s repelled by a close concatenation of proper names must pass rapidly over certain sections, for example the two chapters (v

Caesarian party, but also the vicissitudes of the whole ruling class over a long period of years, in the attempt to combine

transformed. Italy and the non- political orders in society triumphed over Rome and the Roman aristocracy. Yet the old frame

served and found wide acceptance. 4 The menace of despotic power hung over Rome like a heavy cloud for thirty years from the

eader for spoil in war and estates in Italy when their campaigns were over . But not veterans only were attached to his cau

e broke it. The repercussions of the ten years’ war in Italy echoed over all the world. The Senate was confronted by conti

held the censorship under the domination of Marius and Cinna, passed over to Sulla in the right season, and guided by craft

ampion a vast command against the Pirates, with proconsular authority over the coasts of the Mediterranean (the Lex Gabinia)

nsuls and tribunes of Pompeius Magnus, mocked the flaunting victories over effeminate orientals, and scorned alliance with t

arge of the greater military provinces and exercised indirect control over the rest; and he arrogated to himself the power o

ation of Pompeius, who now, for supreme power, seemed likely to throw over his ally. On December 1st Curio’s proposal came

e triumphed. They had driven a wedge between the two dynasts, winning over to their side the power and prestige of Pompeius.

No armed legions rose at his call. Even Picenum, his own barony, went over to the enemy without a blow. No less complete the

ship in 44 B.C. Yet Cato, no sooner dead, asserted the old domination over his nephew more powerfully than ever in life. Bru

ofession of high principle, family tradition and the primacy of civic over private virtue, all these were in the game. Yet i

s were dead: their friends and companions became Caesarians. 1 He won over many former opponents, sons of the nobiles or of

s, the fashionable and extravagant son of a parsimonious banker, came over from a calculation of success, by reason of his d

imony, that of his enemies, so convincingly reveals: he had delivered over the publicani into the hands of the Syrians and t

ervilius belonged to a branch of Servilia’s own clan which had passed over to the plebeians long ago but had not forgotten i

he Civil War to confirm the political allies of the proconsul, to win over influential neutrals, to detach, deceive or intim

s known about his son, a banker whose business had wide ramifications over all the world. The disinterested and enlightened

ension neither of the Roman citizenship nor of municipal institutions over the peninsula could transform their internal econ

Livius Drusus; 4 and L. Visidius was one of the partisans who watched over the life of Cicero when Catilina, threatening rev

ealed what everybody knew and few have recorded bitter discontent all over Italy, broken men and debtors ready for an armed

w senators, some four hundred in number, comprised adherents from all over Italy. Like the families proscribed by Sulla, reg

s had lost, at once and for ever, the chance of gaining an ascendancy over the Senate. The people, unfriendly to begin wit

s of the Dictator. In Caesar’s defiance of the Senate and his triumph over noble adversaries, they too had a share of power

arch 17th, it was feared that the consul would not allow them to take over their provinces. 1 What happened is obscure the p

e popular excitement had subsided: time and forbearance might triumph over violence, heroism or principle. The salutary resp

e position of nominal deputy to the Dictator. But Lepidus was to take over a province in 44, and Antonius, elected consul fo

e Caesarian leaders, survived the War of Perusia and lived to prevail over Antonius in the end. The news of the Ides of Ma

in doubts whether to accept. A family conference at Antium, presided over by Servilia, debated the question. 2 Cassius was

of Herophilus had shown what dominance the memory of Caesar retained over the populace. The heir of Caesar at once devoted

ut they now prepared to depart from Italy. They had hesitated to take over the corn- commission voted on June 5th. Now, earl

aps. Only two of his associates, so it was recorded, were ever thrown over , and that was for treachery. 2 NotesPage=>12

Alpine tribes. This was serious. Antonius therefore resolved to take over one part of his consular province, the Cisalpina,

st the heir of the Dictator. Once again the ghost of Caesar prevailed over the living. The baffled consul took refuge in i

upon his native hills as a boy, a tongue of flame shot up and hovered over his head, a royal portent. 2 Of the origin and fa

ate moneys at his disposal. Antonius is charged with refusing to hand over money due to Caesar’s heir perhaps unjustly. The

t surprising: the editor knew his business. A necessary veil was cast over the earlier and private preliminaries in the anom

in the end, if he did not prove pliable. It was Cato’s fatal plan all over again the doom of Antonius would warn the young m

the orator to defend his policy. It is presumptuous to hold judgement over the dead at all, improper to adduce any standards

ties at variance. The imperious eloquence of Cicero could not prevail over the doubts and misgivings of men who knew his cha

