of his rule, embracing the years 44–23 B.C. (chapters vii–xxiii). The period witnessed a violent transference of power and of

for some reaction from the ‘traditional’ and conventional view of the period . Much that has recently been written about August

’s remarks (c. iii, init) may be read with profit. 2 The Triumviral period is tangled, chaotic and hideous. To take it all f

cious delusions about the Principate of Augustus. Nor is the Augustan period as straightforward or as well known as the writer

y sources. Yet for all that, the history of the whole revolutionary period could be written NotesPage=>004 1 Plutarch

etted that he did not carry his History of the Civil Wars through the period of the Triumvirate to the War of Actium and the P

character. Another eminent historian was also constrained to omit the period of the Triumvirate when he observed that he could

arty, but also the vicissitudes of the whole ruling class over a long period of years, in the attempt to combine and adapt tha

er 70 B.C. Cf., however, no less pessimistic remarks about an earlier period , Hist, 1, 12 M. 2 There was no party of the pop

d Caecilia Metella, daughter of Creticus (ILS 881), presumably in the period 68-63 B.C. On the influence of Crassus with the S

e land bill of Rullus. 3 Both actions and motive of Crassus in this period , as of Caesar, have commonly been misunderstood.

precise family relationships of the various Cornelii Lentuli in this period are highly problematical (P-W IV, 1381; 1389; 139

ure of ten years, an ominous sign. A gleam of hope that the emergency period would be quite short flickered up for a moment, t

econciled Pompeians whose good sense should guarantee peace. For that period , at least, a salutary pause from political activi

be, Gesch. Roms III2, 700 f. 6 For the provincial governors of that period , E. Letz, Die Provinsialverwaltung Caesars (Diss.

esar, both members of patrician houses that had passed through a long period of obscurity, strove to revive and re-establish t

he immigration in the sixth year of the Republic, others in the regal period . For the evidence, P-W III, 2662 ff. Doubt about

y his grandson, turns up as a senator and consul in the revolutionary period . 2 Most famous of all was P. Ventidius, the army

er novi homines, socially more eminent, had not been debarred in that period ; and Cicero was soon to witness the consulates of

, existed in the preceding twenty years. The revival of Libertas in a period of crisis would mean the strife of faction, veile

1 Facts refute the assertion. Between March 17th and September 2nd, a period of nearly six months, the most critical for the n

spiration rather than a programme. If the political literature of the period had been more abundantly preserved, it might be d

dit. So much talk was there of peace and concord in the revolutionary period that a new term makes its appearance, the word ‘p

ll time. The tyrannic office was now revived under another name for a period of five years three men were to hold paramount an

the Dictator: with the ignominy of the new senators of the Triumviral period they could not have competed. Not only aliens or

he recompense of craft or crime. ‘Non mos, non ius. ’3 So might the period be described. But the Caesarians claimed a right

ius, Cn. Domitius Ahenobarbus and C. Sosius. But five years is a long period in a revolutionary epoch. Octavianus felt that ti

o persons of the name of L. Cornelius held suffect consulates in this period , in 38 and in 32: the former eludes certain ident

displayed a cultivated harmony and a gentle elegance well suited to a period of political calm. The signs of the melancholy fu

ina and the War of Jugurtha, he proposed to narrate the revolutionary period from the death of Sulla onwards. Though Sallustiu

ier days. 2 There was no idealization in his account of a more recent period he knew it too well; and the immediate and palpab

d Pollio (39); Bithynia, Ahenobarbus (the only known governor in this period ). Cyrene, of little importance as a province, was

d from the forthcoming work of Mr. M. Grant on the aes coinage of the period . PageBook=>267 It was later remarked that

128. PageBook=>270 were nobiles, yet this was a revolutionary period prizing and rewarding its own children vigour and

). On the origin of the Vinicii, cf. above, p. 194. 3 Note, in this period , L. Ovidius Ventrio, a municipal magistrate with

ds that he became governor of Syria. About the date, no evidence. The period 29–27 B.C. is attractive, but 27–25 not excluded.

