and to utter a prophecy of empire concerning Galba, to whom the power passed when the dynasty of the Julii and Claudii had rul

p of Caesar, revived in the despotic rule of three Caesarian leaders, passed into the predominance of one man, Caesar’s grand-

n the forefront of his oligarchy. The predominance of the Valerii had passed long ago, and the Fabii had missed a generation i

Drusus, held the censorship under the domination of Marius and Cinna, passed over to Sulla in the right season, and guided by

ief of the Optimates, who strove in vain to save him. 7 Measures were passed to check flagrant abuses. One law, prescribing th

n of Spain for five years more and sought by a trick to annul the law passed by the tribunes of the year conceding to Caesar t

, to the satisfaction of Pompeius no less than of Caesar. Two years passed , heavy with a gathering storm. Caesar’s enemies w

, almost the last of his line, himself the grandson of a Metella, had passed by adoption into their family. This was Q. Metell

l War. 1 Not everybody was as outspoken or as radical as Caelius, who passed from words to deeds and perished in an armed risi

s; likewise L. Marcius Philippus, the prudent son of a father who had passed unscathed through the faction-wars of Marius and

family. 4 Sulla and Caesar, both members of patrician houses that had passed through a long period of obscurity, strove to rev

be. 5 Servilius belonged to a branch of Servilia’s own clan which had passed over to the plebeians long ago but had not forgot

nces at least, the inherited and personal preponderance of the dynast passed rapidly to his younger and more energetic rival.

ertained one another to banquets. The next day, further measures were passed . On the insistence of Caesar’s father- in-law, L.

he Liberators barricaded themselves in their houses. Nor, as the days passed , did it become safe for them to be seen in public

Dictator and return to normal government, the direction of the State passed at once to the supreme magistrates. Antonius disp

for the veterans, in pursuance of the provisions of two agrarian laws passed in the consulate of Antonius. It is by no means

build up support for the settlement of March 17th and the legislation passed in his consulate. For the sake of peace, the pred

influential connexions, was taken up by Caesar. 5 When C. Octavius passed by adoption into the Julian House he acquired the

e objected that a lex curiata ratifying the adoption had not yet been passed (cf. esp. Dio 45, 5, 3; Appian, BC 3, 14, 48 ff.)

meant. Two other measures of a Caesarian and popular character were passed , a law permitting all ex-centurions, whether of t

t opportunities on his journey from Brundisium to Rome. As the months passed , the Caesarian sentiments of the legionaries were

es. Might and right were on the side of the consul. But the advantage passed in a moment. The meeting never occurred Antonius

o the revolutionary cause. By the beginning of November daily letters passed between them. Octavianus now had an army NotesP

ay never come up for open debate. The Senate listened to speeches and passed decrees; the Republic, liberated from military de

n the tide of battle turned on the field of Pharsalus, the Caesarians passed round the watchword ‘parce civibus’. 4 It was rep

and hence subject to Caesar’s ordinance. Secondly, the law had been passed in defiance of the auspicia: but that plea was ve

ts were therefore made to engineer a spontaneous consensus. The towns passed decrees. The men of Firmum took the lead in promi

return for compromising on his right to Gallia Cisalpina under a law passed by the Roman People to say nothing of condoning t

reparable. The Senate was obdurate. They rejected the proposals and passed the ultimate decree the consuls were to take step

of the enemies of Antonius. So at least he inferred from the measures passed in the Senate when the tidings of Mutina were kno

of Antonius and Lepidus cleared the situation; messages may then have passed . A clear indication was soon given. As Octavianus

civil wars naturally fare better; 3 but two of them at least, having passed over to the Liberators, curtailed their own survi

g Agrippa and Salvidienus Rufus. Octavianus himself had only recently passed his twentieth birthday: Agrippa’s age was the sam

L. Decidius Saxa, who marched along the Via Egnatia across Macedonia, passed Philippi, and took up a favourable position. Anto

d Cassius met again at Ephesus. In the late summer of 42 their armies passed the Hellespont, nineteen legions and numerous lev

weeks of inaction or slow manoeuvres in which the advantage gradually passed to the Caesarians. Otherwise their situation was

rted. Antonius, making necessary arrangements in Syria and Palestine, passed leisurely onwards to Egypt. After a short and mer

of Antonius, deserted and proscribed his associates before a year had passed ; again, at Perusia, he stamped out the liberties

