oblement, were of non-Latin stock, as the name so patently indicates, probably deriving their origin from Picenum, a region wher

ian military man M. Petreius, old in service (Sallust, BC 59, 6), was probably the son of a centurion from the Volscian country

Pro Sestio 136 ff. 3 Cf. especially Ad Jam. 1, 9, 8 f. Pompeius had probably lent perfidious encouragement to Cicero. Cicero,

103 ff. 5 The speeches Pro Balbo and De prov. cons.: the latter is probably not the παλινῳδία to which he refers in Ad Att. 4

nfidebat. ’ 6 The expectation that Labienus would desert Caesar was probably an important factor. PageBook=>043 M. Anto

s. 72) was a plebeian by birth (Cicero, De imp. Cn. Pompei 58), hence probably a Claudius Marcellus. Likewise the father of Marc

was Marcellinus (ib. and the inscr. from Cyrene, SIG3 750). Both had probably served under Pompeius in Spain (Marcellinus is at

rtainly took place in 54 B.C. (Ad fam. 3, 4, 2), that of Cn. Pompeius probably about the same time (ib.). The younger son, Sextu

his defence: with how much sincerity, another question. Pompeius was probably desirous of conciliating the financial interests

d upon the wavering and despondent loyalties of Cicero. 1 C. Oppius probably belonged to a substantial family of Roman bankers

&c. 2 Pro Balbo, passim. His new gentile name, ‘Cornelius’, he probably derived from L. Cornelius Lentulus Crus, above, p

13, 45, 1). He had business interests in Africa (Ad fam. 12, 29) and probably large estates there the later saltus Lamianus?

1, 2); and Inregillensis’, or rather’Regillanus’ (cf. P-W III, 2663), probably indicates the village of origin of the Claudii.

. 5 For a Claudius who ‘Italiam per clientelas occupare temptavit’ ( probably the despotic censor), cf. Suetonius, Tib. 2, 2. F

e Fulvii came from Tusculum, the Plautii from Tibur. 1 The Marcii are probably a regal and priestly house from the south of Lati

ius Cato from Tusculum. 5 C. Laelius, the friend of Scipio Africanus, probably came from a non-Roman family of municipal aristoc

and Cn. Plancius, bankers’ sons both. Caelius came from Tusculum and probably needed little help. 5 Plancius, from Cicero’s own

o L. Munatius Plancus, of a reputable family from Tibur; 2 and Caesar probably intended that M. Brutus and C. Cassius should be

from loyalty and Lepidus from NotesPage=>095 1 A. Hirtius was probably the son of a municipal magistrate from Ferentinum

pril the Senate allotted consular provinces for the following year2 probably in accordance with the intentions of Caesar. Dola

ators. Brutus and Cassius published an edict conceived in fair terms, probably with honest intent, not merely to deceive; about

3 Further, Cassius might appeal to the large armies in Syria. It was probably at this point that Dolabella, without awaiting th

st 43 B.C. Pinarius, otherwise unknown, was a general at Philippi and probably the same person as the Antonian Pinarius Scarpus,

willing to commit themselves too soon, he kept out of the way. Yet he probably lent a tribune: Ti. Cannutius belonged to the fol

that worthy and innocuous pair, Hirtius and Pansa. The true cause was probably an urgent dispatch from the governor of Cisalpine

ends and relatives of Brutus and Cassius at Rome, whatever they knew, probably kept a discreet silence. Macedonia was nearer tha

their consular provinces, that is, until the end of the year 39 B.C., probably the date originally named in the plebiscite of Ju

of February:1 from Brutus, an official dispatch to the Senate, which probably arrived in the second week of the month. 2 Afte

with Brutus, cf. Münzer, RA, 342 ff. 4 M. Appuleius (Phil. 10, 24), probably quaestor of Asia, C. Antistius Vetus of Syria(Ad

captured him and executed him after a summary trial:2 the charge was probably high treason, justified by assistance which Trebo

tened Octavianus with this alternative. 4 Appian, BC 3, 75, 305 ff. probably fictitious, cf. E. Schwartz, Hermes xxxiii(1898),

inces which they had refused to take over (P-W x, 1000). This date is probably too late, for it does not allow a sufficient marg

al adversaries and dissentient neutrals; and the total of victims was probably never as high as was believed with horror at the

be excluded, the surviving consulars now numbered twelve at the most, probably less. P. Vatinius celebrates a triumph in 42 B.C.

