ncurring the deadly hatred of Roman financiers. The younger Lucullus, proconsul of Macedonia, carried the arms of Rome in victory

hical detail and scandal, influenced by the subsequent actions of the proconsul and Dictator, has produced a conventional, anachr

s de invadenda re publica facile convenit. ’ 6 Afranius was perhaps proconsul of Gallia Cisalpina in 59 B.C. (Ad Att. 1, 19, 2;

59 (Appian, Syr. 51); and in 59 P. Cornelius Lentulus Spinther became proconsul of Hispania Citerior, with help from Caesar (BC 1

mminent. It was not so in reality. Pompeius had not been idle. Though proconsul of all Spain, he resided in the suburban vicinity

arrogance towards other principes and by his support, when consul and proconsul , of the domination of Pompeius, who now, for supr

nfidence, pointed to his armed forces and spoke contemptuously of the proconsul of Gaul. 5 Rumour spontaneous or fabricated told

, a faction in the Senate worked the constitution against Caesar. The proconsul refused to yield. NotesPage=>045 (No Notes

ars, force was his only defence against the party that had attacked a proconsul who was fighting the wars of the Republic in the

and in Italy. They pretended that the issue lay between a rebellious proconsul and legitimate authority. Such venturesome expedi

ere faithfully recorded and honoured, for example, by the sons of the proconsuls with whom Caesar had served as military tribune a

ed as a consistent party politician, for good or for evil. Caesar the proconsul was faithful to the cause. In his company emerge

a formidable faction. 3 Some of them he lent to his ally, Caesar the proconsul , and some he lost. 4 Caesar profited by the examp

ion, the generals of the Gallic Wars as a body stood loyally by their proconsul , commanding armies and governing provinces under

excellent men. Many knights were to be found in the following of a proconsul , in a variety of functions. Such equestrian staff

dius rose to be an army contractor and attached himself to Caesar the proconsul as an expert manager of supplies and transport. 3

production as well as for aptitude in finance. The secretariat of the proconsul developed into the cabinet of the Dictator. Most

the outbreak of the Civil War to confirm the political allies of the proconsul , to win over influential neutrals, to detach, dec

e practice spread to the provinces. Pompeius Magnus surpassed all the proconsuls before him. In the West, in Africa and throughout

st passed rapidly to his younger and more energetic rival. Caesar the proconsul won to his person the towns of Gallia Cisalpina a

ullus, no doubt a person of substance, was the friend and host of the proconsul :4 among his officers were knights from the aristo

r the full Roman citizenship. Caesar had championed them long ago: as proconsul he encouraged their aspirations, but he did not s

k), &c. 6 Justin 43, 5, 11 f. PageBook=>075 agent of the proconsul was the admirable C. Valerius Troucillus, ‘homo h

n of opulence and display. 2 Senators who had been adherents of the proconsul , distinguished neutrals, astute renegades or reco

itizenship, so far from being the recent gift of Caesar, went back to proconsuls a generation or two earlier. Caesar’s friends Tro

d D. Valerius Asiaticus (cos. II A.D. 46). The gentilicia derive from proconsuls . For Domitii in Narbonensis, cf. above, p. 44; fo

the names of the centurions in Bell. Afr. 54, 5. PageBook=>090 proconsul who, like him, had crushed the Gauls, the traditi

um protested that it would be intolerable to refuse admittance to the proconsul after his great exploits in Gaul. 3 The power and

e=>105 1 Tacitus commends the voluptuary Petronius, an excellent proconsul of Bithynia (Ann. 16, 18), Otho, who governed Lus

sa as consuls, Antonius would have his province of Macedonia. But the proconsul was vulnerable if a faction seized power in Rome

s predecessor had been C. Calvisius Sabinus. PageBook=>111 the proconsul of Macedonia, was a Caesarian but also a kinsman

end of 45 B.C. (Ad Att. 14, 9, 3), L. Staius Murcus being sent out as proconsul in 44, cf. Münzer, P-W III A, 2137. Crispus, proc

ng sent out as proconsul in 44, cf. Münzer, P-W III A, 2137. Crispus, proconsul of Bithynia in 45, took away with him his army of