June 1st. Explicitly or not, that law may have permitted him to take over the province before the end of his consular year.

guished knight and an excellent patriot, L. Visidius, who had watched over Cicero’s safety during his consulate, not Notes

rnor of Illyricum had been unable to prevent his legions from passing over . Such was the situation that confronted C. Antoni

ion that confronted C. Antonius when he landed at Dyrrhachium to take over the province of Macedonia at the beginning of Jan

ission of making war against Dolabella, with an extraordinary command over all the provinces of the East. The revolutionar

on March 20th. To Pompeius was now assigned an extraordinary command over the fleets and sea-coasts of the Roman dominions.

d himself at Cularo (Grenoble). There he waited for D. Brutus to come over the pass of the Little St. Bernard. If Plancus ha

g of Marcus Brutus from Macedonia. Already there was talk of bringing over the African legions. In Rome a steady disintegr

ds with Servilius more than once; and in early April, after a quarrel over a vote complimentary to Plancus, he described Ser

by two incidents. Already Cicero and Brutus had exchanged sharp words over C. Antonius, whom Brutus had captured in Macedoni

nd Cassius of the praetorian provinces which they had refused to take over (P-W x, 1000). This date is probably too late, fo

Way and entered the city unopposed. The legions of the Republic went over without hesitation. A praetor committed suicide.

anuary1st, 41 B.C. L. Antonius inaugurated his consulate by a triumph over Alpine tribes: Dio, however, says οὔθ’ λως ἡγϵμον

ing with the creatures of the Triumvirs: before long it was to number over a thousand. 5 Scorn and ridicule had greeted the

wars naturally fare better; 3 but two of them at least, having passed over to the Liberators, curtailed their own survival.

ter months, the lack of supplies would disperse the Caesarian legions over the desolate uplands of Macedonia or pen them wit

f victory. The battle was indecisive. Brutus on the right flank swept over the Caesarian lines and captured the camp of Octa

ruggle of the Free State. Henceforth nothing but a contest of despots over the corpse of liberty. The men who fell at Philip

rd. 2 The victor Antonius stripped off his purple cloak and cast it over the body of Brutus. 3 They had once been friends.

, his coeval Agrippa and Salvidienus Rufus their senior had triumphed over all hazards. Confronted by their vigour and resol

urrender all Gaul and eleven legions. 5 Octavianus left Italy to take over this welcome accession: he placed Salvidienus in

. 189, n. 5. Fango had been sent by Octavianus after Philippi to take over from Sextius. 4 Appian, BC 5, 53, 222; below, p

tribute, to be paid in two. Antonius distributed fines and privileges over the East, rewarded friends and punished enemies,

t;220 leadership of the Caesarian party, should in truth have ruled over a world that had been pacified by the valour of h

with the years and absence in the East. Octavianus was able to win over more and more of the leading senators, Caesarian,

abienus, who styled himself Tarthicus imperator’,4 the horsemen swept over Syria, killing Decidius Saxa the governor; then t

as revived in the triumph which his partisan Ventidius now celebrated over the Parthians. Agrippa, returning from Gaul with

being servile in origin, lacked any right or status: they were handed over to their former masters or, failing such, impaled

raft and diplomacy, high courage and a sense of destiny had triumphed over incalculable odds. He had loyal and unscrupulous

ot uncommon in the civil wars, when piety or protection might triumph over political principle, saving lives and property. 6

Marcelli had revived their family laurels and the memory of victories over a Punic enemy by sea and NotesPage=>237 1

nus, by his presence at Rome, was in a position of distinct advantage over the distant Antonius. He easily found in the year

no son to inherit his leadership of the Caesarian party and monarchy over all the world. Of the Caesarian leaders, neither

tangible. It was on the north-east that Italy was most vulnerable, over the low pass of the Julian Alps: and the eastern

Censorinus and Pollio from the province of Macedonia (39), Ventidius over the Parthians (38). Then in 36 the balance inclin

nt creations almost all. By the end of the year 33 B.C. they numbered over thirty, a total without precedent. New men far ou

y for instruction, grim comfort or political apology, raising dispute over the dead. The controversy about Cato began it. Th

f Rome claimed the homage due to gods and masqueraded, for domination over a servile world, in the guise of divinity, Caesar

