tried to answer it precisely in their fashion (chapter xxxiii, Pax et Princeps ). The design has imposed a pessimistic and truc

about the oath of allegiance of 32 B.C. and about the position of the Princeps as a party-leader naturally owe much, but do not

VIRS XIX. ANTONIUS IN THE EAST XX. TOTA ITALIA XXI. DUX XXII. PRINCEPS XXIII. CRISIS IN PARTY AND STATE XXIV. THE PA

ds, the enemies and even the memory of his earlier days, Augustus the Princeps , who was born in the year of Cicero’s consulate,

, I; note, however, Tacitus, Ann. 6, 20. PageBook=>002 ‘Pax et Princeps . ’ It was the end of a century of anarchy, culmin

ctavianus the Triumvir, author of the proscriptions, and Augustus the Princeps , the beneficent magistrate, men have been at a lo

ght circumscribe the prerogative of the First Citizen. No matter: the Princeps stood pre-eminent, in virtue of prestige and auth

veal a certain unity in the character and policy of Triumvir, Dux and Princeps . 2 Whether the Princeps made atonement for the

e character and policy of Triumvir, Dux and Princeps. 2 Whether the Princeps made atonement for the crime and NotesPage=>

bilität der r. Republik (1912), 35 ff.; A. Gwosdz, Der Begriff des r. princeps (Diss. Breslau, 1933). 3 Gelzer’s definition (D

ter of Delmaticus and previously the wife of M. Aemilius Scaurus, the princeps senatus. Servilius’ mother was a sister of Balear

to the consulship from birth (Ad Att. 4, 8 b, 2), already in 70 B.C. princeps iuventutis (In Verrem II, I, 139), and, in 65, an

ntinents: Pompeiusque orbis domitor per tresque triumphos ante deum princeps . 3 Pompeius was Princeps beyond dispute but not

is domitor per tresque triumphos ante deum princeps. 3 Pompeius was Princeps beyond dispute but not at Rome. By armed force he

or: Augustus was careful sharply to discriminate between Dictator and Princeps . Under his rule Caesar the Dictator was either su

. Rabirio Postumo 3: ‘fuit enim pueris nobis huius pater, C. Curtius, princeps ordinis equestris, fortissimus et maximus publica

ancio?) 19 ff., contrasting Atina and Tusculum. Plancius’ parent was ‘ princeps iam diu publicanorum’ (ib. 24). 2 Ib. 19. 3 J

ter a fit of apoplexy caused by a quarrel with a Granius of Puteoli, ‘ princeps coloniae’ (Val. Max. 9, 3, 8). PageBook=>091

m. 9, 2, 5. 2 De officiis 1, 25 (Crassus’ definition of the money a princeps required); ib. 26 (on the ‘temeritas’ of Caesar).

year 32: that act was but the beginning of the work that Augustus the Princeps was later to consummate. It is evident that the m

ion-leaders based his rule on personal allegiance. Dux partium became princeps civitatis. 4 Nor is surmise entirely vain about

lly pertaining to the senator foremost in rank and authority, that of princeps senatus. Further, a comprehensive measure of legi

ty or their power. 1 The name was not always given in praise, for the princeps was all too often a political dynast, exerting il

lder of vague and tremendous powers did not make its way all at once. Princeps remained also and very truly Dux, as the poetical

sulates. NotesPage=>311 1 A. Gwosdz, Der Begriff des römischen princeps . Diss. Breslau, 1933; Wagenvoort, Philologus XCI

uch for Rome, the governing classes and Italy. But even in Italy, the Princeps by his use of ‘imperator’ as a part of his name r

tern lands, cf. now E. Kornemann, Klio XXXI (1938), 81 ff. Ch. XXII PRINCEPS PageBook=>313 IN his sixth and seventh con

air the body politic. 4 But Pompeius was sinister and ambitious. That princeps did not cure, but only aggravated, the ills of th

