pulence and villas, P-W VIII, 2475. Fish-ponds, Varro, RR 3, 17, 5; a private zoological garden, ib. 3, 13, 2; ten thousand bar

ions of his enemies, turned for consolation to the arts and graces of private leisure: he transmitted to posterity, not the mem

views, cf. Münzer in P-W 11 A, 1775 ff. PageBook=>035 Cato had private grounds as well as public for hating Caesar, the

obarbus was robbed of his consulate, and Cicero was compelled to give private guarantees of good behaviour, public demonstratio

ted to the censorship, an office which was a patent rebuke to his own private conduct, worked for his party by ejection of unde

debate in the Senate, public attempts at mediation and negotiation in private . On January 1st a proposal of Caesar was rejected

nor of Syria. If he gave way now, it was the end. Returning to Rome a private citizen, Caesar would at once be prosecuted by hi

ion of high principle, family tradition and the primacy of civic over private virtue, all these were in the game. Yet in the fo

Spanish connexion of his old associate Crassus, who had once raised a private army in the Peninsula. 6 Africa had given the n

le region of Italy3 he might be able, like the Roman noble, to levy a private army from tenants and dependents. 4 Many cities

of the Samnite community of Aeclanum, stood loyal to Rome, raising a private army conspicuous on Sulla’s side at the capture o

Auximum, enemies of the Pompeii. 4 When the young Pompeius raised his private army, he had to expel the Ventidii from that city

Liberators sought to inveigle their supporters into contributing to a private fund: with small success the men from the municip

ct ties with all parties. Atticus was quite willing to offer Brutus private subsidies; and he later made a grant to Servilia.

est, the only support in the provinces was distant and negligible the private adventurers Sex. Pompeius and Q. Caecilius Bassus

flagrant cowardice are trivial, ridiculous or conventional. That the private life of the Caesarian soldier was careless, disor

ible rectitude may prove a menace to the Commonwealth. 1 Though the private conduct of a statesman cannot entirely be divorce

t of the Roman legions. From his possession of the State papers and private fortune of the Dictator, duly surrendered by Calp

ntion. 4 Which member of Caesar’s family inherited the remnant of his private fortune mattered little for the power rested with

ith the party of Brutus and Cassius. His professions, both public and private , had hitherto been couched in a vein of conciliat

. 1 To their edict he now made reply with a public proclamation and a private letter, in a tone of some anger and impatience. 2

st. The young Pompeius had grasped at once the technique of raising a private army, securing official recognition and betrayi

as known. But late in October disquieting news came to Rome through private sources. It was reported that the legions at Alex

ur, where not only the troops but a great part of the Senate and many private persons swore an oath of allegiance,2 the consul

ior for the moment, in the direction of Arretium. The veterans in the private army of Octavianus would not stand against Antoni

uge in invective. 1 His edicts exposed and denounced the levying of a private army as treason and brigandage, not merely Catili

ies, attempted to seize power in the city. So far, the raising of a private army and the first revolutionary venture has been

e of these resources is by no means clear; neither is the fate of the private fortune of Caesar the Dictator and the various st

on of public funds was not enough. Octavianus also won the support of private investors, among them some of the wealthiest bank

oes and financiers, incongruously allied. The help of the bankers was private and personal, not the considered policy of a whol

r admiration for their loyalty, their patriotism, their capacity. His private letters tell another story: he derided them as to

1798 ff. 3 Suetonius, De rhet. 4. PageBook=>137 levying of a private army against a consul of the Roman People. Serv

tor knew his business. A necessary veil was cast over the earlier and private preliminaries in the anomalous alliance between o

went sponsor for the good conduct and loyalty of the adventurer,3 in private letters he vaunted the excellence of his own plan

Cisalpina, contumacious against a consul. As they were both acting on private initiative for the salvation of the State, they c

use’, may cover the intrusion of special and irrelevant pleading. The private virtues of Cicero, his rank in the literature of

the possession of its rights again: that is to say, behind the scenes private ambition, family politics and high finance were a

ue for political advancement through prosecution, a battle-ground for private enmities and political feuds, a theatre for orato

peal to liberty. It was on this plea that the young Pompeius raised a private army and rescued Rome and Italy from the tyranny

d; and devotion to the public good was supported by the profession of private virtues, if such they should NotesPage=>156

as Cos. ’ (BMC, R. Rep. 11, 400 ff.). PageBook=>158 patriotism private enmities should be composed, private loyalties su

PageBook=>158 patriotism private enmities should be composed, private loyalties surrendered, for the public good. Cicer

e with a public enemy. Lepidus duly uttered the exemplary prayer that private feuds should be abandoned. 4 Plancus had assured

claimed that the Senate could at once legalize treason, condoning the private act through publica auctoritas; 3 the bribery of

laying the foundations of constitutional government’. 6 Again, when private individuals seize provinces and armies, the highe

unreliable, unpatriotic or unrepresentative? There was a remedy. The private enterprise of citizens, banded together for the g

emn and patriotic panegyric upon treason. 1 He demonstrated that if a private army was raised against Antonius, if his troops w

46. PageBook=>168 be invoked to confer senatorial rank upon a private citizen. It had not been done even for Pompeius.

lf, even if it were not coupled with the official sanction given to a private adventurer against a proconsul of the Roman Peopl

e proposal in Cicero’s programme, the outlawing of Antonius, violated private as well as public law. As Piso pointed out, perha

nd Antonius. But he could not arrest the mobilization. Patriotism and private ambition, intimidation, fraud and bribery were al

he Roman People to say nothing of condoning the rank conferred upon a private adventurer. As for Brutus and Cassius, he appears

not they who had built up a novel and aggressive faction, mobilizing private armies and constitutional sanctions against a pro

