amilies or of a few men. A small party, zealous for reform or rather, perhaps , from hostility to Scipio Aemilianus put up the t

ates. 5 Among other Picene partisans may be reckoned T. Labienus, and perhaps A. Gabinius. 6 For primacy in Rome Pompeius nee

e cupidis de invadenda re publica facile convenit. ’ 6 Afranius was perhaps proconsul of Gallia Cisalpina in 59 B.C. (Ad Att.

cero, and at length achieved it. For himself, after a famine in Rome, perhaps deliberately enhanced, he secured a special commi

to purchase and control corn for the city. The powers were wide, but perhaps fell short of his designs. 1 Then arose a questio

geBook=>040 Pompeius looked about for new alliances, in the hope perhaps to inherit some measure of Crassus’ influence wit

etelli were too politic for that. Three years later Nepos was consul, perhaps with help from Pompeius. Signs of an accommodatio

recognized, Caesar and his adherents would capture the government and perhaps reform the State. Caesar’s enemies were afraid of

c reperiet? ’ 3 As the Historia Augusta, pertinent for once but not perhaps authentic, reports of an Emperor (SHA Severus 18,

, came over from a calculation of success, by reason of his debts and perhaps from sincere aspirations to reform: as aedile Cae

Poplicola, legates of Pompeius in the Pirate War (Appian, Mithr. 95), perhaps earlier in Spain as well. 5 Dio 40, 63, 4. On h

r achievement. Caesar, offering the consulate, had captured them both perhaps with connivance and help of his friend and former

r in P-W I A, 1592 ff. It is not really very plausible. Ventidius was perhaps , like Mamurra, a praefectus fabrum in Caesar’s se

, from the contemptuous appellation of ‘Gaul’. Catullus’ family would perhaps have been eligible for senatorial rank, if not Vi

e Roman aristocracy than the sons of freed slaves, less raw and alien perhaps than some of the intruders who derived from remot

iscussed in JRS XXVII (1937), 127 ff. The gentilicium is Osean. Is he perhaps of the family of the proscribed Samnite, Cn. Deci

he gens Claudia. 1 Sabine, too, in high probability were the Valerii, perhaps the Fabii. 2 These baronial houses brought with

Marcius of Corioli, ostensibly an exile from Rome and Roman at heart, perhaps belongs more truly to Latin or Volscian history.

bravely for Samnium. In recognition of valour, wealth and family and perhaps a timely abandonment of the Italian cause Rome’s

taly, broken men and debtors ready for an armed rising, but also, and perhaps more disquieting, many municipal aristocrats in s

of 44 B.C., dim figures, the bearers of obscure names, the first and perhaps the last senators of their respective families. 3

tive or in effects. That he was aware of the need to unify Italy will perhaps be inferred from his municipal legislation. 6 Who

last enter the government of the enlarged state is a fair notion, but perhaps anachronistic and not the true motive of Caesar’s

the most austere of historians cannot altogether suppress a timid and perhaps perverse admiration. A blameless life is not the

were not a warning. Moreover, Antonius may have lacked the taste, and perhaps the faculty, for long designs: the earlier months

him. Of the tone and content of Piso’s proposal there is no evidence: perhaps he suggested that Cisalpine Gaul should cease to

ich came easy to his open nature: Octavianus also, though less easily perhaps . Only two of his associates, so it was recorded,

icum. ’ 2 Suetonius, Divus Aug. 66, 1 (Salvidienus and Gallus only, perhaps an understatement). PageBook=>122 Next to

he matter naturally eludes inquiry. Antonius did not press the charge perhaps it was nothing more than a clumsy device to discr

s with a bill of attainder against Octavianus. 1 Nothing came of this perhaps the situation was too serious. Not only his soldi