f the primacy of one man in the State were admitted, it was not for a princeps like Pompeius. For the rest, it might pertinent

of Augustus, for the Revolution had now been stabilized. Neither the Princeps nor any of his adherents desired change and distu

ave known the true name and essence of the auctoritas of Augustus the Princeps . Nor was Brutus a good imperialist. As he pronoun

ch was quite different from Dictatorship, Cicero would be honoured by Princeps and Senate for his eloquence, consulted for his a

doubt about any of these men, or at least no candidate hostile to the Princeps . Taurus stood second only to Agrippa as a soldier

or three legates, inferior in rank and power. Hence security for the Princeps , and eventually a multiplication of small provinc

nty years from his consulate. It was Sex. Appuleius, a kinsman of the Princeps . 1 Nor are the other consuls of the age of the Re

tor. After 28 B.C only two of these consulars serve as legates of the Princeps in his provincia; 2 and three only, so far as kno

who reached the consulate under the new order. The position of the Princeps and his restored Republic was by no means as secu

ed the nobiles, his enemies. Consulars with armies were rivals to the Princeps in power as well as in military glory. It would b

first the portion of the Senate seems to balance the provincia of the Princeps - it comprised three military provinces, Illyricu

inal conquest of the Balkan and Danubian lands. In time, however, the Princeps encroached in Illyricum and in Macedonia, the bas

work of conquest was to be prosecuted. 4 As for the provincia of the Princeps east and west, six names are attested as legates

ey were legates of Augustus instead of proconsuls, independent of the Princeps and equal to him in rank. Only two names are reco

settlement of 27 B.C. regulated without restricting the powers of the Princeps . The formula then devised would serve for the pre

to dismiss, cities to found, territories to organize. Above all, the Princeps must build up, for Rome, Italy and the Empire, a

ran organs, the Senate and People, were impotent or dumb, even if the Princeps were an infant, an idiot or an absentee. That w

dom of Thrace without authority. Primus alleged instructions from the Princeps . The First Citizen appeared in court. His denial

he character of the new Republic and the four cardinal virtues of the Princeps inscribed on the golden shield and advertised eve

hs, a prescription of the physician Antonius Musa. From that date the Princeps enjoyed a robust health that baffled his doctors

e hitherto of their employment. 3 It was not until this year that the Princeps thought of exerting tribunicia potestas to compen

refore vulnerable prerogatives of magistracy. His passage from Dux to Princeps in 28 and 27 B.C. embodied a clear definition and

e of the grant is uncertain: it probably covered the dominions of the Princeps , east and west, lacking, however, authority over

PageBook=>338 It was not for ostentation but for use that the Princeps took a partner and strengthened his powers when h

iency of his mandate and even of the sincerity of his intentions, the Princeps restored certain provinces to proconsuls: they we

6 Res Gestae 5; Dio 54, 1, 1 ff. PageBook=>340 The life of the Princeps was frail and precarious, but the Principate was

orth having, and she never betrayed a secret. Livia had not given the Princeps a child. She had two sons by her first husband, T

ear. PageBook=>341 Even had they not been the step-sons of the Princeps , Tiberius and Drusus were pledged to a brilliant

e and knew no policy but his. She had a son, C. Marcellus. On him the Princeps set his hopes of a line of succession that should

ht well seem the destined heir, soon to succeed a frail and shattered Princeps . Rumour and intrigue began to surround the youth.

such powerful advocacy, Maecenas, like another personal friend of the Princeps , Vedius Pollio, could not stand as a model and an

, it may well be, by a powerful and domestic ally, triumphed over the Princeps and his nephew. Agrippa received for himself a sh

eader in the matter of Marcellus. Ultimately Marcellus might become Princeps , when age and merit qualified. For the moment, it

f residence in the provinces, at Tarraco, Lugdunum and Samos. But the Princeps after all stood at the head of the Roman State an

would be necessary, behind the façade of the constitution, behind the Princeps and his family, to build up a syndicate of govern

tain useless or unsound members, lacking claims of pietas towards the Princeps , service to the Caesarian cause and protection in

pride of place among the grand old men of the New State, honoured by Princeps and Senate, acclaimed in public and hated in secr

rases, the full irony in the ostensible contrast between Dictator and Princeps . The Caesarian party was installed in power: it r

