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binding or cover and you must impose this same co
ts or connexions not explicitly mentioned in the text. In some way or
other
most of the consuls and governors of military pro
could not treat his subject with freedom and with veracity. It was no
other
than Claudius, a pupil of Livy. 3 His master had
is Principate was a syndicate. In truth, the one term presupposes the
other
. The career of the revolutionary leader is fantas
s heir, at the head of a new coalition, built up from the wreckage of
other
groups and superseding them all. The policy and
The Samnites, Sulla’s enemy and Rome’s, had been extirpated; and the
other
Sabellic peoples of the Apennine were broken and
the Licinii, great soldiers and distinguished orators, not to mention
other
houses of repute. 4 The Marcii, in ancient dignit
nd counsel the first stormy years of the renovated oligarchy. 5 Among
other
eminent houses of the plebeian nobility in the Ma
is revealed in the relations and alliances between that house and two
other
groups. The first is the Claudii: in addition to
cius Cato. 1 With these three groups were linked in some fashion or
other
almost all the chief members of the government, t
rches of Münzer, RA, 328 ff. For the stemma, see Table II at end. The
other
children were Q. Servilius Caepio (P-W 11 A, 1775
t Servilia would not be thwarted by that accident. She cast about for
other
allies. About this time Cato married Marcia, the
ich he had inherited from an ambitious and demagogic parent. 2 Cato’s
other
investment showed smaller prospect of remuneratio
taken as evidence of Etruscan influence on the family at some time or
other
, cf. J. Duchesne, Ant. cl. III (1934), 81 ff. 2
the one of them turned against the People when elected consul and the
other
lent his services to Crassus. But alliance with C
write political satire with impunity. 1 Pompeius was also related to
other
families of the local gentry, the men of substanc
ies for Pompeius in Spain and in the war against Mithridates. 5 Among
other
Picene partisans may be reckoned T. Labienus, and
bribery he secured the election of the military man L. Afranius. The
other
place was won by Metellus Celer, who, to get supp
, Caesar 14; Pompeius 47). Münzer (RA, 338 f.) argues that this is no
other
than Brutus, adopted by his maternal uncle Q. Ser
Q. Caepio Brutus’ (Cicero, Phil. 10, 25, &c). For a discussion of
other
views, cf. Münzer in P-W 11 A, 1775 ff. PageBoo
, that was no unmixed advantage. The Marcelli were rash but unstable,
other
consuls timid or NotesPage=>040 1 On his a
opposing parties in command of votes at Rome. Moreover, Antonius and
other
adherents of Caesar, elected tribunes for the nex
, provoked by his ruthless ambition, by his acts of arrogance towards
other
principes and by his support, when consul and pro
ous and arbitrary fashion. As a consequence of the law of 52 B.C. the
other
provinces from Macedonia eastwards were in the ha
Att. 9, 18, 2. The laudatory epithets here attached by Cicero to the
other
consulars will not mislead: too much is known abo
many times in the past. Exceptions had been made before in favour of
other
dynasts; and Caesar asserted both legal and moral
disreputable scoundrels on the one side and high-born patriots on the
other
is as schematic and misleading as the contrast be
and Messalla, received military commands in the Civil War. Among the
other
eleven consulars only one was an active partisan,
ort of daring agents. There was no scope for talent or ideas on the
other
side. The newer movements in literature were spon
ienus was encouraged to hope for the consulate. 7 Other Pompeians and
other
men from Picenum might be captured by the arts, t
and from the kings of Rome. 2 Patrician and plebeian understood each
other
. The patrician might recall past favours conferre
es and the Lentuli, stood by the oligarchy. But Caesar claimed, among
other
patricians, the worthy Ti. Claudius Nero, whom Ci
pe). PageBook=>071 in Gaul and in the Civil Wars. 1 There were
other
representatives of his class, excellent men. Ma
plete and of no legal validity. At the very least, colonial Romans or
other
wealthy and talented individuals from the towns o
us was quaestor in Hispania Ulterior under Pollio, who reports, among
other
enormities, that he had a Roman citizen burned al
nce of the rehabilitated Gabinius. 2 That assembly now harboured many
other
clients whom Cicero had once defended, not, as Ga
governing class at Rome had not always disdained the aristocracies of
other
cities. Tradition affirmed that monarchs of forei
n politics, the agitation spread and involved the allies. Reminded of
other
grievances and seeing no redress from Rome after
e on an early dedicatory inscr. beside Lake Fucinus, CIL I2, 387. For
other
new senators of non-Latin stock, Calvisius and St
rs he was the first knight’s son to become consul. He was correct but
other
novi homines, socially more eminent, had not been
ted as aedile there on an early inscr., ILS 6231. 3 Phil. 8, 27 and
other
evidence, cf. Gelzer, P-W X, 987. 4 For the lis
ve the vacant place when he resigned and departed to the Balkans. The
other
consul, the redoubtable M. Antonius, took cover.