ter of the whole world consented to assume a special commission for a period of ten years, in the form of proconsular authorit

n of the command held by generals operating in northern Italy in this period is a matter of no little difficulty. 5 In Spain

rinceps and equal to him in rank. Only two names are recorded in this period . 3 Certain novi homines, subsequent consuls, prob

, an impression which was carefully conveyed by their definition to a period of years. The assumption of a colleague confirmed

tasks to be achieved, might clamour for competent rulers over a long period of years. The extended commands of the late Repub

years. The extended commands of the late Republic and the Triumviral period , once extraordinary and menacing, could now becom

al of this person cost a million sesterces. 5 During the Triumviral period an ex-slave became military tribune. Horace is fe

ulate as colleague of Quirinius in 12 B.C.4 But after that the middle period of the Principate of Augustus shows very few new

) and from Ferentinum in Latium, cf. esp. ILS 5342 ff. (of the Sullan period ?) which show an A. Hirtius and a M. Lollius as ce

uff. A.D. 9), of an ancient dynastic house. Two other consuls in this period , though not locally identified, are certainly of

ulated all at once. 1 For the rest, the practice of the revolutionary period seems to have crystallized into the law of the co

lized at first by Augustus, Agrippa and Taurus. Of the consuls of the period 25-19 B.C., eight come of new families against fi

e proportion on the Fasti showing no great change from the Triumviral period . After 19 B.C., however, a development is perce

h omits certain names), see above, p. 243 f. For the whole Triumviral period (43–33 B.C.) the proportion is twenty-five to ten

ting a suffect consul. After 19 B.C., down to and including 6 B.C., a period of thirteen years, only four are recorded, two of

he adlection in 33 B.C. (Dio 49, 43, 6). It belonged, of course, to a period of ‘irregularities’. 9 For details (and conject

and avert the danger made manifest and alarming during the Triumviral period , that the Empire might split into two parts. By

itated to entrust armies to the viri triumphales of the revolutionary period . After twenty years they were growing old or had

ot a word of Ahenobarbus or even of Quirinius. Dio’s sources for this period were in any case probably not abundant; and two p

s perpetuated wholly unsatisfactory beliefs about the history of this period . Certain campaigns, deliberately omitted by Velle

s the first imperial legate, of Illyricum. 3 For the dating to this period , cf. JRS XXIV (1934), 113 ff., with an inclinatio

as late as 2 B.C., as Dessau argued, adducing ILS 102. Perhaps in the period 16–13 B.C., when the Princeps himself visited Spa

ntia; and there may have been no separate legate for Syria during the period of his sojourn as vicegerent of the eastern lands

a (ILS 8814). 8 No evidence: but there would be room for him in the period 4–1 B.C. The dedication from Hieropolis-Castabala

oesia. 5 However that may be, no consulars can be established in this period , only praetorians in charge of the army, namely P

nicius (ILS 8965). On the propriety of putting them all in this blank period 9 B.C.–A.D. 6 (or even more narrowly, 6 B.C.–A.D.

e military situation and the condition of the ancient sources for the period . 2 Cassiodorus, Chron. min. 2, 135. 3 Dio 55,

ed to Illyricum, could quite well have been a legate of Moesia in the period 9 B.C.–A.D. 6. PageBook=>401 As for the Rh

henobarbus and by Vinicius in immediate succession. 2 Likewise to the period of Tiberius’ absence belongs the Spanish command

frica. 4 These are not the only names that mattered in the critical period in question, but they are enough to illuminate th

rinceps. The significance of this fact for the secret politics of the period is evident and enormous. 5 Thus the New State e

ecenas, Horace died: Virgil had gone eleven years before. In the last period of Augustus’ rule, literature not merely languish

to be taken about the frontiers of Empire. Veterans of the triumviral period such as Calvisius, Taurus and Messalla were avail

ff. (A.D. 4), and by Seneca, De clem. 1, 9 (apparently indicating the period 16–13 B.C., but inaccurately). Suetonius and Taci