. One body of troops stood in an especial relation of devotion to the Princeps . Not only did he possess and retain a private bod

rified Senate of Augustus. 8 Above all, freedmen were employed by the Princeps as his personal agents and secretaries, especiall

o tax-farmers. Banished from politics, the knights acquire from the Princeps both usefulness and dignity. An equestrian career

oculeius (a half- brother of Varro Murena), an intimate friend of the Princeps in earlier days. Augustus, they said, once thou

w indeed, when judged by the standards of Roman financiers; 1 and the Princeps himself, by a pure usurpation which originated in

es the last, with no prospect of the consulate but safe votes for the Princeps in his restored and sovran assembly of all Italy.

Senate or not, all alike now looking to Rome as their capital, to the Princeps as their patron and defender. The towns of Ital

e allies of the Roman People, were in fact the devoted clients of the Princeps and behaved as such. 2 NotesPage=>365 1 Di

that schematic contrast between Caesar the Dictator and Augustus the Princeps which may satisfy the needs of the moralist, the

ogramme as well as to a person. Furthermore, whatever the fate of the Princeps , the coalition would endure. NotesPage=>368

least for the consulate, would do well to seek the approbation of the Princeps . He did not nominate candidates that would have b

rders. Emerging with renewed strength from the crisis of 23 B.C., the Princeps demonstrated his security by specious surrenders

s’ intentions may have been laudable and sincere more likely that the Princeps wished to teach the nobiles a sharp lesson by con

certain accomplices on a charge of conspiring to take the life of the Princeps , he was imprisoned and executed. 4 NotesPage=&g

the Principate. Riots in Rome could not imperil peace so long as the Princeps controlled the armies. Nor indeed had there been

office. 4 Namely Syria, Gaul, Illyricum (probably taken over by the Princeps at this point) and Spain, which probably still ha

bound by amicitia, but in a true sense his intimates and friends the Princeps regaled himself on holidays by playing dice with

onia, was consigned in wedlock as suited the political designs of the Princeps , to Marcellus, to Agrippa and to Tiberius in turn

the closest in blood, but by no means the only near relatives of the Princeps . C. Octavius his father and his mother Atia were

families were lured by matrimony into the family and following of the Princeps . Of his allies among the young nobiles the most a

accomplished Paullus Fabius Maximus. By his own match with Livia, the Princeps long ago had won the Claudian connexion: through

ate, an imposing collection of principes viri stood massed around the Princeps bringing distinction and strength to the new régi

le IV at end. PageBook=>380 Power, distinction and wealth, the Princeps had seized all the prerogatives of the nobility.

he census of no fewer than eighty men. 1 Upon his own adherents the Princeps bestowed nobility through the consulate, social d

or the disposal of a province could be resigned by the Senate to the Princeps . 1 If appointed by lot at all, certain of the mil

lmost into titles; and there are grades among his friends. 2 When the Princeps , offended, declares in due solemnity that he revo

licated: more ornate and visibly monarchic the garb and attire of the Princeps of the Roman State. 3 In portraiture and statuary

good reasons for that. Rome and Italy could be firmly held for the Princeps in his absence by party- dynasts without title or

But the mere maintenance of order did not fulfil the ambition of the Princeps or justify his mandate. There was hard work to be

ne in the provinces and on the frontiers, calling for a perambulatory Princeps or for consorts in his powers. In 27 B.C. Augustu