Macedonian legions. For how long, no indication. For the present, the
other
provinces of the West were a counterbalance to D.
dependent kingdom of Egypt. Nor was trouble likely to come from the
other
Caesarian military men or recent governors of pro
the acquiescence of the Senate. A move to one side would alienate the
other
. Hitherto Antonius had neglected the avenging of
ns. They knew what the last extended command in Gaul had meant. Two
other
measures of a Caesarian and popular character wer
cided. Servilia promised her influence to get the measure revoked. No
other
decision was taken. For the present, the Liberato
t for the moment: at need, he would always be able to purchase one or
other
of the ten members of the tribunician college.
he Republicans. The calculation was hazardous but not hopeless on the
other
side, certain moderates and Republicans might be
His relations with Octavianus did not improve. Neither trusted the
other
. To counter that danger and outbid his rival the
aling the insecurity of his position. The blow was to fall from the
other
side, from the plebs, from the veterans and from
o go quietly for the present but their chance might come. Octavianus’
other
relatives were of little consequence. Q. Pedius,
vidimus. ’ 3 Nicolaus, Vita Caesaris 18, 53; Velleius 2, 60, 1 and
other
sources, all deriving from the Autobiography of A
ribe him as ‘Q. Salvius imp. cos. desig. ’ (BMC, R. Rep. 11, 407). No
other
authority gives ‘Salvius’ as his name: had he tak
he grandfather, Pro Cluentio 153. The Maecenas present along with two
other
Etruscans, M. Perperna and C. Tarquitius, at the
nus at a quite early date. Along with Pansa in this context certain
other
names are mentioned, P. Servilius, L. Piso and
nus marched on Rome, however, no news was heard of P. Servilius: like
other
consulars averse from Antonius but unwilling to c
e one side and a gracious disposition to please and to flatter on the
other
. Cicero came close to being a neutral in the Ci
the meeting of the Senate in the Temple of Tellus, when Cicero, like
other
statesmen, spoke for security and concord. Peace
his name. ’6 Octavianus was but a youth, he lacked auctoritas. On the
other
hand, he was the heir of the Dictator, a revoluti
hold judgement over the dead at all, improper to adduce any standards
other
than those of a man’s time, class and station. Ye
rancour and impudent defamation like the invectives against Piso. The
other
speeches against Antonius, however, may be counte
ver partisan in tone, cannot altogether suppress the arguments of the
other
side, whether they employ to that end calumny or
the background, emerging from time to time, Philippus, Servilius and
other
schemers, patent but seldom noticed, and Balbus n
asual evidence reveals the fact that Piso’s Epicurean familiar was no
other
than the unimpeachable Philodemus from Gadara, a
ditious, Antonius could be no true consul of the Roman People. On the
other
hand, the adversaries of Antonius deserved full r
way eastwards: he had sent legates in advance, the one to Syria, the
other
to secure for him the legions in Egypt. Yet the E
thus forced to disown their compromising ally. It was Calenus and no
other
who proposed a motion declaring Dolabella a publi
came dispatches from Lepidus and Plancus, acting in concert with each
other
and presumably with Antonius. Lepidus at least se
ed to risk a battle at Mutina. He was defeated but not routed; on the
other
side, Hirtius fell. In the field Antonius was rap
Senate should have deceived nobody. The two armies lay against each
other
for a time. A small river ran between the camps.
