was a lesser evil than war between citizens. 1 Liberty was gone, but only a minority at Rome had ever enjoyed it. The survi

t that cumbrous theme to a consecutive narrative of events. Nor is it only the biography of Augustus that shall be sacrifice

y never belied its beginnings. Of necessity the conception was narrow only the ruling order could have any history at all an

on was narrow only the ruling order could have any history at all and only the ruling city: only Rome, not Italy. 1 In the R

ruling order could have any history at all and only the ruling city: only Rome, not Italy. 1 In the Revolution the power of

alamities: the gods had no care for virtue or justice, but intervened only to punish. 5 Against the blind impersonal forces

its doom, human forethought or human act was powerless. Men believed only in destiny and the inexorable stars. In the beg

f Sulla the Dictator, there were many senators whose fathers had held only the lower magistracies or even new-comers, sons o

. The dynast required allies and supporters, not from his own class only . The sovran people of a free republic conferred i

d estates in Italy when their campaigns were over. But not veterans only were attached to his cause from his provincial co

ed by a resurgence of the defeated causes in Italy. The tribunes were only a pretext, but the Marian party the proscribed an

blic these great houses each contributed forty-five consuls, exceeded only by the patrician Cornelii with their numerous bra

he main line of the Cornelii Scipiones had been saved from extinction only by taking in adoption sons of the resplendent Aem

b a general hostile to the government. 3 But the Optimates were solid only to outward show and at intervals. Restored to pow

numbers there was a poor showing of consulars to guide public policy: only a few venerable relics, or recent consuls with bi

ount, and the youngest, P. Clodius, brilliant and precocious, derived only the most dubious examples from the conduct of his

ech and authority that won the day was Cato’s.1 Aged thirty-three and only quaestorian in rank, this man prevailed by force

to a parody, Cato the Censor. But it was not character and integrity only that gave Cato the primacy before consulars: he c

sulate. The lieutenants of Pompeius in the eastern wars comprised not only personal adherents like Afranius and Gabinius but

ul Celer turned against Pompeius, and Afranius was a catastrophe, his only talent for civil life being the art of dancing. 7

mvirate it was a short step to dictatorship. Caesar’s consulate was only the beginning. To maintain the legislation of tha

cial laws. Gabinius and Piso were the most conspicuous, but not the only adherents of the dynasts, whose influence decided

ithr. 95; S1G3 750). 3 Crassus was in alliance with the Metelli not only through his elder son (ILS 881). The younger, P.

hat imperial house, the conquerors of Carthage and of Spain, belonged only to the past. They had been able to show only one

e and of Spain, belonged only to the past. They had been able to show only one consul in the preceding generation. 3 More sp

, born to power. The Pact of Luca blocked him from his consulate, but only for a year. He had another grievance Caesar’s ten

o’s stubborn refusal to agree to the land bill for Pompeius’ veterans only led to worse evils and a subverting of the consti

landed in Italy after an absence of nearly five years, force was his only defence against the party that had attacked a pro

4), 89 ff.; Histoire romaine 11: César (1936). 2 He offered to keep only the Cisalpina, or even Illyricum, with a single l

urn, like Sulla, to victory and to power. 4 Caesar, it is true, had only a legion to hand: the bulk of his army was still

tor himself expressed alarming opinions about the res publica ’it was only a name: Sulla, by resigning supreme power, showed

re or a singular and elementary blindness to the present. But this is only a Caesar of myth or rational construction, a lay-

cipio, vain and corrupt, the venal Lentulus Crus, the Marcelli, brave only in word and gesture, Ap; Claudius and Ahenobarbus

military commands in the Civil War. Among the other eleven consulars only one was an active partisan, commanding armies, na

Scribonius Curio, so history records and repeats but that was not the only incentive, for Clodius’ widow, Fulvia, was his wi

p;c 6 Ad fam. 8, 14, 3 PageBook=>064 their allegiance. 1 Not only senators chose Caesar, but young nobiles at that,

vived the party of Marius and the battle-cries of the last civil war, only thirty years before. The memory of Sulla was loat