); the activities of Ventidius can be deduced from subsequent events, perhaps also from a mysterious passage in Appian (BC 3, 6

ngenital, his lack of open enthusiasm about Octavianus’ prospects was perhaps only a mask. The young man was much in the compan

nius is charged with refusing to hand over money due to Caesar’s heir perhaps unjustly. The legacies to the plebs were paid aft

njustly. The legacies to the plebs were paid after all by Octavianus, perhaps not wholly from his own fortune and the generous

us may already have numbered among his supporters certain obscure and perhaps unsavoury individuals, such as Mindius Marcellus,

tection of his financial resources and his army. 3 Not all invention, perhaps . The subtle intriguers were now showing their han

us in the Civil War. Servilius, however, had been ensnared by Caesar, perhaps with a bribe to his ambition, the consulate of 48

us, but lingered in Campania, refusing to follow him across the seas, perhaps from failure to comprehend his strategy. Then Cae

t breach between Antonius and Octavianus. Yet of these events he will perhaps have had cognizance at Leucopetra. Only a domesti

eturned to it under the Dictatorship of Caesar,1 but never published, perhaps never completed, this supplement to the Republic.

6), the De officiis not until November (ib. 16, 11, 4). 5 This may perhaps be supported by what St. Augustine records about

y recompense in land and money. The claim urged for D. Brutus might perhaps be defended: he was at least a magistrate and hel

B.C., the most polished and graceful of the correspondents of Cicero perhaps he indulged in mild parody of that smooth exempla

ntonius, violated private as well as public law. As Piso pointed out, perhaps with sharp reminder of the fate of the associates

discredited by its partisan and unscrupulous employment, and Antonius perhaps maintained the validity of the Lex Clodia of 58 B

irmum took the lead in promising money for the war, the Marrucini (or perhaps rather a faction among them hostile to Pollio) st

motion declaring Dolabella a public enemy. This diplomatic concession perhaps enabled moderate men like Pansa to rebuff Cicero’

tui suo quod utrumque pessimum est. ’ 2 The ovation was opposed and perhaps rejected by certain Republicans in the Senate (Ad

as reluctant to force the pace and preclude compromise in this matter perhaps at variance with the more resolute Cassius. 2 In

elf was not yet twenty. NotesPage=>172 1 Appian, BC 3, 92, 382 perhaps not authentic. 2 Ib. 3, 93, 383 ff. 3 Suetoni

seems to have left his partisan Pollio as proconsul of the Cisalpina, perhaps to hold it for two years till his consulate (40 B

owever, says οὔθ’ λως ἡγϵμονίαν ν το ς χωρίοις κϵίνοτς σχϵ (48, 4, 3) perhaps unjustly. Varius Cotyla was left in control of Co

gives what purports to be their official manifesto. 2 lb. 4, 4, 15 perhaps the haruspex Vulcanius mentioned by Servius on Ec

re 1, 71. 3 Livy, Per. 120 (cf. Orosius 6, 18, 10; Florus 2, 16, 3) perhaps too low. Appian gives 300 senators (BC 4, 5, 20,

n this, cf. especially M. A. Levi, Ottaviano Capoparte 1, 229 ff. who perhaps emphasizes too much the impersonal character of t

ame. 2 The Arruntii were an opulent family at Atina, a Volscian town, perhaps not of senatorial rank. 3 A large number of local

ortly to be published by A. Degrassi in Inscr. It. XIII, part 1); and perhaps Q. Marcius Crispus, if he be the Marcius who also

tium) should belong to him (below, p. 221) but CIL ix, 414 (Canusium) perhaps to his son or his grandson. PageBook=>200

Crassus, C. Norbanus Flaccus, of a proscribed family, and C. Sosius, perhaps a Picene, none of them heard of before Caesar’s d

nours by Caesar: the ending of the gentilicium is palpably non-Latin, perhaps indicating Etruscan origin or influence, cf. W. S

naware of the brilliant success of Brutus on the right wing, deceived perhaps , as one account runs, through a defect of his eye

ite the territory to Italy had not yet, it appears, been carried out, perhaps owing to the recalcitrance of Pollio, who had ado

The alternative but not incongruous accusations of vice and duplicity perhaps do less than justice to the loyal and open charac

ldiers. His own share was the gathering of funds in the East in which perhaps he had not been very successful. 2 He felt that h

ered feelings of guilt and despair. Men yearned for escape, anywhere, perhaps to some Fortunate Isles beyond the western margin

dismissed. A definite claim was early made. Pollio’s son Gallus (born perhaps in 41 B.C.) informed the learned Asconius that, a

idienus Rufus the peer of Agrippa and Ventidius, and most remarkable, perhaps , of all the marshals of the Revolution. Like Balb

orce of the Roman arms Antonius kept a large garrison in the Balkans, perhaps seven legions. 2 The western frontier of his domi

a varied company that included Maecenas and L. Cocceius Nerva (still perhaps a neutral), the negotiator of Brundisium, also th

cted as late as 38 B.C. A P. Scipio became consul suffect in 35 B.C.: perhaps he had been previously married to Scribonia, befo