Antonius; and an expeditionary force commanded by the stepson of the Princeps imposed without fighting a Roman nominee on the t

have foreseen. Before the year was out, Marcellus, the nephew of the Princeps and husband of Julia, died. The widow was consign

st faded from historical record: the two Claudii, the stepsons of the Princeps , had their martial exploits commemorated by a con

m fecit. ’ He is not described as ‘proconsul’. This may mean that the Princeps had temporarily taken over the province or refrai

8 ff. PageBook=>392 When Agrippa, deputy and son-in-law of the Princeps , died six years before, Augustus appeared to stan

t the Claudii, however, the situation might well appear desperate for Princeps and for Empire. Who would there be now to prosecu

he background for political or dynastic reasons, for the glory of the Princeps and his stepsons. Of the great plebeian marshals

system of government had by now been built up. As has been shown, the Princeps hesitated to entrust armies to the viri triumphal

to the Roman spirit and to the personal and opportunistic rule of the Princeps ; and special commands could be created at will, t

934), 122 ff. PageBook=>394 The partition of provinces between Princeps and Senate in 27 B.C. was likewise neither final

ter Balbus triumphed, the governors, being legally independent of the Princeps , conducted wars under their own auspices. But the

cy. All new conquests or annexations had fallen to the share of the Princeps : he also took over Sardinia, and kept it. 4 Not

provinces; in A.D. 14 for ten. In the appointment of governors, the Princeps encouraged youth as well as rewarded experience.

interval, perhaps of barely two years. 3 As for his own province, the Princeps was not restricted in any way his especial favour

argued, adducing ILS 102. Perhaps in the period 16–13 B.C., when the Princeps himself visited Spain. Two armies still remained

agmentary and capricious. Design has conspired with accident, for the Princeps intended that the military achievements of his ru

ommands in Illyricum and on the Rhine, a more searching trial for the Princeps and his party when Drusus was dead and Tiberius i

est, no fewer than five were related in some way to the family of the Princeps . The significance of this fact for the secret pol

who proved discordant with each other and perhaps recalcitrant to the Princeps . They may have suspected, and with reason, that h

tus urbi. In the nature of the matter, it is difficult to see how the Princeps could be represented by a deputy, and the behavio

e no longer in the clientela of individual politicians. 4 At Rome the Princeps seized control of all games and largesse. The des

the plebs of Rome and troops of clients, arousing the distrust of the Princeps ; 5 not always without cause. But careful supervis

too would be denied. Military glory was jealously engrossed by the Princeps and his family. The soldiers were his own clients

integra et magnis domibus adnexa’, contrasted with the clients of the Princeps , the ‘plebs sordida et circo ac theatris sueta’ (

tive games was Paullus Fabius Maximus. 4 On all sides the monarchic Princeps robbed the other principes of power and honour. I

nator, the Senate as a body preserves dignitas but loses power as the Princeps encroaches everywhere, grasping more and more. He

ra set a high premium on secret counsel and secret diplomacy; and the Princeps retained unimpaired his native distrust of orator

ughout his reign, being especially useful in the last years, when the Princeps seldom cared to enter the Curia; in A.D. 13 its c

umbrous and unsatisfactory body to deal with, and the position of the Princeps was delicate and perilous, being held to repose u

ve powers. It was therefore advisable for the government that is, the Princeps and the party- dynasts to sound the feelings of t

t of authority. As it was there, it might suitably be employed by the Princeps as a group of counsellors and assessors for judic

and their composition must be deduced from the relations between the Princeps and the State and from their effects as revealed

t be imagined that there was any permanent body of counsellors to the Princeps or any constitutional organ. There was no cabinet