6 It was not enough to acquire the adherence of influential dynasts over all the East, friends of Rome and friends of Anto

ntonius neglected to set a firm hold on Armenia by planting garrisons over the land perhaps he did not have enough legions.

d ruler in conjunction with Cleopatra, who was to be ‘Queen of Kings’ over the eastern dependencies. Titles of kingdoms, not

d intentions of Antonius, the domination which Cleopatra had achieved over him and the nature of her own ambitions. A fabric

ped the strength of the Hellenistic monarchies. Rome spread confusion over all the East and in the end brought on herself wa

the design of Marcus Antonius to rule as a Hellenistic monarch either over a separate kingdom or over the whole world? Again

us to rule as a Hellenistic monarch either over a separate kingdom or over the whole world? Again the argument is from inten

uded from raising recruits in Italy; that his own men had been passed over in the allotment of lands; that Octavianus had de

e War of Actium (Res Gestae 25): the total strength of the Senate was over a thousand. PageBook=>279 Octavianus alleg

red by one decree of the Caesarian leader and executed simultaneously over all Italy, but rather the culmination in the summ

, would pay the price in confiscation of their lands when the war was over . 2 In the constitutional crisis of the year 32,

t the Appuleii (a family related to Octavianus) and Nonius Gallus won over the city of Aesernia in northern Samnium, that th

ily against him. Desertion set in. Certain of the vassal princes went over to the enemy, among them Amyntas with his Galatia

ung despot not only conceded, but even claimed, that he held sovranty over the whole State and the whole Empire, for he sole

leader—dux partium. But warfare and party politics were deemed to be over and gone. The word had too military a flavour for

ssion for a period of ten years, in the form of proconsular authority over a large provincia, namely Spain, Gaul and Syria.

, 229 ff.) follows Mommsen and assumes that it carried imperium maius over the provinces of the Senate. Which is by no means

1931), 39 ff., esp. 47 f. According to Dio (53, 12, 1) Augustus took over τὴν μὲν φροντίδα τὴν τє προστασίαν τῶν κοινῶν πᾶσ

such a mandate there was plenty of justification. The civil wars were over , but the Empire had not yet recovered from their

on into danger. He could afford in the magnanimity of success to pass over the scorn of the nobiles; he would not be harried

ew him as their founder or their patron, kings, tetrarchs and dynasts over the wide empire were in his portion as allies and

senatorial debate and public policy, a vague and traditional control over all provincial governors. At need, he could reviv

of his auctoritas, and all the vast resources of personal domination over the empire of the world. NotesPage=>330 1

Civil Wars they extended their raids and their domination southwards over certain of the more highly civilized peoples. C

s was also loyalty to Rome a high and sombre patriotism could prevail over political principle, if such existed, or private

death, he gave no indication of his last intentions he merely handed over certain state papers to the consul Piso, to Agrip

ive in policy, he took various powers, above all proconsular imperium over the whole empire. 2 In fact, but not in name, thi

dominions of the Princeps, east and west, lacking, however, authority over the provinces of the Senate. 1 That was to come l

to Agrippa. That Agrippa at this early date possessed imperium maius over the senatorial provinces in the East has been arg

ππας τ ν π ραν ‘Ioνίoυ διάδoχoς Kαίσαρι. Against a grant of authority over all the East in 23 B.C. can be urged the fact tha

s, a pleasant resort and well chosen for one who wished to keep watch over the Balkans as well as the East. 5 So much for

n, backed, it may well be, by a powerful and domestic ally, triumphed over the Princeps and his nephew. Agrippa received for

M. Vipsanius Agrippa was an awkward topic: Horace hastily passes him over in an Ode, disclaiming any talent to celebrate a

Agrippa subsequently received proconsular power like that of Augustus over all the provinces of the Empire, and more than th

the western lands as well. Not only this the war in Spain was not yet over . Gaul and the Balkans, large regions with arduous

with arduous tasks to be achieved, might clamour for competent rulers over a long period of years. The extended commands of

t (Riv. di fil. lxv (1937), 337) will fall after 2 B.C. The command over the Vigiles was established in A.D. 6 (Dio 55, 26

ffects Ap. Claudius Pulcher and M. Valerius Messalla were quickly won over . But the aristocracy were slow to forgive the man

ct, died in office. 4 Namely Syria, Gaul, Illyricum (probably taken over by the Princeps at this point) and Spain, which p

gmented the glory and the security of the New State. Some were passed over , such as M. Lurius and P. Carisius, both of whom