as soon given. As Octavianus moved up the Flaminia, he instructed the
other
consul to revoke the decrees of outlawry against
se was found in later generations. He composed his own autobiography;
other
apologists artfully suggested that the merciful r
Tullius Cicero. The Caesarian leaders proscribed their relatives and
other
personages of distinction more as a pledge of sol
ates have behaved as they did, could security and power be won in any
other
way. The consequences of compelling a general to
ly had to pay the costs of civil war, in money and land. There was no
other
source for the Caesarians to draw upon, for the p
dence of the principes, but not less to be deplored, were the gaps in
other
ranks and orders. The bulk of the nobiles, both e
rian in origin. 5 These were among the earliest to find mention. Then
other
marshals and consuls turn up L. Cornificius, whos
rgument for concord. Brutus and Antonius might have understood each
other
and compromised for peace and for Rome: the aveng
obeyed a warning dream which had visited his favourite doctor. 2 The
other
wing of the NotesPage=>204 1 Appian, BC 4,
uggested that the imposition should be spread out and equalized. Then
other
cities in alarm joined the ranks of discontent. O
P. Servilius, Octavianus got no help. He was actively hindered by the
other
consul, L. Antonius, who, aided by the faithful a
s for the prestige of the victor of Philippi was overwhelming. On the
other
side, they championed liberty and the rights of t
nd Plancus. He heard the reproaches of the one and the excuses of the
other
; he learned the full measure of the disaster. Whe
occeius Nerva was present, a friend of Antonius but acceptable to the
other
party. 2 Under their auspices a full settlement
1 B.C.) informed the learned Asconius that, as a matter of fact, none
other
than he, Gallus, was the wonder-child:3 no eviden
, among the earliest of whom may fairly be reckoned a Claudian of the
other
branch, Ap. Claudius Pulcher, one of the consuls
rom Tarentum, were passing through the Straits of Messana to join his
other
fleet from the Bay of Naples. Pompeius won an eas
tivity, and governor of all Spain for Octavianus the year after. No
other
nobilis can be found holding military command und
g men of talent or desperate ambition. As admission to the Senate and
other
forms of patronage rested in the hands of the Tri
onsular list of that year, of unprecedented length: it contains seven
other
names. Hitherto he had promoted in the main his m
he Scipiones. In this year the admiral Q. Laronius became consul; the
other
six were commended by no known military service t
ces of Agrippa, the soldier and engineer, were solid and visible: the
other
minister Maecenas had been working more quietly a
rom politics and the cultivation of private virtue; and some brand or
other
of Pythagorean belief might suitably commend itse
rors, though not averse from an interest in Pythagoreanism, or in any
other
belief and practice, was sustained by an insatiab
race to his new patron. In the company of statesmen, diplomatists and
other
poets, such as the tragedian Varius Rufus, they j
nation, others from ambition. Ahenobarbus with Antonius, Messalla and
other
nobles in the alliance of Caesar’s heir, had show
who received a vast domain, embracing Galatia, Pisidia, Lycaonia and
other
regions, from the river Halys south-westwards to
of territories, for Cleopatra received no greater accession than did
other
dynasts ; 2 but her portion was exceedingly rich.
