of Tiberius, stepson and son by adoption of Augustus, consort in his powers . Not until that day was the funeral of the Free S

onnected heiress therefore became an act of policy and an alliance of powers , more important than a magistracy, more binding t

ights received a share in the jury-courts, the tribunes recovered the powers of which Sulla had stripped them. They soon repai

mission for five years to purchase and control corn for the city. The powers were wide, but perhaps fell short of his designs.

, the choice of the Dictatorship was recommended by its comprehensive powers and freedom from the tribunician veto. Caesar kne

rty of the Roman People. He was not mistaken. Yet he required special powers : after a civil war the need was patent. The Dicta

. The Dictator’s task might well demand several years. In 46 B.C. his powers were prolonged to a tenure of ten years, an omino

eremony. ‘Caesarem se, non regem esse. ’3 Beyond doubt the Dictator’s powers were as considerable as those of a monarch. Caesa

quaestorship or tribunate or by direct adlection through the special powers of the Dictator. Hence a reinforcement and transf

ry through a Roman revolution in orderly form, in the first place the powers of the highest magistracy, the auctoritas of the

rship was to be abolished for ever. Thoughtful men reflected that its powers could easily be restored one day under another ap

ur to the charge of tyranny may be defended by the wide discretionary powers which the constitution vested in the consulate in

ersaries that in emergencies the Senate enjoyed special discretionary powers . The Senate had granted before now imperiutm and

tious master. Brutus for his part will continue the fight against all powers that set themselves above the law. ’6 On receip

esent Antonius in an aggressive mood and in an invidious light. 2 The powers of the Triumvirs as conferred by the Lex Titia ha

solidated that they could dispense with the dictatorial and invidious powers of the Triumvirate. The consuls for 32, designate

forfeit, Lepidus begged publicly for mercy. 5 Stripped of triumviral powers but retaining the title of pontifex maximus, Lepi

avianus as consul for the second time: with its close, the triumviral powers were to expire. The rivals manoeuvred for positio

e again Octavianus lacked standing before the law, for the triumviral powers had come to an end. 6 He was not dismayed: he too

sed here. On the one hand, the Triumvirs could continue to hold their powers after the date fixed for their expiry, as in 37 B

o, more honest, still employed the name, again offered to give up his powers , as he had two years before. 4 Furthermore, if th

of a patriotic war. He proceeded to declare Antonius stripped of his powers and of the consulate for the next year. That offi

d the Sullan system; and when enlisted in an emergency, he turned his powers to selfish ends. The rule of Caesar and of the Tr

patrician families; the two colleagues now held a census in virtue of powers specially granted and took in hand a purge of the

contended that he continued unobtrusively to exercise the dictatorial powers of that office, had the question been of concern

cate question of his own standing in public law. Like his policy, his powers were a direct continuation of the Triumvirate, ev

it, whatever the form of the constitution and legal definition of his powers . The term ‘dux’ was familiar from its application

This convenient appellation for the holder of vague and tremendous powers did not make its way all at once. Princeps remain

as proconsular and absolute, whether it resided upon the dictatorial powers of the Triumvirate, pure usurpation, or act of la

anuary 13th, 27 B.C., when he solemnly announced that he resigned all powers and all provinces to the free disposal of the Sen

to discover what it all amounted to. On the face of things, the new powers of Caesar Augustus were modest indeed, unimpeacha

hief of the whole army, but a Roman magistrate, invested with special powers for a term of years. NotesPage=>314 1 Dio

he supreme magistracy, though purporting no longer to convey enhanced powers , as after the end of the Triumvirate, still gave

ugh consular imperium the proconsuls abroad. 2 For such cumulation of powers a close parallel from the recent past might prope

after 27 B.C. the consulate was reduced to its due and constitutional powers , cf. Velleius 2, 89, 3: 'imperium magistratuum ad

that was another matter. Insistence upon the legal basis of Augustus’ powers , on precedents in constitutional practice or anti

t ‘potentia’. Yet the combination of auctoritas and legally granted powers does not exhaust the count. His rule was personal

rency or in economic activity. Indeed, the precise formulation of the powers of the military leader in the res publica which h

signs, the consulate and a group of military provinces. Definition of powers and extent of provincia might later be modified h

e, ostensibly reduced when the Republic was restored. Such were the powers of Augustus as consul and proconsul, open, public

onstitutional settlement of 27 B.C. regulated without restricting the powers of the Princeps. The formula then devised would s

ity were on his side if he removed an unpopular person and exorbitant powers . The same reasons counselled Augustus to depart.

