cause of peculiar difficulties. Many of them are bare names, void of personal detail; their importance has been deduced from fa

either side. Compelled for safety to a decision, he chose Caesar, his personal friend; and with Caesar he went through the wars

the character of Roman society and Roman politics, namely a nexus of personal obligations, is here followed closely. PageBook

nitas, that is, rank, prestige and honour, against the attacks of his personal enemies. 2 The plea of security and self-defence

ung u. Anwendung von dignitas (Diss. Breslau, 1932): in the sense of ‘ personal honour’, ib. 36 ff. 3 Cicero, Pro Sestio 137. O

olution or even reform, for these men could not be expected to have a personal interest in redistributing property or changing t

financiers, through patronage exercised in the law-courts and ties of personal allegiance contracted in every walk of life, the

use from his provincial commands the dynast won to his allegiance and personal following (clientela) towns and whole regions, pr

tion of laws. The use of this weapon in the interests of reform or of personal ambition became a mark of the politicians who arr

y among the principal members of the ruling group, or, more properly, personal ambition and political intrigue, constrained them

dius intolerably arrogant towards the nobiles his rivals, or grasping personal power under cover of liberal politics. There were

torum et adfinium opes, multae clientelae. ’ PageBook=>027 saw personal honour and a family feud. The young Pompeius, tre

Italian insurrection in Picenum, used his influence and his army for personal ends and played an ambiguous game when civil war

tude of his clientela, to advertise monarchs and nations bound to his personal allegiance. 1 Like the Macedonian Alexander or th

ntius Varro from Reate, in the Sabine land. 3 The bulk of Pompeius’ personal adherents in the senatorial and equestrian orders

e. The lieutenants of Pompeius in the eastern wars comprised not only personal adherents like Afranius and Gabinius but nobiles

g, Cicero was sacrificed to Clodius. Not content thus to satisfy both personal honour and the convenience of the dynasts, the tr

hy. Italy began to stir. In the city of Rome political contests and personal feuds now grew sharper. Ap. Claudius Pulcher, ele

But that was not the plea which Caesar himself valued most it was his personal honour. His enemies appeared to have triumphed.

r in motive. The resentment of pardoned Pompeians, thwarted ambition, personal feuds and personal interest masked by the profess

sentment of pardoned Pompeians, thwarted ambition, personal feuds and personal interest masked by the profession of high princip

d clear that he had escaped from the shackles of party to supreme and personal rule. For this reason, certain of the most promin

Deplorable in appearance, the lack of consulars, while precluding the personal rivalries that disturbed the camp and counsels of

engthening Caesar’s hands for action, gave his rule as party-leader a personal and monarchic character. Three of the consulars,

wealth and standing of the family, whatever the event. The bond of personal allegiance may be compared to that of the family.

e been a popularis, using tribunes and the advocacy of reform for his personal ambition. Like his father before him, Pompeius co

ive clients have not been preserved. Many of the bankers were already personal friends of Caesar: it may be presumed that he gav

roclaims that this person conducted financial operations, not for any personal profit, but to acquire the means for bounty and b

rovinces and kings were bound to the imperator of the Roman People by personal ties of allegiance. In the imminence of civil war

f. In the West, in the Gallic provinces at least, the inherited and personal preponderance of the dynast passed rapidly to his

admirable men and others now adorned the Senate of Rome, augmented in personal standing to match their wealth. 1 As tax-farmers,

gh their monopoly of patronage. Through alliance with the knights and personal ties with the leading men in the towns of Italy h

erely made; and many Italians had no use for it. Loyalties were still personal , local and regional. A hundred thousand veterans,

ius Strabo had a large following in Picenum:3 but these were only the personal adherents of a local dynast and Roman politician,

r political careers he may have encouraged or defended certain of his personal friends like M. Caelius Rufus and Cn. Plancius, b

their leader. 4 The soured military man Ser. Sulpicius Galba alleged personal resentment: he had not been made consul. 5 To the

of the Liberators. The Dictator left, and could leave, no heir to his personal rule. But Antonius was both a leading man in the

he coalition of March 17th corresponded with political facts and with personal interests, it was not altogether foolish to hope

ic standards, old and new, with their insistence upon civic virtue or personal liberty, accorded a wide indulgence. The failings

of order dictated the same salutary policy. By force of argument and personal authority, Antonius brought the session of March

dying the virtues of his order and class, and bound to him by ties of personal friendship. 3 He had no quarrel with the Liberato

the mature statesman. For the early years, a sore lack everywhere of personal , authentic and contemporary testimony, a perpetua

esto (August 4th), taking their stand upon their principles and their personal honour: they told Antonius that they valued their

. It was clear that many a man followed Caesar in an impious war from personal friendship, not political principle. The devotion

rage. By nature, the young man was cool and circumspect: he knew that personal courage was often but another name for rashness.