biles there also perished Sex. Quinctilius Varus (Velleius, ib.), and probably young P. Lentulus Spinther; and some of the assas

ear. 5 One of the suffect consuls was L. Marcius Philippus, who had probably followed the discreet and ambiguous policy recomm

ianus, were among the Dictator’s new senators. The younger Balbus was probably in Spain at the same time as Peducaeus; 6 and the

38 and in 32: the former eludes certain identification, the latter is probably L. Cornelius Cinna. Of Balbus himself, nothing is

d Carisius (Appian, BC 5, 111, 463). Titinius is unknown. Carisius is probably P. Carisius, of later notoriety as legate of Augu

6 The earlier activities of both Lepidus and Ap. Pulcher are obscure probably tortuous. 7 The principal members of the Caesar

epulonum and curio maximus (ILS 925), in which latter function he was probably succeeded by Taurus, who was also augur (ILS 893a

The marriage was contracted with the active approval of M. Antonius, probably in 37 B.C. (Nepos, Vita Attici 12, 2). PageBook

or M. Furius Bibaculus, who wrote epigrams, elegies and an epic, were probably now alive. The origin of these poets was diverse.

ical record to emerge after nine years in splendour and power. He had probably gone eastwards with Antonius soon after the Pact

udius Nero, the step-son of Octavianus (19, 4). 2 Ib. 21, 4. Balbus probably died not long after this. PageBook=>258 br

in the matter of the conference at Tarentum, the role of Octavia has probably been embellished. Compare the judicious remarks o

B.C., Dio 51, 5, 6; BMC, R. Rep. 11, 583 ff. To the above list should probably be added, as proconsuls of Asia, M. Cocceius Nerv

S 891 (Miletus), which describes him as ‘cos. des. ’ and ‘proconsul’ ( probably of Asia). The origin of Titius is unknown possibl

he northern frontier clamoured to be regulated, as Caesar himself had probably seen, by fresh conquests in the Balkans and in Il

a and her eldest son Ptolemy Caesar (alleged son of the Dictator, but probably not, cf. J. Carcopino, Ann. de l’École des Hautes

nnexation of that region (OGIS 532 = ILS 8781), an oath of allegiance probably to Caligula (CIL XI, 5998a: Sestinum, in Umbria)

Caesar’s invasion of Italy was imminent, bankers and men of property probably received some kind of assurance. PageBook=>2

n May 30th, 28 B.C., Calvisius on May 26th, Autronius on August 16th, probably of the same year: Autronius may not have been the

he western end of the Via Egnatia. That might appear an error: it was probably a ruse. Antonius proposed to leave the approach f

rved to walk in a Roman triumph. The boy is not heard of again—he was probably suppressed. The girl was enlisted as an instrumen

(2, 7 ff.), with its remarkable Caesarian or Augustan anticipations, probably derives from a source written soon after Actium,

yond the forms and names of an outworn constitution. The reference is probably wider, not merely to the oath of allegiance but t

and Strabo are inadequate here. The public provinces in 27 B.C. were probably Africa, Illyricum, Macedonia with Achaia, Asia, B

recorded in this period. 3 Certain novi homines, subsequent consuls, probably earned ennoblement by service as legates or as pr

amia in 24–22 B.C. (in Dio 53, 29, 1 the name Λoύκιoς Aἰμίλιoς should probably be corrected, cf. Cassiodorus, Chron. min. 2, 135

ibly prophetic, in an Ode addressed to Licinius (2, 10, 9 ff.) who is probably Murena. 3 Dio 53, 24, 2. 4 Ib. 54, 3, 5: Hora

years. The exact nature and competence of the grant is uncertain: it probably covered the dominions of the Princeps, east and w

party were soon made known. The result was a defeat for Augustus and probably for Maecenas as well. Between the Princeps’ two s

towns of Italy had local enemies. A number of victims of the purge probably belonged to the deplorable class of senators unab

>355 1 Caesar, BG 3, 5, 2 &c.; BC 3, 60, 4. L. Decidius Saxa probably belongs to this type. Note also P. Considius (BG

m ordini. ’ 3 The moneyer P. Betilienus Bassus (BMC, R. Emp. I, 49) probably comes of a municipal family from Aletrium, cf. IL

a name of this type is Sex. Vitulasius Nepos, cos. suff. A.D. 78, who probably comes from the land of the vestini (ILS 9368, cf.