1 The Caesarian leaders had defied public law: they now abolished the private rights of citizenship no disproportionate revenge

n zeal, men compassed, for profit or for revenge, the proscription of private enemies. Many a long-standing contest for wealth

nd, trusting to the fame of his father in the eastern lands, raised a private army of three legions in Asia, with which force h

aordinary. 5 Octavianus enriched his friends by granting war-booty or private subsidy in lavish measure; 6 and the contraction

rs 35 and 34 B.C. Antonius might fight the wars of the Republic or of private ambition far away in the East; Octavianus chose t

eloquence were plainly to be read. Oratory would degenerate into the private practice of rhetoric: in public, the official pan

ctions of the State, took refuge in the pursuits and relationships of private life. The revulsion from politics, marked enough

available, extolling abstention from politics and the cultivation of private virtue; and some brand or other of Pythagorean be

e men and acts of forty years before, civil strife and the levying of private armies, conscription of slaves and servile wars,

The Divinity of the Roman Emperor, 267 f. 4 OGIS 195 (Alexandria: a private inscription): ’Aντώνιὸν μέγαν | κἀμὶμητὸν. Cf. Pl

the rule of the Triumvirs. Now came a sudden revival, heralded by the private correspondence of the dynasts, frank, free and ac

; Plutarch, Antonius 55. PageBook=>277 family scandal, and the private vices of lust, cruelty and cowardice. 1 Above all

force for the soldiers had been paid. To public taxation was added private intimidation. Towns and wealthy individuals were

the War of Mutina. 3 In vain it did not exist. Private influence and private ties, casual corruption or local intimidation wer

rd. The oath of allegiance bound followers to a political leader in a private quarrel against his enemies, his inimici, not the

ta Antonii. PageBook=>292 severed his amicitia, their feud was private and personal. But if Antonius stood by his ally,

land to the Empire of the Roman People :4 he treated Egypt as his own private and dynastic possession and governed it through a

ent and illicit, from the day when the youth of twenty-three raised a private army, through special commands abroad and politic

atriotism could prevail over political principle, if such existed, or private dislike. Yet even so, only four years earlier, on

osed and published a memorandum which advocated that art treasures in private possession should be confiscated by the governmen

llion sesterces. 5 The army still preserved traces of its origin as a private army in the Revolution. Not until A.D. 6, when la

ion of devotion to the Princeps. Not only did he possess and retain a private body-guard of native Germans. 1 Roman citizens pr

ain Egnatius Rufus when aedile several years before had organized his private slaves and other suitable individuals into a comp

d been banished from electoral contests: which confirmed its power in private . With the fortune won from confiscation and the t

1 found successors in the New State; and the freedmen who managed the private finances and political machinations of the dynast

own hands, destined to clothe her husband, the Roman magistrate. Her private activities were deep and devious. She secured sen

ion of Caesar the Dictator, the consulars had failed lamentably, from private ambition and personal feuds, from incompetence an

n if he had not been forced, to substitute regular administration for private initiative or mere magistracies, like the offices

ugustus, there was scarcely ever a public building erected in Rome at private expense. Nor any more triumphs. At the most, a st

ugustus paid into the aerarium, which he also subsidized from his own private fortune. 7 Augustus had huge sums of money at his

other public proposals of those momentous sessions had been shaped in private before being sponsored by eminent senators if pos

hat historian believed, to consolidate the monarchy, was formed after private debate with those two party-magnates, the soldier

to speak of him as a designated Princeps. 1 To Gaius and Lucius in a private letter Augustus expressed his prayer that they sh

ligarchy whose claims must have been the subject of public rumour and private intrigue. As the family circle of Augustus at one

us; and Tiberius was debarred from public life. He dwelt in Rome as a private citizen. Even though the other Caesar, Lucius, wh

it is alleged that he asked for permission to dwell in the East in a private station. However it be (and scandal has probably

ed, crushing and inexorable. The Lex Julia converted adultery, from a private offence with mild remedies and incomplete redress

t the work of man’s hand, might meditate for a moment on the evils of private property and envy the virtuous felicity of the no

cf. Phil. 12, 10. PageBook=>465 If Livy, Horace and Virgil had private and material reasons for gratitude to Augustus, t

Amyntas was killed when attempting to extirpate the Homonadenses. The private vices and domestic scandals of Herod the Great di

sephus, AJ 16, 310. Eurycles owned the whole island of Cythera as his private property (Strabo, p. 363). PageBook=>477 I

y detected or surmised. As the most important decisions were taken in private and known to few, speculation about high politics

ted: his son, the last of the Antonii, lived on in the obscurity of a private station, relegated to the university of Massilia.

be found in this company, sons of the old Italian aristocracy, whose private virtues did not avail to compensate the cardinal

archy, or by any other name. That did not matter. Personal rights and private status need not depend upon the form of governmen

e adversaries of the Princeps in war and the victims of his public or private treacheries are not mentioned by name but are con

emained true to himself and to the career that began when he raised a private army and ‘liberated the State from the domination

ter Actium, 302 f.; in 27 B.C., 326 ff.; in A.D. 14, 437 f. Armies, private , 15, 28, 75, 82, 92, 125, 155, 160, 286, 524. A

nt features of, 9, 249 f.; results of, 440, 507, 510, 515; effects on private morality, 249; on political morality, 64, 157 f.;