X, 38 ff. Q. Pedius had been legate in Gaul (BG 2, 2, 1, &c.) and proconsul in Hispania Citerior, after which last command he

s conduct of the governorship of Macedonia, both before and after the proconsul returned, on any excuse. Piso replied, no doubt w

cal enemy or ambitious youth come forward to arraign by prosecution a proconsul alleged to have been corrupt, incompetent and cal

before, the same policy precipitated war between the government and a proconsul . Fanatic intensity seems foreign to the charact

cero and the ambiguous contest of the Republic against a recalcitrant proconsul occupy the stage and command the attention of his

t families at Byzantium cast themselves down wells to escape the vile proconsul ; 4 and the blameless chieftains of Balkan tribes,

Rome and Italy from the tyranny of the Marian party; 2 and Caesar the proconsul , trapped by Pompeius and the oligarchs, turned hi

egality’ could be invented. Only the first steps need be hazardous. A proconsul in defence of honour, when trapped by his enemies

the Senate or rather, by a faction in the Senate and war against the proconsul Antonius. That prospect was cheerfully envisaged.

a firm basis’. While consul, Antonius was clearly unassailable; when proconsul , his position, though not so strong, was valid in

ed with the official sanction given to a private adventurer against a proconsul of the Roman People. The extreme proposal in Ci

f. S. Weinstock, JRS XXVII (1937), 221. Cicero’s proposal to have the proconsul outlawed can hardly be described as constitutiona

ity dominant in the Senate broke off negotiations with a contumacious proconsul and plunged the world into war. The lesson must h

were at work in Macedonia and elsewhere. He was aided by the retiring proconsul of Macedonia, Hortensius, the son of the great or

secured the legalization of a usurped command:1 Brutus was appointed proconsul of Macedonia, Illyricum and Achaia. Cicero had ac

olabella, passing through Asia on his way to Syria and opposed by the proconsul Trebonius, had captured him and executed him afte

ion, mobilizing private armies and constitutional sanctions against a proconsul . Where and with whom stood now the legitimate gov

tion and armed strength: he seems to have left his partisan Pollio as proconsul of the Cisalpina, perhaps to hold it for two year

entidius and Calenus were there. 5 The ex-Caesarian Q. Cornificius, proconsul of Africa Vetus in 44 B.C., remained there, loyal

at least when consul he had been harried by faction and treason, when proconsul outlawed. For Octavianus there was none, and no m

n. 6 Then Caesarian officials joined the cause, first Hortensius, the proconsul of Macedonia, and the retiring quaestors of Asia

. 8 Three Caesarian generals joined Cassius in Syria. 9 Trebonius the proconsul of Asia had been put to death by Dolabella; but h

ded attention. After Philippi, Antonius left L. Marcius Censorinus as proconsul of Macedonia; 3 and on the first day of the year

utarch, Antonius 24. 4 CIL 12, p. 50. PageBook=>223 the next proconsul , Pollio, celebrated the suppression of the Parthi

m. Most of the client kings were disloyal or incompetent. Plancus the proconsul fled for refuge to an Aegean island,5 and the def

vantage in the next few years with cheap and frequent honours for his proconsuls from Spain and Africa. Tradition consecrated the

s, so far as is known, save Autronius and M. Acilius (Glabrio), later proconsuls of Africa, in 28 and 25 B.C. respectively, PIR2,

collocation of words, hard and archaic NotesPage=>248 1 He was proconsul of Africa Nova in 46‖45 B.C. 2 Dio 43, 9, 2 tho

But the relations of Antonius and Cleopatra were not merely those of proconsul and vassal-ruler. After Antonius’ departure from

C, R. Rep. 11, 583 ff. To the above list should probably be added, as proconsuls of Asia, M. Cocceius Nerva between Plancus and Fu

an and arbitrary fashion, he did not go beyond the measure of a Roman proconsul . Nor did Antonius in fact resign to alien princes

