a revolution in Italy for Catilina attacked property as well as privilege. The government of the nobil

ar causes, but none that were hopeless or hostile to the interests of property and finance, and at the same time carefully solic

dissension at Rome, Sulla outlawed his adversaries, confiscated their property and deprived their descendants of all political r

d for his veteran colonies, in Italy and abroad. At auction Pompeius’ property brought in fifty million denarii: it was worth mu

r the Dictator were in truth highly respectable Roman knights, men of property and substance, never too warmly to be commended a

Foreseeing trouble with Antonius about the disposal of the Dictator’s property , however, he must have rejoiced in secret. 5 Then

a statesman, an artist and a voluptuary. His grandfather was a man of property , of suitable and conservative sentiments and read

ernment, avid and desperate men in his party terrified the holders of property . But not for long they were a minority and could

nate and knights, should withstand the People, maintain the rights of property and avert revolution. Further, it was an attracti

tablish the Dictatorship again, this time without respect of life and property , in the spirit and deed of revolution. On April

re with an immortal theme. 1 But the fugitives could not take their property with them; some of the proscribed remained in Ita

s of the landed gentry, was averse from any radical redistribution of property in Italy. He maintained the grants of Sulla. Furt

ons M. Vinicius, cos. A.D. 30, COS. II A.D. 45). PageBook=>195 property . Freedmen, as usual, battened upon the blood of c

e nobiles were not necessarily the wealthiest of the citizens: men of property , whatever their station, were the real enemies of

n of the old Roman People through a more equitable division of landed property in Italy; now they were companions in adversity.

the notorious C. Verres, an affluent exile. 6 The knight Calidus had property in Africa. 7 Cicero, though chronically in strait

ginning of the next year a fresh list was drawn up, confiscating real property only. 2 Hitherto the game of politics at Rome h

the Roman plebs; the knights had saved their gains and bought landed property . The Roman citizen in Italy was subject to no kin

outh became a commendation, when possession of neither traditions nor property could dull the edge of action. From the beginning

er evil auspices, Octavianus took in hand the confiscation of Italian property and the settlement of the veterans of Philippi, t

στίας o α δορίληπτοι. 4 Dio 48, 9, 4 f. PageBook=>208 men of property against a rapacious proletariat in arms: it blend

Their reasoned aversion was shared by the middle class and the men of property throughout Italy. Having the best men of both p

r protection might triumph over political principle, saving lives and property . 6 The earlier activities of both Lepidus and Ap.

der, reinforced the bond between the higher classes of the holders of property . Veterans by grant, and freedmen by purchase, had

returned, and some through influence or protection got restitution of property . But the government had many enemies, the victims

w gained depth, strength and justification. Men turned to the care of property and family, to the studies of literature and phil

llio is the earliest patron of Virgil, who was the son of an owner of property from the town of Mantua. Pollio’s good offices ma

ts would reinforce peace and concord through alliance with the men of property and influence. 1 A day would come when the ruling

pioning Italy against the plebs of Rome, got help from Italian men of property , themselves menaced. 4 Aid from Italy could be in

ore, when Caesar’s invasion of Italy was imminent, bankers and men of property probably received some kind of assurance. PageB

ar-booty, especially the treasure of Egypt. 2 Liberty was gone, but property , respected and secure, was now mounting in value.

ded itself to all good citizens, for it asserted the sacred rights of property ; it was Roman and Republican, for power rested up

er, he must base his rule upon general consent, the support of men of property and the active co- operation of the governing cla

der restored but would it last? And, more than security of person and property , whence would come salvation and regeneration?

e heterogeneous. Cicero, when defining the Optimates (or champions of property and the existing dispensation), boldly extended t

lpable reality as the result of a violent redistribution of power and property . The aristocratic Republic had disguised and some

y here. 5 Cf. above, p. 81. PageBook=>359 It was not so: the property qualification was low indeed, when judged by the

epresented, not a region or a town, but a class, precisely the men of property , ‘boni viri et locupletes’. As the augmentation o

the end of service to coerce the government and terrify the owners of property he was to receive a bounty in money. NotesPage=

They were formidable and independent, retaining control of their own property in marriage. The emancipation of women had its re

ctions on the unmarried and the childless in the matter of inheriting property . The education of the young also came in for th

pital hoarded by the Ptolemies for ages, or by apprehensive owners of property in the recent period of confiscation, quickened t

nd rose steeply. 3 The rich grew richer. Their money went into landed property . Large estates grew larger. Prosperity might prod

rk of man’s hand, might meditate for a moment on the evils of private property and envy the virtuous felicity of the nomads: c

ed men like Lollius, Quirinius and Tarius Rufus. With such champions, property might rest secure. The author of the most eloqu

and plain living was himself a bachelor of Epicurean tastes, a man of property and an absentee landlord. It was observed with ma

rply recalled to its hereditary traditions of service; and the men of property , in their own interest and for their own defence,

r the disorders of the Perusine War: they subsequently regained their property , or at least compensation. History does not recor

s de nostro sanguine miles erit. 5 The family had been despoiled of property during the Civil Wars. 6 None the less, the poet

AJ 16, 310. Eurycles owned the whole island of Cythera as his private property (Strabo, p. 363). PageBook=>477 In Gaul, w

teadily reduced the fortunes of the nobiles. Frugal and astute men of property from the newer parts of Italy and the civilized r

e a means, not an end in themselves. That end is security of life and property : it could not be guaranteed by the constitution o

s generals or spurious principles, no longer were the peaceful men of property to be driven into taking sides in a quarrel not t

0; wealth of, 290, 304, 380; under Augustus, 314, 357; garrison, 356; property held there, 380; worship of Augustus, 474; Prefec