Twenty years later, on the verge of another coup d’état, Pompeius had only one censor on his side, Ap. Claudius, who strove

ulars was massed against him. No matter Caesar’s faction numbered not only many senators but nobiles at that. Most conspic

esar designated him for the consulate of 44: he cannot then have been only twenty-five, as stated by Appian, BC 2, 129, 539.

rary or official source gives him the cognomen ‘Bassus’, which occurs only in Gellius (I.c.), Eutropius (7, 5) and Rufius Fe

r, C. Curtius, is designated as a leader of the equestrian order: not only that Curtius was ‘fortissimus et maximus publican

sts and cities stood loyal to Pompeius as representative of Rome, but only so long as his power subsisted. Enemies and rival

Of the senators stated once to have served in the ranks as centurions only one is sufficiently attested. 1 Worse than all

earlier. Caesar’s friends Troucillus, Trogus and Gallus were not the only members of this class, which, lacking full docume

opinions about the origin and social status of Caesar’s nominees not only leads to misconceptions about the Dictator’s poli

to the Dictator. Between senator and knight the cleavage was of rank only . The greater part of the socially undesirable or

municipal aristocrat was largely solicited by Roman politicians. Not only could he sway the policy of his city or influence

everywhere. Samnium remained recalcitrant. 3 The contest was not only brutal and bloody, with massacres of captives, ho

89. PageBook=>088 After a decade of war Italy was united, but only in name, not in sentiment. At first the new citiz

es. Pompeius Strabo had a large following in Picenum:3 but these were only the personal adherents of a local dynast and Roma

oniis et municipiis domi nobiles. ’ Etruria, an eager ally of Lepidus only fifteen years before, provided the nucleus of the

3, 7, 4)’ The latter is a unique name, the former, elsewhere attested only once (CIL VI, 24052), is another form of ‘Petruci

at city. Picenum was the scene of faction and internecine strife. Not only the Italici are hostile to Pompeius and the legit

partisans to the cause of Marius. 3 Another termination is found not only in these regions but extends to Picenum and the S

5 Among his legates is found no man with a name ending in ‘-idius’, only one ‘-enus’, the Picene Labienus. 6 M. Aemilius

lamed. Of consulars, the casualties in the Civil Wars had been heavy: only two of the Pompeians, professed or genuine, were

as manoeuvred into a clash with the champions of the People. Symptoms only , no solid ground for optimistic interpretation. Y

er to Bithynia. There were no legions at all in Asia and in Bithynia, only two in the Cisalpina. For the rest, the only su

Asia and in Bithynia, only two in the Cisalpina. For the rest, the only support in the provinces was distant and negligib

ly more than once during the Civil Wars, in 49 B.C. when Antonius was only tribune of the plebs, and after Pharsalus, as Mas

blic or NotesPage=>104 1 Apart from Plutarch, Antonius 10, the only evidence is Cicero, Phil. 2, 71 ff, which betrays

wer and patronage rested in his hands. Antonius restored an exile but only NotesPage=>107 1 Phil, 1, 2 ff. Cicero doe

year, by his enemies in a manner which on any theory of legality can only be branded as high treason. So far the plea for

prevented at this juncture. 3 Ib. 14, 12, 1. Caesar had given them only Latin rights 4 Ib. 14, 12, 1, &. 5 Ib. 14

f alliance between the Caesarians and the Liberators; and not Lepidus only there was P. Servilius his brother-in-law, soon t

for the East, Trebonius and Cimber might have Asia and Bithynia: the only armies east of Macedonia were the six legions und

proconsulate. Sex. Peducaeus and A. Allienus carried no weight; and only another war would bring rapid distinction to Carr

ble. In that the young man was a Roman and a Roman aristocrat. He was only eighteen years of age: but he resolved to acquire