Pollio, the son of an opulent freedman and an intimate friend of the Princeps . The loyal Vedius constructed, to honour Augustus

s true, have no known history among the equestrian councillors of the Princeps , but any Prefect of Egypt could furnish informati

a great capital. 1 The knight Seius Strabo, a personal friend of the Princeps , won prominence in the late years of Augustus. Se

skilled advice and summary decision. A standing committee enabled the Princeps to keep in touch with the Senate but who decided

n foreign policy mattered little in comparison with the fact that the Princeps , in virtue of his imperium controlled the greater

l provinces indirectly. The statute of 23 B.C. may not have given the Princeps the power of making war and peace. 2 That was not

nd Friends of the Roman People’: in fact they were the clients of the Princeps , and they knew it. Their kingdoms were his gift,

wn council at which were present Gaius Caesar, the adopted son of the Princeps , and a number of distinguished personages, among

al, the choice did not arise. What was decided by the advisers of the Princeps was merely the definition of official powers, the

the preponderating influence of Livia Drusilla in the counsels of the Princeps , though sometimes exaggerated and always malevole

lius Cinna, a grandson of Pompeius Magnus, was conspiring against the Princeps . Augustus sought the advice of Livia and received

gt;416 Agrippa and Livia had thwarted the dynastic ambitions of the Princeps in the matter of his nephew Marcellus. Their triu

born, named Gaius. When a second son, Lucius, followed in 17 B.C. the Princeps adopted the two boys as his own. In all, this fru

husband of Julia, protector of the young princes and minister of the Princeps in war and government. The marriage was unwelcome

t (no doubt with a special imperium). While Tiberius governed for the Princeps abroad, maintained the stability and augmented th

spite and disappointment made the first man in the Empire next to the Princeps refuse his services to the Roman People. The pu

he supreme magistracy: the corporation of Roman knights hailed him as Princeps Iuventutis. 4 NotesPage=>417 1 Tacitus, An

s as a prince and ruler; and men came to speak of him as a designated Princeps . 1 To Gaius and Lucius in a private letter August

d from that relationship. Yet even had Livia not been the wife of the Princeps , her son under the revived aristocracy of the New

t is enhanced; secret policy and secret strife in the counsels of the Princeps determine the government of Rome, the future succ

le world. NotesPage=>418 1 Ovid, Ars am. I, 194: ‘nunc iuvenum princeps , deinde future senum. ’ The colony of Pisa, mourn

e world felt the shock of Tiberius’ departure. 1 Not at all: both the Princeps and his party were strong enough to stand the str

f Illyricum in 8 B.C., was the son of Octavia, the half-sister of the Princeps . Iullus Antonius (cos. 10 B.C.), a man of taste a

us, a cultivated and diplomatic person, was an intimate friend of the Princeps , whose glorification he had assiduously propagate

ted the line, evading entanglement in the matrimonial policies of the Princeps . 3 In Ahenobarbus, the husband of Antonia, the

ne scandal burst into publicity and ruined Julia, the daughter of the Princeps . Yet it was not of Livia’s doing, and it brought

ic and nocturnal debauch the Forum and the very Rostra from which the Princeps her father had promulgated the laws that were to

ce elsewhere levelled against this powerful and unpopular ally of the Princeps may perhaps be held confirmed rather than refuted

avii, Germanicus his brother’s son, grandson of Octavia. Further, the Princeps adopted Agrippa Postumus, the last surviving son

bsent, might turn into a political catastrophe. Against that risk the Princeps and the chief men of the government must have mad

, Julia and Agrippa Postumus, the only surviving grandchildren of the Princeps and they did not survive for long. In A.D. 8 a ne

long. In A.D. 8 a new scandal swept and cleansed the household of the Princeps , to the grief of Augustus, the scorn or delight o

co-regent, in virtue of a law conferring on him powers equal with the Princeps in the control of provinces and armies. 2 After c

eply were quick to transfer their adherence openly to the prospective Princeps ; and neutrals reaped the fruits of prudent absten

d in that office by L. Aelius Lamia. 2 On August 19th, A.D. 14, the Princeps died at Nola in Campania. Tiberius, who had set o

rived in time to receive the last mandates from the lips of the dying Princeps so ran the official and inevitable version, inevi

hesitant and over-scrupulous. The inevitable role of a freely chosen Princeps and the well-staged deception imposed by Augustus