C. PageBook=>230 Octavianus now had a war on his hands earlier perhaps than he had planned. His best men, Agrippa and Ca

nd L. Sempronius Atratinus; 2 and Lepidus was conciliated or cajoled, perhaps through Antonius. Octavianus now had the ships.

g colonies more on provincial than Italian soil. That was politic and perhaps necessary. Of the legionaries of Pompeius a gre

tored by land and sea. 1 The formulation, though not extravagant, was perhaps a little premature. But it contained a programme.

and in Sardinia. 7 To this ill-consorted and undistinguished crew may perhaps be added P. Alfenus Varus (cos. suff. 39 B.C.), a

s (cos. suff. 16 B.C.) and P. Sulpicius Quirinius (cos. 12 B.C), were perhaps making their début in Octavianus’ service about t

ome, cf. ILS 6463. 3 In whose company he is first mentioned, in 43, perhaps as one of his legates (Ad fam. 12, 25, 1: ‘Minota

d time, and his influence, not total but at least preponderating, may perhaps be detected in the composition of the consular li

tavianus; no Fabii at all, of the patrician Cornelii two at the most, perhaps only one; 2 no Valerii yet, but the Valerii were

>244 1 Dio 49, 43, 6 2 P. Cornelius Scipio, cos. suff. 35, and perhaps L. Cornelius, cos. suff. 38. 3 Not only Messall

Book=>249 in vocabulary, with brief broken sentences, reflecting perhaps some discordance in his own character. The archai

ment of government by conveying a political message, unobtrusive, but perhaps no less effective, than the spoken or written wor

all came from the province of Gallia Cisalpina, Cato, it was alleged ( perhaps falsely), a freedman,2 the others, however, sons

, in the absence of Pollio, that he was ensnared by more powerful and perhaps more seductive influences. 2 Maecenas, whose aest

ro had consigned to public use; if not the national antiquities, then perhaps the land and the peasant. Varro’s books on agri

opompus and other Cnidians, Potamo the son of Lesbonax from Mytilene ( perhaps a rival of the great Theophanes), and Satyrus fro

s carry yet farther the policy of Pompeius and Caesar, developing and perhaps straining the balanced union between Roman party

ted to set a firm hold on Armenia by planting garrisons over the land perhaps he did not have enough legions. Thus Artavasdes,

Gallus, otherwise unknown); 38, cf. Dio 49, 25, 2 (Oppius Statianus, perhaps a relative of the Antonian admiral, M. Oppius Cap

s Ventidius and Decidius were dead. Pollio had abandoned public life, perhaps Censorinus had as well. Other partisans may alrea

rnor in this period). Cyrene, of little importance as a province, was perhaps governed by M. Licinius Crassus, compare the coin

proconsuls of Asia, M. Cocceius Nerva between Plancus and Furnius. or perhaps before Plancus (cf. ILS 8780: Lagina in Caria); a

tus); and Q. Didius, attested in Syria in 31 B.C. (Dio 51, 7, 3), was perhaps appointed by Antonius. There is no evidence of an

Pact of Brundisium. Plancus remained, high in office and in favour, perhaps aspiring to primacy in the party after Antonius.

ertain following, for example, M. Titius and C. Furnius; and a Nerva, perhaps one of the Cocceii, was an intimate, perhaps a le

C. Furnius; and a Nerva, perhaps one of the Cocceii, was an intimate, perhaps a legate, of Plancus in 43 B.C. (Ad fam. 10, 18,

or of Syria in the year 31 B.C. (Dio 51, 7, i), is otherwise unknown: perhaps a relative of the Caesarian legate C. Didius (Bel