ulate, which gave him a general initiative in policy, he took various powers , above all proconsular imperium over the whole em

acquired the sacrosanctity of a tribune for life, in 30 B.C. certain powers in law. No trace hitherto of their employment.

son in JRS XVII, 33 ff.). It is reasonable enough to suppose that the powers granted in this year were sanctioned by the passi

) for names and forms, Augustus preferred indefinite and far-reaching powers to the visible and therefore vulnerable prerogati

27 B.C. embodied a clear definition and ostensible restriction of his powers in that sense a return to constitutional governme

The two pillars of his rule, proconsular imperium and the tribunician powers , were the Revolution itself the Army and the Peop

rogative. Though the ruler shunned the holding of a magistracy, his powers in public law might be described as magisterial,

ion but for use that the Princeps took a partner and strengthened his powers when he appeared to divide them. Before the end o

en Augustus in prospect of death made his last dispositions, yielding powers of discretion to Agrippa and to the consul, there

, for two reasons, the one juristic and the other personal. Augustus’ powers were legal in definition, magisterial in characte

o the Principate was in fact achieved by adoption and by the grant of powers to an associate. Augustus’ own arrangements, howe

matrimonial and dynastic policy of Augustus. 2 While depressing the powers , Augustus intended to restore the public and offi

e Princeps in his absence by party- dynasts without title or official powers . In 26 B.C. Taurus was consul, it is true; but th

rontiers, calling for a perambulatory Princeps or for consorts in his powers . In 27 B.C. Augustus had set out for the West wit

, when he completed the pacification of Spain. But the constitutional powers and the effective position of Agrippa were soon a

ney. NotesPage=>389 1 Dio 54, 6, 5. 2 Ib. 54, 12, 4f. On his powers , cf. M. Reinhold, Marcus Agrippa (1933), 98 ff. W

prosecute the northern wars or govern the eastern world with special powers ? An ageing despot was left stranded with the two

des Augustus (1935), 93 ff. There can hardly be any doubt that their powers were developed and used, though not frequently in

d to enter the Curia; in A.D. 13 its composition was modified and its powers were so far enhanced as to encroach seriously upo

ilous, being held to repose upon general consent and modest executive powers . It was therefore advisable for the government th

s for judicial business as well. 4 The Princeps possessed magisterial powers and gradually usurped jurisdiction: to aid him he

aking war and peace. 2 That was not necessary. Embassies from foreign powers might be introduced to the Senate after a suitabl

by the advisers of the Princeps was merely the definition of official powers , the phraseology to disguise them and all the ela

e modification of the Princeps’ statute and the conferment of special powers upon his deputy proceeded without any unfortunate

tunate incidents in public. With the death of Augustus, the Princeps’ powers lapsed he might designate, but he could not appoi

first transmitted to a successor, that person already held sufficient powers to preclude any real opposition. But the proble

ible. Tiberius became co-regent, in virtue of a law conferring on him powers equal with the Princeps in the control of provinc

the gods of Rome, On some tolerable accommodation with supernatural powers , ‘pax deorum’, the prosperity of the whole commun

death of Augustus, tough and lively to the end, Messalla with failing powers until A.D. 13.7 NotesPage=>512 1 Velleius

the constitutional position of the Princeps and most misleading. His powers are defined as legal and magisterial; and he exce

lled, directly or indirectly, all provinces and all armies. Yet these powers were the twin pillars of his rule, firm and erect

he flimsy and fraudulent Republic. In the employment of the tribunes’ powers and of imperium the Princeps acknowledges his anc

sition in 32 B.C., 277 f.; iuratio Italiae, 284 ff.; Actium, 294 ff.; powers after Actium, 307 ff.; the settlement of 28–27 B.

h and deification, 438 f., 521 f.; cult, 469, 524. His constitutional powers , 313 ff., 336 ff., 406, 412; provincia, 313 f., 3

eps’, 519. Princeps senatus, 307. Principate, of Augustus, 1 ff.; powers of, 313 f., 336 f.; theory of, 315 ff., 516 ff.;

Republic, 153, 160, 167 f.; under the Principate, 406, 412; judicial powers , 406; committees, 408 f.; real function under the

hodes, 391, 413 f., 417, 427 f.; adoption, 431; in A.D. 6–9, 431 ff.; powers in A.D. 13, 433; accession, 438 f.; difficulty of

th Cicero, 144, 152; alleged vices and enormities, 149 f.; oratorical powers , 178. Vediovis, worshipped by the Julii, 68, 45

, 257; in the War of Actium, 295 ff.; in 28 B.C., 306; constitutional powers of, 337, 389; his position after 23 B.C., 345 f.;