vilius Isauricus spoke. 1 Antonius after delay retorted with a bitter personal attack (September 19th). Cicero was absent. Suc

nciers, incongruously allied. The help of the bankers was private and personal , not the considered policy of a whole class. Octa

assiduously, through the familiar offices of Balbus and Oppius and by personal approach. But Cicero stood firm: he refused to co

ir embrace. Cicero was persuaded to avail himself of the clemency and personal esteem of the victor. The years of life under t

agnitudo animi that would have justified the exorbitant claims of his personal ambition. The Second Philippic, though technica

and political feuds, a theatre for oratory. The best of arguments was personal abuse. In the allegation of disgusting immorality

. 6 The exigencies of an advocate’s practice or the fluctuations of personal and party allegiance produce startling conflicts

exploited the respectable names of Senate and People as a mask for personal domination. The names of good citizens and bad be

otherwise factio. 1 Such alliances either presupposed or provoked the personal feud which, to a Roman aristocrat, was a sacred d

ternecine strife, however, played havoc with the most binding ties of personal allegiance. For profit or for safety it might be

ivate feuds should be abandoned. 4 Plancus had assured Cicero that no personal grounds of enmity would ever prevent him from all

d and the Commonwealth. The legionaries at least were sincere. From personal loyalty they might follow great leaders like Caes

unes on the specious pretext of taking precautions in advance for the personal safety of the new consuls on the first day of the

ous instrument if cajoled or coerced into action. It showed a lack of personal energy as well as of social distinction. There

biles had abandoned the cause of Pompeius after Pharsalus. Not so the personal adherents of the dynast, fanatically loyal to the

icited by envoys of Antonius and Lepidus. 2 Pollio was bound by his personal friendship to Antonius; and he now reconciled Pla

ree leaders. After elaborate and no doubt necessary precautions for personal security, the dynasts met in conference on a smal

ally since, perpetuated in fiction and in history; and in later days, personal danger and loss of estates were no doubt invented

ty and the ever-present threat of civil war enhanced the value of the personal tie and led men to seek powerful protection in ad

ss transformed and consolidated the Caesarian party. Yet there were personal and local causes everywhere. Under guise of parti

tter memories. Yet some of the proscribed were saved by civic virtue, personal influence or local patriotism. The citizens of Ca

3 by political adherents like the inseparable Favonius and by his own personal friends and agents of equestrian rank, such as th

ential agent, Caecina of Volaterrae, and L. Cocceius Nerva, who was a personal friend of Antonius, on an urgent mission to Syria

nterests of leaders and soldiers and cemented by the most binding and personal of pledges, offered a secure hope of concord at l

from Sex. Pompeius, who gave guarantee neither of victory nor even of personal security he had recently put to death on the char

e sentiments that might serve him later against Antonius, winning for personal domination the name and pretext of liberty. The

wn her novi homines for three centuries now, admitted in the main for personal distinction and service in war. ‘Ex virtute nobil

Lenaeus, the freedman of Pompeius, defended his dead patron by bitter personal invective (Suetonius, De gram. 15). 4 Vita Eume

together by any principle of uniformity but depended upon the ties of personal allegiance. Pompeius Magnus, binding to his cli

hown the way to imperial power. Beside princes of blood or title, the personal following of Rome’s ruler in the East might suita

with a variegated past, Caesarian, Pompeian and Republican, bound by personal loyalty or family ties rather than by a programme

while mustered supporters from the towns of Italy Caesarian veterans, personal adherents and their armed bands. Returning to Rom

s and counter-charges in the dispute of the dynasts, whether legal or personal , were no novelty to a generation that could recal

a Senate. Bitter debate ensued among the party leaders, sharpened by personal enmities and rivalries. In a civil war fleets a

alty of a party that was united not by principle or by a cause but by personal allegiance. Generous but careless, in the past he

c marshals, whose political judgement was sharper than their sense of personal obligation, may have departed in the company, or

e East. A kind of plebiscite was organized, in the form of an oath of personal allegiance. ‘All Italy of its own accord swore

f repute and substance in the Italian communities to contract ties of personal allegiance and mutual support. 3 When a Claudian

leading men in the communities of Italy; 5 his allies took an oath of personal loyalty, and the towns of Italy offered public vo

which in time she came to believe was a national war. The contest was personal : it arose from the conflicting ambitions of two r

Tibur to the consul Antonius in a public emergency. 2 The oath was personal in character, with concept and phrasing not beyon

honoured, the last of the monarchic faction-leaders based his rule on personal allegiance. Dux partium became princeps civitatis