ic to cities and to prominent individuals. He rewarded Theopompus and
other
Cnidians, Potamo the son of Lesbonax from Mytilen
., with especial reference to Satyrus (IOSPE I2, 691), but mentioning
other
caesarian partisans in the East. for Theopompus a
ì ’Aϕρὸδє[ὶ]τηϛ θεòν πιϕανῆ καì κoιὸν τὸῦ ἀνθρωπὶνὸυ βὶὸυ σωτῆρα. For
other
cities, cf. L. R. Taylor, The Divinity of the Rom
Sempronia, daughter of L. Atratinus, is mentioned in IG 112, 866 and
other
inscriptions. The admiral Atratinus served in Sic
ut Salvia Titisenia, Rufilla, Tertulla and Terentilla ? 2 Against the
other
charge he composed an unedifying tract entitled D
ir expiry, as in 37 B.C. This was what Antonius did in 32 B.C. On the
other
, the statement and attitude of Octavianus is perf
but retained the power, as was apparent, not only to Antonius, but to
other
contemporaries for Antonius, who, more honest, st
from the Vestal Virgins and read it out to the Senate of Rome. Among
other
things, Antonius reiterated as authentic the pare
ce the unfamiliar role of a champion of polite letters, alleged among
other
enormities NotesPage=>282 1 The truth of t
dour, clamouring for a crusade against the foreign enemy. Yet, on the
other
hand, the united front was not achieved merely th
under the command of Canidius comprised nineteen of his legions: the
other
eleven made up the garrison of Egypt, Cyrene, Syr
cement and communications. The fleet and the army were tied to each
other
. For their combined needs, Antonius abandoned the
mpeian Q. Nasidius and by M. Octavius, of a consular family. 6 On the
other
side the fleet of Octavianus faced the Antonians.
to beg for mercy :8 his mother Fulvia would have approved. There were
other
victims. As for the Antonians later captured, fou
he distinguished renegade M. Licinius Crassus (cos. 30 B.C.). 2 The
other
provinces of the East, not so important because t
from its pride of place, lest the capital of empire be transferred to
other
lands. The propaganda of Octavianus had skilfully
d him the title of imperator, which had been conceded since Actium to
other
proconsuls, and to one commander at least who was
repercussions of the clash with Crassus, any hint of the attitude of
other
proconsuls. Had he firm allies or kinsmen among t
rm ‘princeps’, but not as part of any official titulature. There were
other
principes in the State, there could not fail to b
consulare: as proconsul, he was merely the equal in public law of any
other
proconsul. In fact, his province was large and fo
ith being a Pompeian. 5 The Emperor and his historian understood each
other
. The authentic Pompeius was politically forgotten
n the one side Catilina in hell, tormented by furies for ever, on the
other
an ideal Cato, usefully legislating among the ble
ncus no doubt acquiesced, adding his voice to the chorus. Pollio, the
other
ex-Antonian and former public enemy, still nursed
rendered by Rome, Italy and the West in 32 B.C., subsequently by the
other
regions of the Empire. 3 Caesar Augustus possesse
2, D 150. 4 CIL VI, 16357, cf. PIR2, C 1474. 5 The extraction and
other
connexions of this remarkable person are highly o
late. It was Sex. Appuleius, a kinsman of the Princeps. 1 Nor are the
other
consuls of the age of the Revolution and the year
an L. Arruntius wholly convincing (22 B.C.). Augustus adopted certain
other
specious measures that appeared to provide solid
ant of Senate and People, nor the leadership of his party Agrippa and
other
party-magnates would have their word to say about
e was stubborn and domineering. He would yield to Augustus, but to no
other
man, and to Augustus not always with good grace.