M. Oppius Capito is known only from coins (BMC, R. Rep. II, 517 ff.): perhaps of the same family as antonius’ army commander in

io 51, 4, 3). M. Octavius, admiral at Actium (Plutarch, Antonius 65), perhaps a son of the consul of 76 B.C.: note M. Octavius

right. The assumption of divinity presented a more serious aspect and perhaps a genuine religious content. Dionysus-Osiris was

ing of the provinces and kingdoms of the East. Ahenobarbus held back, perhaps in hope of peace. 2 Sosius took the lead and deli

like the meaning of the word ‘uxor’) complicate the question which is perhaps in itself not of prime importance. Antonius, bein

forgery might be suspected, though the provisions of the will do not perhaps utterly pass belief. 1 Octavianus extorted the do

carried out there stands no record at all. The oath of allegiance was perhaps not a single act, ordered by one decree of the Ca

rs, the Roman name, the toga and eternal Vesta! 1 But Horace, himself perhaps no son of Italian stock, was conveniently oblivio

The adhesion of Sulmo to the national cause seventeen years later may perhaps be put down to the agency of a local office-holdi

ith the help of alien allies was another matter. No less disquieting, perhaps , the prospect of an indecisive struggle, with eac

iddle class, but to the nobiles. Their cause had fallen long ago, not perhaps at Pharsalus, but finally and fatally at Philippi

inter in Greece, ready in his preparations of army and fleet, but not perhaps as resolute as he might appear. Antonius now had

ianus onwards, and entrap him with the aid of superior sea-power. Not perhaps by a battle at sea: the greatest general of the d

ape to Antonius. After some days the legions capitulated, an interval perhaps spent in bargaining for terms: the Antonian veter

kewise Cn. Cornelius Cinna. 7 Scribonius Curio, however, was executed— perhaps this true son of a loyal and spirited father disd

Syria :3 Octavianus’ first governor of Macedonia is nowhere attested— perhaps it was Taurus. 4 But Messalla and Taurus departed

B.C., was proconsul of Asia soon after Actium(Josephus, AJ 16, 171), perhaps for more than one year; and a certain Thorius Fla

eserved, let alone understood in full significance. Being consul (and perhaps able to invoke tribunician power)1 Octavianus pos

nce Actium to other proconsuls, and to one commander at least who was perhaps not a proconsul and was certainly not of consular

ry. In robbing Crassus of the title of imperator Octavianus raised, perhaps at an untimely moment, the delicate question of h

monarch of Egypt. 4 NotesPage=>309 1 Messalla had left Syria, perhaps succeeded there by M. Tullius Cicero (above, p. 3

stations. The ruler had taken counsel with his friends and allies—and perhaps with neutral politicians. They knew what they wer

ns were far from peaceful, but their garrison was kept small in size, perhaps some five or six legions in all. Reasons of inter

s at a date difficult to determine (Dio 49, 38, 3, under 34 B.C., but perhaps in error, cf. L. Ganter, Die Provinzial-verwaltun

s. 20 B.C.) is attested at Tridentum, bearing the title of ‘legatus’, perhaps c. 23 B.C. (ILS 86). Note also a proconsul, L. Pi

incial army, it might mean civil war the Varro in charge of Syria was perhaps Murena’s brother. He fades from recorded history.

agie, CP in (1908), 145 ff. 4 M.(?) Aelius Gallus, Prefect of Egypt perhaps from 27 to 25 B.C., made a fruitless invasion of

process was to be celebrated as the inauguration of a New Age. It was perhaps intended that Secular Games should be celebrated

en secret instructions by Marcellus as well as by Augustus:2 falsely, perhaps , but it was disquieting. However, when Augustus i

y openly designating a successor. He might adopt his nephew. Such was perhaps his secret wish, perhaps the intention avowed to

ccessor. He might adopt his nephew. Such was perhaps his secret wish, perhaps the intention avowed to his counsellors. It was t

homo of the revolutionary age and the heir of the Claudian house were perhaps not so far apart in this matter and in others.

ce akin to his own. There was another bond. Tiberius was betrothed, perhaps already married, to Agrippa’s daughter Vipsania.