icipium of Lanuvium. 1 L. Tarius Rufus, ‘infima natalium humilitate’, probably came from Picenum. 2 The origin of M. Lollius and

of some note, who adopted one of the three sons of Seneca the Elder, probably came from Spain (P-W x, 1035 f.). (Q.) Pompeius M

crystallized into the law of the constitution. Sulla the Dictator had probably fixed thirty as the age at which the quaestorship

orded show that the low age limit was in force before 23 B.C.: it was probably established in 29-28 B.C. PageBook=>370 Th

nd consul suffect, died in office. 4 Namely Syria, Gaul, Illyricum ( probably taken over by the Princeps at this point) and Spa

(probably taken over by the Princeps at this point) and Spain, which probably still had two armies, cf. below, p. 394 f. Page

magnae opes innocenter partae et modeste habitae. ’ This Lentulus was probably the consul of 14 B.C., cf. E. Groag in PIR2, C 13

909). Of the families of the old plebeian nobility thus honoured were probably the Calpurnii, Claudii Marcelli, Domitii, Junii S

ed the armies of Gaul and Illyricum; and a new legion, XXI Rapax, was probably enrolled about this time. 2 For this conception

or even of Quirinius. Dio’s sources for this period were in any case probably not abundant; and two pages of the manuscript of

llus Fabius Maximus (cos. 11 B.C.), was proconsul of Asia (OGIS 458), probably in 9 B.C. (for the arguments, P-W VI, 1782); C. A

f. n. 8. 2 Josephus, AJ 16, 344, &c. The date of his command is probably 9–6 B.C. (P-W I A, 1519 ff.). There might be room

one. Which is not unlikely. As for Varus, his proconsulate of Africa probably belongs To 7–6 B.C., and his governorship of Syri

n the Caesarian party and certain members of the reigning family were probably present at most deliberations. Whether the rule o

(CIL I2, p. 214 f.) was Calvinus: the fragment Eph. Ep. VIII, p. 317, probably of 21 B.C., mentions a Cn. Dom[itius], who can ha

he story, as well as explaining Dio’s date. Yet Cinna’s consulate was probably due, not so much to Augustus, as to the Republica

ngly complicated. He was married at least twice (one of his wives was probably a Calpurnia, CIL VI, 29782); Messallinus (cos. 3

A, 2204). 2 The last consul was in 16 B.C. The consul of A.D. 2 is probably a Lentulus. 3 Namely two consuls in 18 B.C., on

of fortune. 3 But the principal supporters of the Claudian party were probably the remnant of the Pompeians. In evil days Roma

us was the son-in-law of a Tiberius (Cicero, Ad Att. 5, 21, 6), i.e., probably of Tiberius’ father or grandfather. This Q. Volus

novi homines, L. Tarius Rufus, though a personal friend of Augustus, probably commanded as little authority as he deserved; Lol

Leges Juliae: the punishment went beyond that, and the procedure was probably a trial for high treason. 6 Circumstantial report

n. Gracchus bears most of the official blame:2 the true principal was probably Iullus Antonius. The son of the Triumvir might we

had governed Syria the veteran Titius, not heard of since Actium, but probably appointed legate of Syria when Agrippa left the E

3, 48: ‘Tiberium quoque Rhodi agentem coluerat. ’ Shortly after this, probably in A.D. 3, he got Aemilia Lepida for his wife. Gr

well in the East in a private station. However it be (and scandal has probably embellished the topic in the interests of Tiberiu

verns Asia and then Galatia (A.D. 4-6); 7 Cn. Piso’s command in Spain probably belongs to this period; 8 and two Cornelii Lentul

us Postumus (cos. suff. A.D. 5), L. Apronius (cos. suff. A.D. 8), and probably L. Aelius Lamia, ‘vir antiquissimi moris’ (cos. A

PageBook=>468 Despite earlier vaunts of erotic prowess, he is probably to be believed. The Corinna of the Amores cannot

the part of Ovid; the mysterious mistake to which the poet refers was probably trivial enough. 2 But Augustus was vindictive. He

s, Divus Aug. 51, 1; Plautius Rufus (ib. 19, 1, cf. Dio 55, 27, 2) is probably a man of Auximum, CIL IX, 5834 (= ILS 926); 6384.

it is true., did not always come before the courts; but politics are probably at the bottom of a number of recorded causes célè

stemma, PIR1, V 666. 7 Ti. Plautius Silvanus Aelianus (ILS 986) is probably an Aelius Lamia by birth, of which house after th

people was abrogated. W. Otto s definition (Ib. LI (1916), 73 ff.) is probably too wide. 2 Horace, Odes 2, 10, 5. 3 Martial

Ti. Claudius Dinippus (ib., 1917/8, ι f.: Corinth). This Balbillus is probably the man who was Prefect of Egypt in A.D. 55 (cf.