The province of Cilicia was broken up entirely. Kings in the place of proconsuls and publicara meant order, content and economy th

e a cause of disintegration by reason of the military ambition of the proconsuls and the extortions of the knights. The empire, an

er children who were crowned kings and queens, his dual role as Roman proconsul and Hellenistic dynast was ambiguous, disquieting

s an enemy of Rome, as a champion of oriental despotism. Bibulus, the proconsul of Syria, died in this year, but the rest of the

ius Sabinus held Gaul and Spain, L. Autronius Paetus (or another) was proconsul of Africa. 5 Maecenas controlled Rome and Italy,

ssius of Parma, closing the series that began with C. Trebo-nius, the proconsul of Asia. 1 P. Canidius, the last of Antonius’ mar

s policy. There was a closer danger, his own equals and rivals, the proconsuls of the military provinces. Egypt was secure, or d

arrinas and Calvisius in Gaul and Spain. 5 In Syria a safe man became proconsul , NotesPage=>302 1 e.g. Virgil, Aen. 7, 606

ollowing by the triumphs of men prominent in the Caesarian party, the proconsuls of the western provinces :4 from Spain, C. Calvis

utronius Paetus; from Gaul, C. Carrinas and M. Valerius Messalla. The proconsul of Macedonia, M. Licinius Crassus, held that his

ong to the years 29 and 28. 3 C Norbanus Flaccus, cos. 38 B.C., was proconsul of Asia soon after Actium(Josephus, AJ 16, 171),

a certain Thorius Flaccus, otherwise unknown (but from Lanuvium), was proconsul of Bithynia c. 28 B.C. (P-W VI A, 346). 4 CIL 1

Armies and provinces were another matter. M. Licinius Crassus, the proconsul of Macedonia, after pacifying Thrace and defeatin

te the claim of Crassus. 2 Fraud or an antiquarian quibble robbed the proconsul of the spolia opima. An arbitrary decision denied

the title of imperator, which had been conceded since Actium to other proconsuls , and to one commander at least who was perhaps no

other proconsuls, and to one commander at least who was perhaps not a proconsul and was certainly not of consular standing. 3 N

law the only power to which he could appeal if he wished to coerce a proconsul was the consular authority, exorbitantly enhanced

cussions of the clash with Crassus, any hint of the attitude of other proconsuls . Had he firm allies or kinsmen among them, the co

sus’ dispute with Octavianus. The successor of L. Autronius Paetus as proconsul of Africa is not known. 2 Jerome (Chron., p. 16

end. 2 Gallus may have been recalled from Egypt in 28 B.C. With the proconsul of Macedonia no link is known, save that each was

ule of the sole imperator. 4 Not only prestige was at stake—the armed proconsuls were a menace. Yet it would be inexpedient to rem

. Under the rule of the Triumvirate, and after its nominal decease, proconsuls had governed large provinces, taken imperatorial

acclamations and celebrated triumphs. Octavianus would now remove the proconsuls from the more powerful of the military provinces

se regions directly himself, with proconsular imperium. For the rest, proconsuls might govern, in appearance unhindered. Some woul

out which due foresight would be exercised— few legions for garrison, proconsuls of new families rather than noble, and praetorian

ire, nominally uncontrolled, but left the more important, deprived of proconsuls , under the immediate rule of Octavianus presented

namely Spain, Gaul and Syria. That and nothing more. 1 For the rest, proconsuls were to govern the provinces, as before, but resp

stus was to govern a provincia in virtue of imperium proconsulare: as proconsul , he was merely the equal in public law of any oth

are: as proconsul, he was merely the equal in public law of any other proconsul . In fact, his province was large and formidable,

rom the reckoning. But Augustus did not take all the legions: three proconsuls had armies under their command, the governors of

memory of recent civil wars: yet Augustus graciously resigned them to proconsuls . Further, Cisalpine Gaul had ceased to be a provi

of such provinces occur Africa, Illyricum and Macedonia, where armed proconsuls are definitely attested in the early years of the

his domination had arisen. But Augustus was to be consul as well as proconsul , year after year without a break. The supreme mag

public policy at Rome if not to control through consular imperium the proconsuls abroad. 2 For such cumulation of powers a close p

ontrast of real and personal power with the prerogatives of consul or proconsul as legally defined appears portentous and alarmin

legions or more. In recent years these provinces had been governed by proconsuls , usually consular in rank. Thus all Spain, it app

his subordinates. 2 Provinces so large and so important called for proconsuls of consular rank, with a tenure longer than annua

ed consular imperium, had recently been employed to control the armed proconsuls . But the Triumvirate was abolished, the consulate