’s proposal (cf. Appian, BC 3, 30, 115). It must be repeated that the only clear account of the speeches and negotiations le

n grey hairs or none remaining. Legitimate primacy, it is true, could only be attained at Rome through many extra-constituti

ce lent their support and devotion to his son and heir. Loyalty could only be won by loyalty in return. Caesar never let dow

sed amicum. ’ 2 Suetonius, Divus Aug. 66, 1 (Salvidienus and Gallus only , perhaps an understatement). PageBook=>122

essimistic Pollio. When Brutus entered his province in April he found only two legions there. He proceeded to raise several

us. 1 Nothing came of this perhaps the situation was too serious. Not only his soldiers but his partisans were being seduced

us. On the following day, after a solemn review at Tibur, where not only the troops but a great part of the Senate and man

, his lack of open enthusiasm about Octavianus’ prospects was perhaps only a mask. The young man was much in the company of

Octavianus, Sex. Appuleius, the husband of his half- sister Octavia, only the name is known (ILS 8963); he was the father o

and secret contributors. The party did not appeal to the impecunious only . Its leader needed money to attract recruits, sub

f his senatorial associates and (except for C. Rabirius Postumus) the only such recorded for a long time. What remained of t

nd violence, extorts recognition as Caesarian leader beside Antonius, only eight men of senatorial rank can be discovered am

as to its author or its audience. There was another side not Antonius only , but the neutrals. Cicero was not the only consul

another side not Antonius only, but the neutrals. Cicero was not the only consular who professed to be defending the highes

vianus, or for peace. The new consuls had a policy of their own, if only they were strong enough to achieve it. Public p

inst posterity or the moral standards of another age), Brutus was not only a sincere and consistent champion of legality, bu

udge of men and politics. Civil war was an abomination. Victory could only be won by adopting the adversary’s weapons; and v

d that he could see no end to civil strife. 1 Men recalled not Caesar only but Lepidus and armies raised in the name of libe

and against Antonius, acquires the temporary label of a good citizen, only to lapse before long, damned for a misguided poli

rights or the Senate’s, were acting a pretence: they strove for power only . 1 Sallustius soon went deeper in his pessimism.

ions prevailed entirely, and in the end success or failure became the only criterion of wisdom and of patriotism. 4 In the s

the extremity of civil war. Among Caesar’s allies Pollio was not the only one who followed the friend but cursed the cause.

esmen. Of the Pompeian consulars, an eminent but over- lauded group,2 only two were alive at the end of 44 B.C., Cicero and

cratic or aristocratic, of the Republican state. 1 That was not the only irregularity practised by the party of the consti

By the end of the year almost all Macedonia was in his hands; and not only Macedonia Vatinius the governor of Illyricum ha

equal to his station and duty. The great Antonius extricated himself only after considerable loss. Octavianus, in the meant

a start of two days, for D. Brutus went to consult Pansa at Bononia, only to find that the consul had succumbed to his woun

ficers and men: they followed Lepidus not from merit or affection but only because Lepidus was a Caesarian. The troops intro

indole admirabilique constantia’. 5 Suetonius, Divus Aug. 62, 1 the only evidence, but unimpeachable. 6 Ad M. Brutum 2,

was nothing to choose between Dolabella and any of the three Antonii; only practise a salutary severity, and there will be n

nt over without hesitation. A praetor committed suicide. That was the only bloodshed. The senators advanced to make their pe

tesmen and from the party of the constitution. Now he was consul, his only danger the rival army commanders. For the momen

Caesar. Yet neither of these men perished, and the murderers claimed only one consular victim, M. Tullius Cicero. The Caesa