he tradition, though not the blood, of M. Livius Drusus as well. Like
other
Romans of ancient aristocratic stock, Tiberius co
e no hereditary succession, for two reasons, the one juristic and the
other
personal. Augustus’ powers were legal in definiti
Scaurus and Cn. Cinna were not especially favoured Scaurus, like some
other
Republicans and Pompeians, never reached the cons
thing is heard again of the consular L. Gellius Poplicola or of three
other
Antonian admirals at Actium. 1 Nobiles were req
not at first belong to it, but takes time to develop. Notice, on the
other
hand, frequent praefecti classium; and the positi
the first Prefect of the land, at the head of three legions. Certain
other
provinces subsequently acquired by Augustus were
ate after Sulla contained many members of equestrian families. 5 Like
other
senators outside the circle of the consular famil
service at last became quaestor. 1 Contemporary and parallel are two
other
municipal partisans, from Treia in Picenum and fr
local magnates, bound by ties of blood and marriage to their peers in
other
towns, and desperately proud of birth. 1 Of some
Papius Mutilus (cos. suff. A.D. 9), of an ancient dynastic house. Two
other
consuls in this period, though not locally identi
plebs of Rome knew how they were expected to use that freedom. On the
other
hand, the candidate, at least for the consulate,
when aedile several years before had organized his private slaves and
other
suitable individuals into a company for suppressi
ar, Augustus had filled one place with his own candidate, leaving the
other
for free election. Compare Caesar’s practice, for
ker and man of fashion, not altogether approved of by Augustus; 3 the
other
, a critic of exacting taste, so they said, had Ov
ter. In the Principate of Augustus a Sulla, a Metellus, a Scaurus and
other
nobles did not rise to the consulate. 4 With so f
descended from Aemilii and Scipiones. 3 Pliny, NH 35, 8. Observing
other
frauds, old Messalla Rufus had taken to writing f
ia. No less resplendent in its way was the fortune that attended upon
other
partisans of Augustus. Unfortunately the partners
ing dynasty, by prominent partisans like Agrippa and Maecenas, and by
other
adherents like the obscure admiral M. Lurius. 2
ht to designate a praetor every year, that did not matter. There were
other
ways. The system broadens as it descends from c
Italicum: a descendant was Prefect of Egypt under Augustus. 3 On the
other
, his grandfather had helped Ti. Claudius Nero in
eps, conducted wars under their own auspices. But the Senate lost the
other
two armies. In 12 B.C. Augustus took over Illyric
rdinate authors. Many important military operations are barely known,
other
campaigns no doubt have lapsed into oblivion. N
19 B.C.)2 Augustus himself repaired the Via Flaminia. 3 The charge of
other
roads radiating from Rome, fell to some of his ge
Paullus Aemilius Lepidus, colleagues who proved discordant with each
other
and perhaps recalcitrant to the Princeps. They ma
be four men of consular rank, together with three praetorians and two
other
senators. 7 Casual or continuous employment was
us Fabius Maximus. 4 On all sides the monarchic Princeps robbed the
other
principes of power and honour. In the interests o
usiness. The committee, comprising the consuls, one member from every
other
board of magistrates and fifteen senators chosen
the paramount questions of governmental policy. That was the work of
other
bodies, which kept and left no written records. T
nferred that the motion was inspired in every sense of the term, that
other
public proposals of those momentous sessions had
ons a Cn. Dom[itius], who can hardly be anybody else. On this, and on
other
religious activities of Calvinus, cf. E. Bormann,
ates, the soldier and the diplomat. The one advocated a republic, the
other
monarchy. The contrast was unreal, the choice did
ess-like Agrippa would have been of little use. Nor would Taurus, the
other
soldier and administrator. Even lawyers could hav
as left in 6 B.C. with the two boys, the one in his fourteenth, the
other
in his eleventh year. The Princeps had broken loo
, P. Quinctilius Varus (cos. 13 B.C.) had married the daughter of the
other
. 1 Paullus Fabius Maximus (cos. 11 B.C.) had take
end from that family: which cannot be proved. As perhaps with certain
other
families in the time of Augustus, genealogical cl
something of a party. 1 The Scipiones were all but extinct; 2 but the
other
great branch of the Cornelii, the Lentuli, rising