Augustus in 27 B.C. professed to resign provinces to the Senate; and proconsuls remained, as before, in charge of three military

disguised at the time and seldom suspected since—he wished to remove proconsuls from Spain, Gaul and Syria, becoming proconsul of

e—he wished to remove proconsuls from Spain, Gaul and Syria, becoming proconsul of all those regions himself. That was NotesPag

e from Triumviral practice. No longer the menace of a single consular proconsul governing all Spain, but instead two or three leg

ex-praetors or ex-consuls. Thus Pompeius Magnus had governed Spain as proconsul in absence through three legates, namely one cons

That was to be expected. Consulars who had governed vast provinces as proconsuls , who had fought wars under their own auspices and

e Pact of Brundisium Rome had witnessed no fewer than ten triumphs of proconsuls , Caesarian or Antonian, before Actium, and six mo

Likewise in so far as concerns the provinces left in the charge of proconsuls . Under the dispensation of Sulla the Dictator,

ing. Ultimately only two provinces, Africa and Asia, were governed by proconsuls of consular rank. In the early years it might be

Actium partisans of Augustus governed the provinces with the rank of proconsuls and celebrated triumphs for victories won in Spai

ain and Gaul, the martial provinces of the West, were now deprived of proconsuls . Whether the work of conquest and pacification we

ring the title of ‘legatus’, perhaps c. 23 B.C. (ILS 86). Note also a proconsul , L. Piso, sitting in justice at Mediolanium (Suet

s happy and inspired than if they were legates of Augustus instead of proconsuls , independent of the Princeps and equal to him in

uent consuls, probably earned ennoblement by service as legates or as proconsuls when praetorian in rank. 4 Augustus was consul

public was restored. Such were the powers of Augustus as consul and proconsul , open, public and admitted. In the background, al

sibly a brother of Varro Murena. 3 The consular M. Acilius Glabrio, proconsul of Africa c. 25 B.C. (PIR2, A 71), and the obscur

oconsul of Africa c. 25 B.C. (PIR2, A 71), and the obscure M. Primus, proconsul of Macedonia c. 24-23 B.C. (Dio 54, 3, 2—misdated

in during a difficult three years (39-36 B.C.); 2 Calvinus and five proconsuls after him had celebrated Spanish triumphs in Rome

arian party and for the Roman State. Late in 24 B.C. or early in 23 a proconsul of Macedonia, a certain M. Primus, gave trouble.

nder. 4 Varro Murena the consul had been among the defenders of the proconsul of Macedonia. A man of notorious and unbridled fr

m over the whole empire. 2 In fact, but not in name, this reduced all proconsuls to the function of legates of Augustus. As for Ro

ncerity of his intentions, the Princeps restored certain provinces to proconsuls : they were merely Narbonensis and Cyprus, no grea

rial provinces. But now, as though to demonstrate their independence, proconsuls of Africa were permitted to wage wars and to acqu

and intrigue began to surround the youth. At his trial, M. Primus the proconsul of Macedonia alleged that he had been given secre

he public and necessary prominence of members of the governing class, proconsuls , legates and quaestors, permitted to be acknowled

Such a man was Caesar’s officer C. Volusenus Quadratus. 1 Moreover, a proconsul chose for his agent and chief officer of intendan

small and comparable to the commands which were accessible to a minor proconsul , but one more rich and powerful than any. A Roman