PageBook=>292 severed his amicitia, their feud was private and personal . But if Antonius stood by his ally, his conduct w

uld Roman soldiers fight for the Queen of Egypt? They had all the old personal loyalty of Caesarian legions to a general of Caes

o often a political dynast, exerting illicit power, or ‘potential for personal rule :2 ‘principalis’ also acquired the force and

s and legally granted powers does not exhaust the count. His rule was personal —and based ultimately upon a personal oath of alle

exhaust the count. His rule was personal—and based ultimately upon a personal oath of allegiance rendered by Rome, Italy and th

and advancement. Such was Caesar Augustus. The contrast of real and personal power with the prerogatives of consul or proconsu

verwhelming prestige of his auctoritas, and all the vast resources of personal domination over the empire of the world. NotesP

s, ending in civil war and ruin for Rome. Patriotism conspired with personal interest to discover a solider insurance, a tight

r entertainer. Despite such powerful advocacy, Maecenas, like another personal friend of the Princeps, Vedius Pollio, could not

ereditary succession, for two reasons, the one juristic and the other personal . Augustus’ powers were legal in definition, magis

Augustus. 8 Above all, freedmen were employed by the Princeps as his personal agents and secretaries, especially in financial d

process. How soon and how far it would go beyond Italy, which of the personal adherents of the new dynasty the chieftains of Ga

iberius, being the head of the Claudii, would have had a dynastic and personal following whatever the character of the Roman con

tator, the consulars had failed lamentably, from private ambition and personal feuds, from incompetence and from their very pauc

of system would have been foreign both to the Roman spirit and to the personal and opportunistic rule of the Princeps; and speci

at first and then the abolition of free election soon diminished the personal influence of the nobiles. After the constructions

permission obtained. 1 Nor could he now discover fields to spread his personal influence. No governor now was able to enlist who

to aid him he would summon from time to time a consilium, drawn from personal friends, representative senators and legal expert

supply and policing of a great capital. 1 The knight Seius Strabo, a personal friend of the Princeps, won prominence in the lat

PageBook=>415 The Princeps, the members of his family and his personal adherents were the real government. The Principat

is unbending and independent character, to prevent him from acquiring personal popularity in the capital and strengthening the r

nd even regal in ancestry), regarded their obligations to Rome in the personal light of their own ambitions. The Republic had se

and enemy, Paullus Aemilius Lepidus, from the Sicilian War onwards a personal friend of Augustus, had two wives, Cornelia and t

enascent, Aemilii and Fabii stood closely bound by ties of kinship or personal alliance with the Caesarian house. Scarcely less

uential. 4 Of the more recent novi homines, L. Tarius Rufus, though a personal friend of Augustus, probably commanded as little

y brought on a deep dejection, reinforcing perhaps a consciousness of personal inadequacy; the young man conceived a violent dis

mits Ahenobarbus and is as cool about the services of Vinicius as his personal attachment to the family of that general could wi

At Rome, magistrates and Senate, soldiers and populace at once took a personal oath in the name of Tiberius, renewing the allegi

e Sabine country, ‘antiquo ipse cultu victuque’, effected much by his personal example. Yet more than all that, the sober standa

tundet, moresque viris et moenia ponet. 5 His triumph did not bring personal domination, but the unity of Rome and Italy, reco

he enduring glories of the Principate; and all three were on terms of personal friendship with Augustus. The class to which thes

5 Italy and the provinces of the West had sworn a military oath of personal allegiance to the military leader in the War of A

the subject peoples of the Empire and recapitulate the sources of his personal power in relation to towns, provinces and kings.

ace was due to a political error of calculation, not to any defect of personal integrity. PageNotes. 477 1 Livy, Per. 138, c

and derided as offensive when they were not palpably fraudulent. His personal courage was not above reproach. With all allowanc

tacked by Cassius Severus, defended by Pollio and rescued through the personal intervention of Augustus, who came to the court a

mporaries, especially when they dealt with the period of which he had personal experience, he must have found much to criticize.

tus who encroached upon Tiberius’ monopoly of military glory, whether personal enemies of Tiberius or not. Lollius is a monster

decadence. The nobiles have not spoken themselves. They have left no personal and authentic record to show what they thought of

Pompeius and Caesar were all more than mere faction-leaders; yet the personal domination of those dynasts never meant so drasti

laudian had aspired to primacy among his peers but not at the cost of personal humiliation, through disaster and bloodshed as an

one at that. He was Ti. Plautius Silvanus Aelianus, an old man and a personal friend of Vespasian. 1 Thenceforward a newer nobi

n, they are political and economic. It was the acute consciousness of personal insecurity and political impotence that depressed

und for politicians, but in truth a res publica. Selfish ambition and personal loyalties must give way before civic duty and nat

bus opus est, ita et huic capite. ’ PageBook=>521 His rule was personal , if ever rule was, and his position became ever m

um, in Etruria, 361. Ferocia, 299, 320, 482, 512. Feuds, family and personal , 13, 27, 44, 63, 69, 135, 140, 147, 157 ff., 281,

he Principate, 355; as procurators, 356; in high office, 356 f., 409; personal friends and counsellors of the Princeps, 358, 409

; powers of, 313 f., 336 f.; theory of, 315 ff., 516 ff.; organic and personal character of, 322 f., 520 f.; collegiality, 337 f

329, 339; perhaps proconsul of Macedonia, 330; his consulate, 372; a personal friend of Augustus, 376; his. patronage, 384; lon