Crispus, a secretary of state, in virtue of the provision of the dead Princeps for this emergency, a deed coolly decided eightee

hem remained in the Commonwealth, it was to be monopolized by the one Princeps , along with dementia. The governing class was lef

e in politics and more exposed to temptation than the stepsons of the Princeps the children of war and revolution, enamoured of

y. The education of the young also came in for the attention of the Princeps . For the formation of character equal to the duti

o controlled them, were sufficiently aware of the qualities which the Princeps expected. To the governing class the penalties

ny long disused, the Augurium Salutis, was revived. Now and later the Princeps replenished the existing priestly colleges, calli

Vedius Pollio; and in his own household the moral legislation of the Princeps was most signally baffled by the transgressions o

r offence was political rather than moral. Nor is it certain that the Princeps himself was above reproach, even with discount of

3 That there was a certain duplicity in the social programme of the Princeps is evident enough. More than that, the whole conc

d itself rewarded with power in the Senate and in the councils of the Princeps . The Roman aristocracy, avidly grasping the spoil

, 10, 3. PageBook=>454 That will not suffice to prove that the Princeps was merely a docile instrument in the hands of an

moral and social regeneration. The political structure created by the Princeps was solid yet flexible: it was not so easy to sha

and that wealth and station imposed duties to the community. Like the Princeps himself, the war profiteers became respectable. ‘

n became available, no less than the biographical memoir in which the Princeps recorded his arduous and triumphant career. Livy,

of the dearness of wine, there was always the excellent water, so the Princeps pointed out, from the aqueducts which his son-in-

y of the year and contributing small coins to a fund in honour of the Princeps : the proceeds went towards dedications in the tem

d to the lares compitales, with whom was associated the genius of the Princeps . 3 Each and every festival was an occasion for

estation bore the character of a plebiscite expressing loyalty to the Princeps and confidence in the government. There were le

evealing, perhaps, is the mailed figure from Prima Porta, showing the Princeps in his middle years, firm and martial but melanch

three or four years later. On its sculptured panels could be seen the Princeps , his family and his friends moving in solemn proc

inder, if such be needed, that Dux was disguised but not displaced by Princeps . Augustus was Divi filius. The avenging of Caes

l, the patrician Paullus Fabius Maximus, to adopt the birthday of the Princeps as the beginning of its calendar-year; for that d

and the provinces illustrate the different aspects of his rule he is Princeps to the Senate, Imperator to army and people, King

oicing complaints about their rulers or making representations to the Princeps . How far they deemed it safe or expedient to exer

de to it ’pacem sine dubio post haec, vero cruentam’1 The life of the Princeps was threatened by continual conspiracies though t

e Principate had to be. That was admitted. But was Augustus the ideal Princeps ? 3 PageNotes. 479 1 Tacitus, Ann. 1, 10. 2

ent in Tacitus, Ann. 1, 10 not against the Principate but against the Princeps . PageBook=>480 That might be doubted. The

n from the scandalous to the ridiculous, it will be observed that the Princeps was by no means as majestic and martial in appear

t and comely. 2 What lay behind the mask? The cardinal virtues of the Princeps , so studiously celebrated in public, must have be

led though begging for life. 5 It was a commonplace of antiquity that Princeps was more clement than Dux. Some dismissed it as ‘

obiles, were the domestic parsimony and petty superstitions which the Princeps had imported from his municipal origin. The per

impotence of their enemies. 4 The strength of Augustus’ position when Princeps enabled him to permit freedom of speech as well a

odyguard of senators should keep watch outside the bed-chamber of the Princeps by mentioning his own manifest unsuitability for

. Such was auctoritas. Maecenas and Sex. Appuleius (a relative of the Princeps ) happened to be defending a man prosecuted for ad