The Viceroy of Egypt could look down from high eminence upon a mere proconsul of Crete or Cyprus; and the Prefect of the Guard

testable Asianic habit of rhetoric which he was happy to advertise as proconsul in the clime of its birth. 2 L. Calpurnius Piso a

as, and by other adherents like the obscure admiral M. Lurius. 2 As proconsul of Gaul or as Dictator, Caesar had spent generous

ovinces. The lot was retained in the Principate for the choice of the proconsuls of the public provinces. The precise manner of it

unknown, the results no doubt satisfactory. Moreover, the choice of a proconsul or the disposal of a province could be resigned b

o the Princeps. 1 If appointed by lot at all, certain of the military proconsuls in the early years of the Principate, such as Bal

a, only six of them are later chosen to command armies, as legates or proconsuls . 1 There were good reasons for that. Rome and I

his own legates. Three military provinces, however, were governed by proconsuls . But they too were drawn from his partisans. For

t of the Alpine lands, prepared by the competent soldier P. Silius as proconsul of Illyricum in 17 and 16 B.C.,3 was consummated

under 13 B.C. (54, 28, 1). It might be conjectured that Vinicius was proconsul of Illyricum in 14 and in 13 B.C. presumably the

s was proconsul of Illyricum in 14 and in 13 B.C. presumably the last proconsul of that province. PageBook=>391 In Macedon

(17-16 B.C.?) had recently been employed; 1 and on this occasion the proconsul of Macedonia, whoever he may have been, was surel

ps had temporarily taken over the province or refrained from having a proconsul appointed. There is no record of the title of M.

andata’: in order that the legatus Augusti might override at need the proconsul of Macedonia? 4 Dio 54, 31, 2 ff., &c.; Sue

matic. Augustus might be requested by the Senate either to nominate a proconsul in an emergency or to take a province into his ch

acedonia, while it retained legions, can furnish examples of consular proconsuls . The Senate retained Africa, a province of no l

ined there from the last years of Augustus onwards; 1 and although no proconsul after Balbus triumphed, the governors, being lega

ome dozen years later, the legions of Macedonia were removed from the proconsul and assigned to the governor of a new province to

re assumed, though it cannot be proved, that M. Vinicius was the last proconsul , Tiberius the first imperial legate, of Illyricum

This looked well and mattered little. In 27 B.C., the Senate provided proconsuls for eight provinces; in A.D. 14 for ten. In the

ptions, and that not merely for princes of the blood. Ahenobarbus was proconsul of Africa four years after his consulate; 2 Paull

he inherited habit and prerogative of leadership were not enough, the proconsul could invoke the advice of experienced soldiers.

p. 401. 2 ILS 6095. 3 Paullus Fabius Maximus (cos. 11 B.C.), was proconsul of Asia (OGIS 458), probably in 9 B.C. (for the a

Not all men of senatorial rank were untried in active warfare. The proconsul could choose ‘viri militares’ as his legates. Pis

vince after the death of Amyntas; then he saw service in Macedonia as proconsul (19-18 B.C.) and governed Gallia Comata (17-16 B.

ith an army, where he was engaged for three years; after that, he was proconsul of Asia; 7 subsequently, it may be, legate of Syr

uetonius (De rhet. 6), describing a case tried before him when he was proconsul , at Mediolanium, are very puzzling. On the career

e could as well refer to L. Calpurnius Piso (the augur), cos. I B.C., proconsul of Asia (ILS 8814). 8 No evidence: but there wo

but which earned him ornamenta triumphalia for a successful war, then proconsul of Asia, then legate again, of Syria. This would

M. Plautius Silvanus (cos. 2 B.C.) held in succession the posts of proconsul of Asia and imperial legate of Galatia, fighting

7 NotesPage=>399 1 Florus 2, 31. Date unknown: c. 15 B.C., as proconsul of Crete and Cyrene? cf. E. Groag, P-W IV A, 825

921 (near Tibur). 7 Piso’s father, of philhellenic tastes, had been proconsul of Macedonia. For the activity of Plautii in the

ly obscure. The army of Macedonia may still have been retained by the proconsul or may already have been transferred to the legat

ube (Strabo, p. 303). On the position of these praetorian commanders, proconsuls of Macedonia or legates of Moesia, cf. JRS XXIV (

Rome at private expense. Nor any more triumphs. At the most, a stray proconsul of Africa, fighting under his own auspices, might

e earlier class of provincial magnates recall by their gentilicia the proconsuls who gave them the franchise; the newer Roman, how

practice and gain a monopoly of loyalty for the government. The last proconsul with a priest consecrated to his worship was L. M

o the high assembly; he takes charge of public provinces; he appoints proconsuls , though with respect for forms preserved ; 3 and