. ’ 4 Ib. 11, 4. PageBook=>193 Calidus, famed as a poet, but only among his contemporaries; 1 and the aged M. Teren

n drives money underground. It must be lured out again. Capital could only be tempted by a good investment. The Caesarian le

f the next year a fresh list was drawn up, confiscating real property only . 2 Hitherto the game of politics at Rome had be

w senators of the Triumviral period they could not have competed. Not only aliens or men of low origin and infamous pursuits

. In December of the year 44 B.C. the Senate had been able to count only seventeen ex-consuls, the majority of whom were a

unmolested. 6 Of the supposed dozen survivors among the consulars, only three claim any mention in subsequent history, an

he consulars, only three claim any mention in subsequent history, and only one for long. The renegade from the Catonian part

6 Appian, BC 4, 37, 155. PageBook=>198 When a civil war seemed only a contest of factions in the Roman nobility, many

0 B.C.) was still alive: for the sons and relatives of the others the only record in the years 43–39 B.C. is a Metellus and

n as well as by its policy. The Triumvirs had expelled from Italy not only the nobiles, their political enemies, but their v

, perished with Dolabella; 1 another Marsian, Poppaedius Silo, gained only brief glory. 2 The pace was fast, the competition

endowed him with the talents for success; Q. Laronius, commemorated only as an admiral, and T. Statilius Taurus, a formida

-members’ being Agrippa and Salvidienus Rufus. Octavianus himself had only recently passed his twentieth birthday: Agrippa’s

se, it is held, was doomed from the beginning, defeat inevitable. Not only this Brutus was prescient and despondent, warned

more than eighteen months earlier, and rallied promptly. That was the only weak spot in the forces of the Republic: would th

ex. Pompeius. Pompeius seems to have let slip his opportunity not the only time. A concerted effort of the Antonian and Repu

zance when he arrived at Tyre in February of the year 40, but learned only after his departure, when sailing to Cyprus and t

elf, it is true, had contracted a marriage with Scribonia; Julia, his only daughter, was born in the following year. But t

, R. Rep. 11, 407 f.) It will not be necessary to add that we possess only the ‘Official version’ of Salvidienus’ treason.

8, 41, 7. Both Dio and the Acta Triumphalia mention the Parthini, and only the Parthini, a tribe whose habitat is known. A c

services of his Greek freedmen; in the subsequent campaigns in Sicily only two Romans held high command on his side: Tisienu

oung Pompeius might be a champion of the Republican cause. But it was only a name that the son had inherited, and the fame o

nd name of Neptune; 4 the Roman plebs might riot in his honour it was only from hatred of Caesar’s heir. In reality an adven

s, Fannius and Libo. These persons can mostly be identified. There is only one difficulty, whether Saturninus is the Sentius

on to the hope that the Free State would soon be re-established. 2 It only remained for his triumviral partner to perform hi

Ventidius and Plancus, were with Antonius. Octavianus had two and two only , the military men C. Carrinas and Cn. Domitius Ca

caeus; 6 and the obscure admiral M. Lurius, never heard of before and only once again, held a command in Sardinia. 7 To this

ard, then lapsing into obscurity again. Some names are known, but are only names, accidentally preserved, such as the admira

monopoly, but all the odium. 2 C. Proculeius, however, now turns up, only a Roman knight, but a person of repute and conseq

nd, above p. 201. Seleucus the admiral from Rhosus in Syria, revealed only by inscriptions (Syria xv (1934), 33 ff.), may ha

nown. 2 Destined ere long to a place in war and administration second only to Agrippa was T. Statilius Taurus (cos. suff. 37

the narrative of the Sicilian War and the fact of his consulate, the only clear testimony about Q. Laronius is a tile from

onius, by contrast, became more and more Pompeian. That was not the only advantage now resting with Octavianus. He had cle

nius. Three dynasts had held the world in an uneasy equilibrium. With only two remaining the alternatives seemed to be fast

ght and strategy the double object was triumphantly achieved. 1 Not only this. A general secure of the loyalty and the aff

r the monarchy. More artful than Antonius, the young Caesar built not only for splendour and for the gods. He invoked public