Principate into a partnership, devising a vicegerent for the East and perhaps for the western lands as well. Not only this the

ionate to equestrian posts. The Revolution brought a change, deriving perhaps from purely military needs as well as from social

. 10? The Origin of Lucilius Longus, cos. suff. A.D. 7, is not known: perhaps the son of Brutus’ friend (Plutarch, Brutus 50),

s not known: perhaps the son of Brutus’ friend (Plutarch, Brutus 50), perhaps a relative of Lucilius Hirrus. 2 The Augustan m

ntela of the Pompeii to that of the Julii. Supplying a preponderance, perhaps already in the time of Augustus, of the recruits

s (clearly of non-Roman extraction), held a minor magistracy at least perhaps as promotion for a special service to Augustus (I

, 389. Further, C. Julius Aquila (c. 10 B.C.) may well be provincial, perhaps from Bithynia- Pontus (for another member of this

itrant of the nobiles; and some, like Cn. Piso (cos. 23 B.C.), joined perhaps from a disinterested patriotism. The old families

>372 1 ILS 7448 f. attests the German bodyguard of the Statilii, perhaps one hundred and thirty strong. 2 For the basis

could not rival their parents. Paullus Fabius Maximus, of varied and perhaps meretricious talent, propagated in Rome the detes

sought to graft themselves upon his family tree. 3 Some frauds could perhaps evade detection. Certain great houses had sunk fo

amassed fortunes without discredit: precisely how, it is not recorded perhaps by inheritance. 5 Quirinius grew old in envied op

e families and suitable sentiments into the equestris militia, thence perhaps into the Senate. It might be conjectured that the

to present a united front in a political emergency. Against Catilina, perhaps , but not against Pompeius or Caesar. When it came

s and the Republic restored could show an imposing roll of consulars, perhaps as many as forty. For the future, the chief purpo

also helped to remove causes of friction and consolidate an alliance perhaps by no means as loyal and unequivocal as the Roman

, moribus ornes. 1 That was polite homage. Agrippa was gone, Taurus perhaps was dead by now; and Maecenas, no longer a power

o were lost at this point. Innocent trust in the fraudulent Velleius, perhaps also ignorance about the condition of Dio’s narra

be presumed, was governed from the beginning by men of consular rank, perhaps Asia as well. Illyricum, as long as it was senato

imus and Asinius Gallus governed Asia after an even shorter interval, perhaps of barely two years. 3 As for his own province, t

Ulterior and transferred to the Senate has not been recorded. Hardly perhaps as late as 2 B.C., as Dessau argued, adducing ILS

8. 6 Suetonius, Divus Aug. 38, 2. 7 At this time, they are often, perhaps usually, quaestorian in rank, cf. ILS 931 and 945

is attested at some time between 13 and 8 B.C. (Josephus AJ 16, 270), perhaps as early as 13 B.C., cf. T. Corbishley, JRS XXIV

aithful service to Augustus and to the State. Among his achievements ( perhaps before his consulate) was a campaign against the

pressive. Quirinius was certainly the first senator of his family, so perhaps was Lollius. Silvanus and Piso, however, were nob

ermany from the Danube to the Elbe; 3 after him and before A.D. 4 are perhaps to be inserted the names of M. Vinicius and Cn. C

emilius Lepidus, colleagues who proved discordant with each other and perhaps recalcitrant to the Princeps. They may have suspe

been active in the province of Asia shortly after the War of Actium, perhaps setting in order the system of taxation. 4 When t

onstitutio of Vedius Pollio. His name occurs on coins of Tralles, and perhaps his portrait also, cf. BMC, Greek Coins: Lydia, 3

wrote out a part of Augustus’ will (Suetonius, Divus Aug. 101, 1) is perhaps the person who turns up as a studiis and a libell

tter with age; and Sallustius Crispus, the successor of Maecenas, was perhaps lacking in tact and skill. Whatever nominal and

to the succession ‘nomini ac fortunae Caesarum proximi’. 2 Too much, perhaps , to hope for the power themselves but their desce