. 3 Provinces taken over: Illyricum in 12 B.C., Sardinia in A.D. 6. Proconsuls nominated, not only in A.D. 6 (Dio 55, 28, 2), bu

s to this period; 8 and two Cornelii Lentuli turn up in succession as proconsuls of the turbulent province of Africa. 9 NotesPag

. A.D. 4-5, CF. PIR2, C 1384; Cossus Cornelius Lentulus, cos. 1 B.C., proconsul in A.D. 6 (Dio 55, 28, 3 f.; Velleius 2, 116, 2,

d provinces of Caesar. Africa, with one legion, was governed by the proconsul L. Nonius Asprenas, who was succeeded in that off

for the dynasty he monopolized every form and sign of allegiance; no proconsul of Rome ever again is honoured in the traditional

p of Augustus and the Goddess Rome. 2 Asia is incited by that loyal proconsul , the patrician Paullus Fabius Maximus, to adopt t

regular assessment (13-12 B.C.) provoked local disturbances. 1 The proconsuls and publicani of the Republic took a heavy toll f

ugustus: one of them reveals what Asia had to suffer from a murderous proconsul . 4 Lack of prosecutors does not prove a lack of c

eca, De ira 2, 5, 5 (an allegation that L. Valerius Messalla Volesus, proconsul of Asia c. A.D. 11, Had Executed Three Hundred Pe

e pericula. ’ His father had been executed in A.D. 14 by Asprenas the proconsul of Africa (Ann. 1, 53). PageBook=>494 That

all end with the end of a period. Crassus’ grandson, the ambitious proconsul of Macedonia, perpetuated the Licinii who merged,

onial magnates or of native dynasts who received the citizenship from proconsuls of the last century of the Republic and from Caes

i and the Valerii. The Valerii produced a scandalous and bloodthirsty proconsul ; 3 and if more were known of the personality of A

98; origin and career, 31 f., 396 f.; his consulate, 33, 35, 374;?; proconsul of Cisalpina, 35. Afranius Burrus, Sex., praefe

st lawyer, 375; his acts of independence, 482. Antistius Vetus, C., proconsul of Hispania Ulterior, 64. Antistius Vetus, C. (

puleius, Sex. (cos. 29 B.C.), nephew of Augustus, 129, 378, 421, 483; proconsul of Spain, 303, 309; legate of Illyricum in 8 B.C.

464, 484, 522. Autronius Paetus, L. (cos. suff. 33 B.C.), 242, 327; proconsul of Africa, 292, 303, 498. Auxilia, importance of,

2; his career, 398; in Galatia, 391, 398; Bellum Thracicum, 391, 398; proconsul of Asia, 398; praefectus urbi, 404, 436; politica

Claudius Pulcher, Ap. (cos. 38 B.C.), 229, 237, 238, 239, 327, 368; proconsul of Spain, 292; descendants and relatives, 423, 42

, 243 f.; in 27 B.C., 327 f., 388; controlled by Augustus, 388 f.; as proconsuls , 326 ff., 383; as legates of Augustus, 327, 330,

us Balbus, L., the Younger, 75, 80, 235, 402; his daughter, 325, 498; proconsul of Africa, 328, 339; his triumph, 339, 367. Cor

os. 14 B.C.), 381, 400 f. Cornelius Lentulus, Cossus (cos. 1 B.C.), proconsul of Africa, 401, 435; praefectus urbi and trusted

and trusted by Tiberius, 436. Cornelius Lentulus, L. (cos. 3 B.C.), proconsul of Africa, 435. Cornelius Lentulus Clodianus, Cn.