57; also 878 (Aquileia). The burial-place of the Statilii has yielded over four hundred inscriptions of slaves (CIL VI, 6213

as ‘proconsul’. This may mean that the Princeps had temporarily taken over the province or refrained from having a proconsul

ble to Tiberius the exploits of his peers and rivals have been passed over so as to create the impression that Tiberius was

s. But the Senate lost the other two armies. In 12 B.C. Augustus took over Illyricum; 2 and, either after the campaigns of T

or annexations had fallen to the share of the Princeps: he also took over Sardinia, and kept it. 4 NotesPage=>394 1

s and public buildings. 3 When Agrippa died in 12 B.C. the State took over his trained staff; of the cura aquarum thus offic

pretation of this, see Premerstein (ib., 237 f.). 3 Provinces taken over : Illyricum in 12 B.C., Sardinia in A.D. 6. Procon

dius: they had been there for a long time. 8 Senators might preside over the treasury, but the Senate had no control of fi

eps. Iullus Antonius (cos. 10 B.C.), a man of taste and culture, took over from Agrippa the one Marcella, P. Quinctilius Var

appeared in the East. For some years disturbances in Armenia, a land over which Augustus claimed sovranty, while not seriou

scious of their own individual character as a people. While they took over and assimilated all that the Hellenes could give,

rtas which the Roman People enjoyed, of the imperium which it exerted over others. PageNotes. 440 1 Tacitus, Hist. 2, 95

er himself, at the height and peak of his power, could have prevailed over the youthful vigour of the martial Republic. They

from the poets. 1 Pompeius was no better, though he has the advantage over Caesar in Virgil’s solemn exhortation against civ

ed his attention, so he claimed, no doubt with exaggeration,5 passing over the considerable activity of the last decade. P

o on the Palatine. Neither god had failed him. Divus Julius prevailed over the Republic at Philippi, Apollo kept faith at Ac

n of ‘Itala virtus’ Rome magnified her valour, for Rome had prevailed over Italy. PageNotes. 449 1 Propertius 4, 6, 57.

of peace, called on Rome and Italy to supply soldiers for warfare all over the world. They were united now, and strong, a na

ern Italy were occupied by graziers. The sons of Italy were scattered over the world: many preferred to stay in the province

were at one in awarding to moral and military excellence the primacy over pecuniary profit. If the growing of corn brought

asant ancestors had won glory and empire for Rome. The Revolution was over . Violence and reform alike were stayed and supers

ate itself may, in a certain sense, be regarded as a triumph of Italy over Rome: Philippi, Perusia and even Actium were vict

ilippi, Perusia and even Actium were victories of the Caesarian party over the nobiles. Being recruited in so large a measur

orced to express his doubts to the Senate. 1 That a change later came over the Roman aristocracy was evident to the historia

ce. The Princeps’ own form and features were reproduced in Rome and over all the world. It is true that he caused no fewer

f the propertied classes which the Empire preserved and supported all over the world, whether in the cities of Asia or the c

how more authentic grievances. Augustus intended to keep firm control over provincial governors. He tightened the legal proc

he Antonii and the Domitii perpetuated their compacts and their feuds over the body of the dying Republic and under the shad

alliance of the Aemilii and certain other patrician houses, prevailed over Pompeius and the dominant faction of the nobilita

n even temper in prosperity as in adversity. 5 Dellius’ troubles were over . When inciting Plancus to take comfort from wine,

wn or mulcted of their lands for the benefit of the legions. That was over . The Republic was something that a prudent man mi

not hopeless. A good emperor would dispense the blessings of his rule over the whole world, while the harm done by a bad emp

word ‘statio’: so did contemporaries. 3 Augustus’ rule was dominion over all the world. To the Roman People his relationsh

ncluded in the state papers which the Princeps, near to death, handed over to the consul Piso in 23 B.C. But earlier version

B.C., 345; political activities of, 385, 422 f., 425, 427; influence over Augustus, 414. Livia Medullina, daughter of M.

lue of, 445. Picenum, in the clientela of the Pompeii, 28, 92; goes over to Caesar, 49, 90; Pompeian partisans from, 28, 3

Augustus’ control of senatorial provinces, 382, 406; provinces taken over by Augustus, 394, 406; control of, in A.D. 14, 43

e Triumviral period, 189, 213, 216; a senatorial province, 328; taken over by Augustus, 357, 394, 406; governors, 213, 216.