Numantina to the son of Sex. Appuleius. 4 These four consulars were perhaps not all outstanding in talent or very closely rel

os.suff. 1 B.C.) descend from that family: which cannot be proved. As perhaps with certain other families in the time of August

s remained, however, rivals of the Julii and Claudii, not invited, or perhaps disdaining, to join the inner circle of the dynas

cos. A.D. 20) are his sons, Messalla Barbatus Appianus (cos. 12 B.C.) perhaps an adopted son. On the difficulties about Cotta,

o both houses. 1 L. Piso was a neutral, commanding repute and even, perhaps , a following of his own. 2 Like the Cornelii Lent

levelled against this powerful and unpopular ally of the Princeps may perhaps be held confirmed rather than refuted by Horace’s

d obdurate. He now gave way what Livia had been unable to achieve was perhaps the work of political influences and powerful adv

refused to heal. His malady brought on a deep dejection, reinforcing perhaps a consciousness of personal inadequacy; the young

e North. There had been fighting in Germany with more credit to Rome, perhaps , and more solid achievement than is indicated by

ps, to the grief of Augustus, the scorn or delight of his enemies and perhaps to the ultimate advantage of the Roman People. Ju

us Silanus (cos. A.D. 19) to whom Julia’s daughter Aemilia Lepida was perhaps already betrothed. L. Aemilius Paullus could hard

as quite reliable, the conspiracy of Paullus occurred before A.D. 8, perhaps in A.D. I, as Hohl argues (Klio xxx, 337 ff.).

oyage by sea to visit Agrippa Postumus in secret. 3 More instructive, perhaps , if no more authentic, was the report of one of h

ongus, honourably commemorated in history for his loyalty to Tiberius perhaps the son of that Lucilius who was the friend of Br

f one of Augustus’ faithful generals, the other A. Caecina Severus ( perhaps a relative): Germanicus, nephew and adopted son o

Gallus, played without skill the parts for which they had been chosen perhaps in feigned and malignant clumsiness. So far the

yed, abandoning his project of Secular Games in 22 B.C., disappointed perhaps in the censors of that year. He departed to the e

commissions in the militia equestris to men approved by their towns ( perhaps ex-magistrates). 2 The municipia, or rather the l

stensible author and prime agent in the policy of regeneration merely perhaps carrying out the instructions of a concealed olig

general mandate of his adherents? It was not Rome alone but Italy, perhaps Italy more than Rome, that prevailed in the War o

the sober standards prevalent in the society of Tacitus’ own day were perhaps imposed by a mysterious revolution of taste. 3

us Maximus, the patrician dilettante, showed some favour to Ovid, and perhaps to Horace; 4 and Piso satisfied the philhellenic

atmosphere, under the watchword of duty and morality, Lucretius might perhaps have satisfied the fervour of a religious nature

ugh. 2 But Augustus was vindictive. He wished to make a demonstration perhaps to find a scapegoat whose very political harmless

he priest with veiled head, aged, austere and remote. Most revealing, perhaps , is the mailed figure from Prima Porta, showing t

Augustus conceived a genial device for thwarting the cult, suggested perhaps by his own felicitous reply when his friend Seius

C. Sentius Saturninus, M. Vinicius and P. Silius. 2 More good fortune perhaps than merit that their characters should be colour

muted into auctoritas, and ‘dux’ became beneficent, ‘dux bonus’. Ovid perhaps went too far when he spoke of ‘dux sacratus’. 3 B

in Africa, 233; priesthoods, 238; in Illyricum, 240; at Actium, 297; perhaps proconsul of Macedonia, 302; in Spain, 302; at Ro

, novus homo, 362, 373, 376, 397, 403, 425, 452, 498; at Actium, 297; perhaps proconsul of Illyricum, 330; in Macedonia, 391; o

rvant, 514. Titiopolis, in Cilicia, 281. Titius, Caesarian senator, perhaps from Spain, 80. Titius, M. (cos. suff. 31 B.C.)

466. Urbinia, her heirs defended by Pollio, 193. Urbinius Panapio, perhaps a Marrucine, 193. Urbs Salvia, 473. Urgulania,

ble novus homo, 456. Vibienus, C, obscure senator, 94. Vibii Visci, perhaps from Brixia, 363. Vibius Habitus, A. (cos. suff

suff. 19 B.C.), novus homo, his origin, 194, 362; in Gaul, 329, 339; perhaps proconsul of Macedonia, 330; his consulate, 372;