. Cornelius, cos. and cos. suff. 38, and Marcius, cos. suff. 36). Ten only are sons or descendants of consular families. The

good pretext. 1 Among the consulars could be discerned one Claudius only , one Aemilius, partisans of Octavianus; no Fabii

; no Fabii at all, of the patrician Cornelii two at the most, perhaps only one; 2 no Valerii yet, but the Valerii were soon

daining freedmen’s sons and retired centurions. Magistracies, coveted only for the bare distinction, were granted in abundan

ce, held for a few days or in absence. 6 The sovran assembly retained only a formal and decorative NotesPage=>244 1 D

ipio, cos. suff. 35, and perhaps L. Cornelius, cos. suff. 38. 3 Not only Messalla himself, consul with Octavianus for the

the peace of the Triumvirs, with no use left in Senate or Forum, but only of service to overcome the recalcitrance of armed

of political speakers, and the spirited Caelius, were by no means the only exponents of this Attic tendency in Roman oratory

farmer in a grave, religious and patriotic vein. Virgil was not the only discovery of Maecenas. Virgil with short delay ha

he next subversion of public order it might go farther, embracing not only impoverished citizens but aliens and slaves. Ther

pa in 33 B.C. expelled astrologers and magicians from Rome,3 that was only a testimony to their power, an attempt of the gov

on. 1 East of the Hellespont there were to be three Roman provinces only , Asia, Bithynia and Syria. For the rest, the grea

These grants do not seem to have excited alarm or criticism at Rome: only later did they become a sore point and pretext fo

the place of Pompeius and Caesar as master of the eastern lands, not only did he invest Polemo, the orator’s son from Laodi

ytilene paid honour and the appellation of saviour and benefactor not only to Pompeius Magnus but also to his client Theopha

ore the eyes of the Greek world Antonius could parade imperially, not only as a monarch and a soldier, but as a benefactor t

march by the Parthians, the legions struggled back to Armenia, saved only by the courage of Antonius and the steadiness of

. Marcius Censorinus (40) and Pollio (39); Bithynia, Ahenobarbus (the only known governor in this period). Cyrene, of little

gate C. Didius (Bell. Hisp, 40, I, &c). M. Oppius Capito is known only from coins (BMC, R. Rep. II, 517 ff.): perhaps of

it conspired with dissident Caesarians and assassinated the Dictator, only to bring on worse tyranny. The group had suffered

in the Balkans and in Illyricum, as far as the Danube. Only then and only thus could the Empire be made solid, coherent and

rder of events, not always clearly indicated by Dio and Plutarch, the only full sources for the years 33 and 32 B.C., has be

of the principal actors were dead: in fact, Sosius and Domitius were only eleven years from Hirtius and Pansa. Then the new

the office of Triumvir, but retained the power, as was apparent, not only to Antonius, but to other contemporaries for Anto

haracter of a civil war in which men fought, not for a principle, but only for a choice of masters. In ships Antonius had

bunt. 1 Caesar’s heir was veritably a world-conqueror, not in verse only , or by the inevitable flattery of eastern lands.

e explicit; 6 and Livy duly demonstrates how the patriot Camillus not only saved Rome from the invader but prevented the cit

ir was identified with that god by the poet Virgil. 1 Not by conquest only but by the foundation of a lasting city did a her

wars abroad or faction at home. Peace had been established, there was only one faction left—and it was in power. The pleas

ad been consul every year. But that was not all. The young despot not only conceded, but even claimed, that he held sovranty

n lands for Rome. 2 The consensus embraced and the oath enlisted, not only all Italy, but the whole world. 3 In 28 B.C Caesa

n of the enemy in battle with his own hand, a feat that had fallen to only two Romans since Romulus. Such military glory inf

even though that despotic office had expired years before: in law the only power to which he could appeal if he wished to co

lmost religious consecration of the rule of the sole imperator. 4 Not only prestige was at stake—the armed proconsuls were a

red liberty, and resigned nothing of value. Ostensible moderation was only a step to greater consolidation of power. And of