e crisis of 6 B.C. Tiberius was granted the tribunicia potestas for a period of five years yet even this hardly meant the succ

amily; and only two of them are known to have commanded armies in the period of Tiberius’ seclusion. None the less, they were

ia (A.D. 4-6); 7 Cn. Piso’s command in Spain probably belongs to this period ; 8 and two Cornelii Lentuli turn up in succession

mptom of civic degeneration and a cause of disaster. It was the Greek period of Roman history, stamped with the sign of the de

he Egyptian cults, pervasive and alarmingly popular in the Triumviral period they were banished now from the precincts of the

olemies for ages, or by apprehensive owners of property in the recent period of confiscation, quickened the pulse of trade, au

s early evident in the Guard (ILS 2023); where, in the Julio-Claudian period even men from Noricum (ILS 2033) and Thracians fr

‘Fortuna non mutât genus’, so Horace exclaimed in the revolutionary period . 2 The New State did its best to refute that arch

ugustus. Propaganda outweighed arms in the contests of the Triumviral period . Augustus’ chief of cabinet, Maecenas, captured t

stan Principate. They had all grown to manhood and to maturity in the period of the Revolution; and they all repaid Augustus m

ates for office, it was virtually excluded. Already in the Triumviral period Pollio was quick to draw the moral of the times,

of Caesar; in his contemporaries, especially when they dealt with the period of which he had personal experience, he must have

rtas was no more. The Principate inherited genius from the Triumviral period and claimed it for its own: it could not produce

y, imposing their names, as families had done in happier days, upon a period or a government. In the background lurk their all

ial equals. It was fitting that they should all end with the end of a period . Crassus’ grandson, the ambitious proconsul of

with his bibulous son. The marshals and admirals of the Triumviral period seldom left heirs to their acquired dignity. The

publican nobility seemed to have run its course. Yet the succeeding period did not entirely lack bearers of Augustan consula

rank:4 a direct descendant was consul under Trajan. 5 In the Flavian period two consuls recalled the merits of L. Volusius Sa

outdone by the Cocceii, Antonian partisans ennobled in the Triumviral period . Though missing the consulate under Augustus, the

story of the first century of the Empire, the makers of emperors. The period of the Julio-Claudian rulers witnessed a steady a

Since then various supplements and improvements have accrued. For the period here concerned the most important accession is th

s, Pompeius and Caesar, 75 f., 82; in 44 B.C., 110; in the Triumviral period , 189, 213, 233; as a senatorial province, 314, 32

Asia, aristocracy of, 261 f., 365, 476, 490, 506; in the Triumviral period , 223, 259 ff.; as a senatorial province, 328, 394

a, 422; in the East, 428 f.; death, 430. Galatia, in the Triumviral period , 259, 260; under Augustus, 391, 394; annexed, 338

s and categories, 5, 8, 249 f., 485; popularity of, in the Triumviral period , 250 f.; suitably to be written by senators, 5, 2

. Juba, King of Mauretania, 300, 365 f. Judaea, in the Triumviral period , 223 f., 260; Cleopatra’s designs on, 260 f., 274

10 f.; legions of, 110, 126; seized by Brutus, 171; in the Triumviral period , 222 f., 266; campaigns of Crassus, 308; a senato

of Pompeius, 31 f.; in the Caesarian party, 80 ff.; in the Triumviral period , 199 ff., 243 ff.; partisans of Octavianus, 129 f

107; of the Triumvirs, 189, 206 f., 217; government in the Triumviral period , 310; arrangements of Antonius, 266; allegiance i

e god, 83. Sanquinii, local family, 83. Sardinia, in the Triumviral period , 189, 213, 216; a senatorial province, 328; taken

by Crassus, 37; in 44–43 B.C., 107, 111, 124, 171; in the Triumviral period , 214 f., 223 f., 266 ff.; in the provincia of Aug

, 336 f., 389, 416, 428, 431, 443, 523. Triumphs, in the Triumviral period , 241; after Actium, 303; denied to senators, 404.