People, the function of which was now to ratify the decisions of the Princeps in legislation or to accept his candidates for of

an adulatory history which he had formerly composed in honour of the Princeps . 6 Labienus’ writings were officially condemned a

language the ‘inenarrabilis pietas’ and ‘caelestissima opera’ of the Princeps or the varied virtues of the unassuming and indis

abienus returned to public circulation; 2 and it was alleged that the Princeps proposed to banish the writings of Virgil and Liv

es. 489 1 Velleius 2, 36, 3; ‘inter quae maxime nostri aevi eminent princeps carminum Vergilius Rabiriusque. ’ 2 Suetonius,

Taurus flaunting in the city of Rome a bodyguard of Germans like the Princeps himself, Agrippa the solid and conspicuous monume

ersa’, the victims of secret political intrigues in the family of the Princeps won unhappy prominence. Their morals were impug

rincipate, not the closest in power, in prestige, or in family to the Princeps . Allies and enemies now became involved in the mo

aughter of L. Aemilius Paullus and of Julia, the granddaughter of the Princeps . The union was blessed with three sons and two da

, able, wealthy or insinuating, devoted to the government whoever the Princeps might be. The son of the consular Passienus, adop

bout the chief persons in the government of the New State, namely the Princeps himself and his allies, Agrippa, Maecenas and Liv

or rapacity to repair their shattered fortunes, and the hope that the Princeps would provide: Rome owed them a debt for their an

te and which Seneca knew as monarchy. 1 Concord and monarchy, Pax and Princeps , were inseparable in fact as in hope and prayer ’

3 But Dux was not enough. Augustus assumed the irreproachable garb of Princeps , beyond contest the greatest of the principes and

er patriae. Horace hints at it long before: hie ames dici pater atque princeps . 4 The notion of parent brings with it that of pr

ed that some such document was included in the state papers which the Princeps , near to death, handed over to the consul Piso in

ctive for what it omits than for what it says. The adversaries of the Princeps in war and the victims of his public or private t

twice, but much more as a date than as an agent. Other allies of the Princeps are omitted, save for Tiberius, whose conquest of

tion of the chapter that describes the constitutional position of the Princeps and most misleading. His powers are defined as le

public. In the employment of the tribunes’ powers and of imperium the Princeps acknowledges his ancestry, recalling the dynasts

ed to be read by the plebs of Rome, very precisely the clients of the Princeps (Klio XXII (1928), 261 ff.), has not always been

not always been sufficiently regarded. PageBook=>524 While the Princeps lived, he might, like other rulers, be openly wor

liberated the State from the domination of a faction’. Dux had become Princeps and had converted a party into a government. For

nd regenerated the Roman People. NotesPage=>524 1 As W. Weber, Princeps 1 (1936). 94. APPENDIX: THE CONSULS 80 B.C.–A

, 150 ff.; XLI (1919), 74 ff. Gwosdz, A. Der Begriff des römischen princeps . Diss. Breslau, 1933. Hammond, M. The Augustan

1, 364. Considius, P., experienced centurion, 355. Consilia, of the Princeps , 408 ff. Conspiracies, against Augustus, 298, 3

angements, 300 f.; need for a separate ruler, 347; in relation to the Princeps , 473 f.; to the Empire, 365; Agrippa’s activity,

anus, 240; a senatorial province, 314, 315, 329 f., 394; taken by the Princeps , 329, 394, 406; conquest in, 370 f.; rebellion of

in high office, 356 f., 409; personal friends and counsellors of the Princeps , 358, 409 ff. Labienus, Q., ‘Parthicus imperato

1 f. Primus, M., proconsul of Macedonia, 330; trial of, 333, 341. Princeps , meaning of term, 10, 311 f., 519 ff.; ‘salubris

, 519 ff.; ‘salubris princeps’, 316, 519; Optimus princeps’, 519. Princeps senatus, 307. Principate, of Augustus, 1 ff.; p

he Principate, 352 ff.; conditions of service, 389; as clients of the Princeps , 352 f., 404; virtues of peasant soldiers, 449; s