4; Strabo, p. 501. 5 Below, p. 260. PageBook=>225 The winter passed , and in the spring of 37 Antonius sailed with a l

at the Lucrine Lake beside Puteoli in the Bay of Naples. The year 37 passed in thorough preparations. There was to be no mist

33 ff.), may have been sent by Antonius to help his ally and may have passed before long into the service of Octavianus, cf. M

considerable, was augmented when the last adherents of Sex. Pompeius passed into his service. None the less, the young Caesar

assortment of poets, offering protection, counsel and subsidy. Virgil passed into the company and friendship of Maecenas. Befo

us was no longer the terrorist of Perusia. Since then seven years had passed . But he was not yet the leader of all Italy. In t

alliance, the Roman frontier seemed secure enough. Only a few months passed , however, and the crisis in his relations with Oc

to bring the army down to the sea-coast of Asia. 2 There the legions passed the winter of 33-32 B.C. In the year 33 B.C., w

ns of 37-36 B.C., including the augmentation of the kingdom of Egypt, passed without repercussion in Rome or upon Roman sentim

en excluded from raising recruits in Italy; that his own men had been passed over in the allotment of lands; that Octavianus h

en bribed. The compromising ally remained. In early summer Antonius passed from Ephesus to Samos and from Samos to Athens. N

Naples in 50 B.C. Italian towns offered up prayers for his safety and passed decrees, creating a false and fatal opinion of th

is conduct would patently stamp him as a public enemy. 1 The winter passed in preparation. An oath had also been administere

entrated his forces in the neighbourhood. Then all is obscure. Months passed , with operations by land and sea of which history

tonius’ lieutenant in the Cyrenaica, surrendered his four legions and passed into the service of the victor. 4 Antonius and hi

exandrinum. Cleopatra survived Antonius by a few days which at once passed into anecdote and legend. To Octavianus the Queen

ia. After a prosecution for high treason in the law courts the Senate passed a decree against the offender. Gallus took his ow

tance. At Rome, it did not mark an era in dating; in the provinces it passed almost unnoticed. No change in the foreign or dom

f the Republic, or the descendants of families to which the consulate passed as an inherited prerogative. Though the ruler s

r, with a hierarchy and with graded honours. 1 C. Velleius Paterculus passed some eight years as tribunus militum and praefect

erous regions, were loyal to the government of Rome now that they had passed from the clientela of the Pompeii to that of the

tour of the eastern provinces (22-19 B.C.), while Agrippa in his turn passed westwards and went to Gaul and Spain (20-19 B.C.)

ies, augmented the glory and the security of the New State. Some were passed over, such as M. Lurius and P. Carisius, both of

Valerii and the Fabii. As the young generation of nobiles grew up and passed through the avenue of political honours to the co

Antonian L. Marcius Censorinus entered into possession, from whom it passed to the family of Statilius Taurus. 6 Agrippa now

favourable to Tiberius the exploits of his peers and rivals have been passed over so as to create the impression that Tiberius

99, n. 4). PageBook=>399 P. Sulpicius Quirinius (cos. 12 B.C.) passed through a long career of faithful service to Augu

ius Maximus and the Syrian governorship to which P. Quinctilius Varus passed after his proconsulate of Africa. 3 There was als

r the two curatores annonae of that year and the next, whose function passed at once to an equestrian prefect. 6 Again, appeal

in the strange but not incongruous alliance of monarchy. Augustus had passed beyond the measure and proportions of a Roman pol

climacteric year of a man’s life, the sixty-third. 3 Not three years passed and Gaius was dead. After composing the relations

iberius, a cautious and considerate general. 5 After two campaigns he passed to Illyricum. In the interval of his absence, the

manner of Sallustius. 2 The time for such exciting speculations had passed ten years before. The government party among the

t factions. The Scipiones had been an age of history. Their power had passed to the Metelli. Both houses waned before the Juli

ient patrician house of the Scipiones. Their name and their mausoleum passed to another branch of the patrician Cornelii, the

eir preservation and standing. As more and more sons of Roman knights passed by patronage into the ranks of the governing clas

dissensions of the last age of the Republic. Few were the nobiles who passed unscathed through these trials, from caution like

itution had been corrupt, unrepresentative and ruinous. Caesar’s heir passed beyond it. What was a special plea and political

ut Augustus lived on, a progressive miracle of duration. As the years passed , he emancipated himself more and more from the co