Like the Cornelii Lentuli, Piso was no enemy of Tiberius. There were
other
nobles with influential connexions, such as that
Livius Drusus Libo (cos. 15 B.C.), whose connexions are unknown. The
other
relationships are tortuous and difficult to expla
nd bring back the head of the exile. 3 That was excessive. There were
other
symptoms. Nemausus, a loyal and patriotic city of
ory of the Alpine War. Like P. Silius for the favourite Drusus on the
other
flank of the convergent advance, Lollius may have
m public life. He dwelt in Rome as a private citizen. Even though the
other
Caesar, Lucius, when on his way to Spain succumbe
e he had married Claudia Pulchra, the daughter of Marcella. Varus had
other
useful connexions. 4 A new party becomes discer
A. Caecina Largus, the son of one of Augustus’ faithful generals, the
other
A. Caecina Severus (perhaps a relative): German
iberius and revealed itself in his public acts and utterances. On the
other
hand his enemies were alert to prosecute their ad
ll as national on the one side Rome and all the gods of Italy, on the
other
the bestial divinities of Nile. 2 Phoebus, to be
ble Samnite family now reconciled to Rome: it might be added that the
other
was a Picene. That was no palliation. These men b
ian Tacitus; no less evident that it was slow in operation and due to
other
causes than the legislation of Augustus,2 for lux
xport dancing-girls or a millionaire like Balbus. But there were many
other
towns in Spain and Gallia Narbonensis that soon m
s from Italy south of the Apennines were by no means abundant. On the
other
hand, northern or provincial Italy, above all the
y guided literature through individual patronage. As in politics, the
other
classes were susceptible to auctoritas, taking th
tudies of the learned Varro, to revive interest in Roman religion and
other
national antiquities. As yet, however, no systema
y in serious efforts and by the best poets. 3 The Princeps succeeded:
other
patrons of literature were left far behind. Polli
, 263 f. 6 Ib. 12, 190 f. 7 Ib. 8, 626. PageBook=>464 Like
other
literary compositions fostered by the government,
to members of the pacific and non-political order in society. On the
other
hand, their genius was not the creation of the Au
iolanium preserved with pride the statues of the Liberators. 2 On the
other
hand, Bononia was in the clientela of the Antonii
e battle-cry and the justification of Caesar’s heir. Antonius, on the
other
hand, was remiss, willing even to admit an accomm
return of one of the assassins, Cn. Domitius Ahenobarbus. Nor, on the
other
hand, had he refused to proscribe Cicero, an ally
s no doubt: he spent one half of the year instructing his pupils, the
other
in writing books. 7 PageNotes. 482 1 Tacitus,
of the Monarchy. Caesar, with the alliance of the Aemilii and certain
other
patrician houses, prevailed over Pompeius and the
ly tree of the Julio-Claudians. Other families related in some way or
other
to the reigning dynasty died out before long. The
, betrothal or marriage, with paradoxical and fatal results, dragging
other
families down to ruin. 1 A descendant of Pompeius
had no known progeny from his alliance with the patrician Fabii; and
other
novi homines disappear utterly or prolong their f
n the consulate, the Picene Q. Poppaeus Secundus, were unmarried. The
other
Poppaeus, a military man, left a daughter. 1 Quir
ne of his sons married Junia Calvina, of the blood of Augustus; 4 the
other
enjoyed a brief tenure of the Principate that Aug
ew scourge arose which, for the aristocracy at least, counterbalanced
other
benefits. The Senate became a high court of jus
n of Vinicius was the patron of a loyal and zealous historian. On the
other
hand, Lollius was a political scapegoat, while Qu
the aristocracy: it was cheerfully adopted by the snobbish fervour of
other
classes in society. It is precisely the sons of R
Tacitus observes. 4 The New State might be called monarchy, or by any
other
name. That did not matter. Personal rights and pr
orms. Indeed, it was inconceivable that a Roman should live under any
other
dispensation. Hence Libertas could be invoked as
garded. PageBook=>524 While the Princeps lived, he might, like
other
rulers, be openly worshipped as a deity in the pr
sar, 49, 90; Pompeian partisans from, 28, 31, 88, 90; Caesarians, 92;
other
men from Picenum, 200; Augustan novi homines, 3
o, see Cornelius. Scribonia, wife of Octavianus, 213, 219, 229; her
other
husbands, 229. Scribonia, wife of Sex. Pompeius