498; an admiral in the Bellum Siculum, 236 f.; his reward, 238, 244; proconsul of Africa, 239, 292; rebuilds temple of Diana, 40

us Ahenobarbus, L. (cos. 16 B.C.), 373, 378, 379, 392, 393, 423, 425; proconsul of Africa, 395; in Illyricum, 400; in Germany, 40

420, 421, 425, 487; his oratory, 375; as a patron of literature, 460; proconsul of Asia, 375, 395, 405, 474; in Spain, 401; propa

mperator, adopted as a praenomen by Octavianus, 113; title assumed by proconsuls , 238, 308, 312; denied to a proconsul, 308; forbi

avianus, 113; title assumed by proconsuls, 238, 308, 312; denied to a proconsul , 308; forbidden to proconsuls, 404. Imperialism

y proconsuls, 238, 308, 312; denied to a proconsul, 308; forbidden to proconsuls , 404. Imperialism, Roman, 441, 456. Imperium

h Sex. Pompeius, 269; with Antonius, 266, 269; deserts Antonius, 296; proconsul of Macedonia, 303, 308, 327, 349; claim to spolia

s, L. (cos. 39 B.C.), Caesarian and Antonian partisan, 221, 266, 327; proconsul of Macedonia, 222; his triumph, 244; acquires Cic

pus, L. (cos. suff. 38 B.C.), as a Caesarian, 64; his consulate, 229; proconsul of Spain, 239; repairs temple of Hercules, 241; l

s with, 265 f.; and Octavianus, 301. Mediolanium, 150, 503; L. Piso proconsul at, 329, 398; the Liberators honoured there, 465,

193; in the Perusine War, 210 ff., 215; flees to Antonius, 215 f.; as proconsul of Asia, 223; of Syria, 232; as an Antonian, 264,

Nonius Asprenas, L. (cos. suff. A.D. 6), 424; legate of Varus, 435; proconsul of Africa, 438; important family connexions, 434,

235, 325, 327; in the campaign of Philippi, 202, 204; in Spain, 239; proconsul of Asia, 303; his descendants, 499. Norbanus Fl

ble novus homo, 93, 362; relations with Sallustius Crispus, 384, 501; proconsul of Africa, 401. Patavinitas, nature of, 485 f.

s, conspirator, 478. Plautius Silvanus, M. (cos. 2 B.C.), 385, 422; proconsul of Asia, 399, 435; legate of Galatia, 399, 435;

ectus praetorio. Priesthoods, as patronage, 238, 381 f. Primus, M., proconsul of Macedonia, 330; trial of, 333, 341. Princeps

rison with Augustus, 311, 404, 521 f. Privato consilio, 160, 163. Proconsuls , danger from, 310, 328; appointment of, under the

496. Quinctilius Varus, P. (cos. 13 B.C.), 377, 421, 424, 425, 434; proconsul of Africa and legate of Syria, 401; in Germany, 4

34 B.C.), admiral of Antonius, 231, 269; deserts to Octavianus, 282; proconsul of Africa, 328, 339; his family and relatives, 26

s Vatia Isauricus, P. (cos. 48 B.C.), Caesarian partisan, 64, 69, 94; proconsul of Asia, 109, 136; attacks Antonius, 123; his pol

, P. (cos. 20 B.C.), 330, 372, 425; legate in Hispania Citerior, 333; proconsul of Illyricum, 329, 390, 429; as a friend of Augus

74. Spolia opima, 308. Staius Murcus, L., Caesarian partisan, 91; proconsul of Syria, 111; joins the Liberators, 171; as an a

ca, 233; priesthoods, 238; in Illyricum, 240; at Actium, 297; perhaps proconsul of Macedonia, 302; in Spain, 302; at Rome, 372; p

homo, 362, 373, 376, 397, 403, 425, 452, 498; at Actium, 297; perhaps proconsul of Illyricum, 330; in Macedonia, 391; origin, 363

idus, 76, 262. Thessaly, Caesarians in, 76, 262. Thorius Flaccus, proconsul of Bithynia, 303. Thrace, as a client kingdom,

, C. (cos. suff. 45 B.C.), legate of Caesar, 94; son of a knight, 95; proconsul of Asia, 102 f., 164; his fate, 172, 197; no desc

itings, 377. Valerius Messalla Volesus, L. (cos. A.D. 5), murderous proconsul , 477, 511. Valerius Naso, senator from Verona, 36

47 B.C.), as tribune, 66; attacked by poets, 63, 252; as consul, 94; proconsul of Illyricum, 110, 164, 171; his triumph, 197; hi

9 B.C.), novus homo, his origin, 194, 362; in Gaul, 329, 339; perhaps proconsul of Macedonia, 330; his consulate, 372; a personal