, proconsuls were to govern the provinces, as before, but responsible only to the Senate; and Senate, People and magistrates

Pompeius was sinister and ambitious. That princeps did not cure, but only aggravated, the ills of the Roman State. Very dif

‘salubris princeps’, for as such he would have himself known. 5 Not only that. The whole career of Pompeius was violent an

. A purified Pompeius or a ghostly and sanctified Cato were not the only victims of the Civil Wars who could be called up

epublic of Caesar Augustus. 3 That would be comforting, if true. It only remains to elucidate NotesPage=>318 1 Odes

s in constitutional practice or anticipations in political theory can only lead to schematism and a dreary delusion. Augustu

about the gap between fact and theory. It was evident: no profit but only danger from talking about it. The Principate baff

t is fairer. It has been maintained in recent times that Augustus not only employed Republican language but intended that th

or at least no candidate hostile to the Princeps. Taurus stood second only to Agrippa as a soldier and an administrator: he

acclaimed imperator by the legions. 1 A second consulate was not the only reward of loyal service—he was granted in 30 B.C.

ἑαυτὰ μέγα τι νεωτερίσαι δυνάμενα κατέσχεν. PageBook=>327 the only immediate change from Triumviral practice. No lon

Yet of this impressive and unprecedented array of viri triumphales, only one was to hold command of an army again, and tha

, or Cn. Pompeius, the descendant of Sulla the Dictator. After 28 B.C only two of these consulars serve as legates of the Pr

sulars serve as legates of the Princeps in his provincia; 2 and three only , so far as known, hold the proconsulate of Africa

the Dictator, the public provinces were ten in number. Now they were only eight, about as many as the Senate could manage w

it held good for the public provinces from the beginning. Ultimately only two provinces, Africa and Asia, were governed by

0, 2). PageBook=>330 Of these six legati Augusti pro praetore, only one was of consular standing. 1 The others were p

nd P. Silius Nerva (cos. 20) is known; as for L, Arruntius (cos. 22), only his command at Actium is attested. L. Tarius Rufu

nd as all glory and all history now concentrate upon a single person, only the detachment commanded by Augustus himself has

tes the trial of Primus and conspiracy of Murena to 22 B.C. Moreover, only one consular list, the Fasti Capitolini, reveals

rinceps inscribed on the golden shield and advertised everywhere. Not only did it reveal a lack of satisfaction with the ‘fe

olitical principle, if such existed, or private dislike. Yet even so, only four years earlier, one of the closest of the ass

o retain his military imperium within the gates of the city. That was only one part of the scheme: he now devised a formidab

ave been composed as early as 29 or 28 B.C. 2 Dio 53, 32, 5 f. (the only evidence). Proconsular imperium was conferred, σα

Crassus and so acquire easy prestige for the new government. 3 Not only that. Syria was the only military province in the

asy prestige for the new government. 3 Not only that. Syria was the only military province in the East except Egypt. Egypt

as well as the East. 5 So much for the settlement of 23 B.C. It was only twenty-one years from the removal of a Dictator a

estius, ex-Republicans in the consulate, that looked well. But it was only a manifesto. PageNote. 338 1 Dio 53, 26, 3; S

government. The constitution is a façade as under the Republic. Not only that. Augustus himself is not so much a man as a

of his own blood. Two years earlier the marriage of his nephew to his only daughter Julia had been solemnized in Rome. Alrea

arian party and by the demands of imperial government. It was not the only formula or the only system available. Indeed, f

he demands of imperial government. It was not the only formula or the only system available. Indeed, for the empire of Rom

icegerent for the East and perhaps for the western lands as well. Not only this the war in Spain was not yet over. Gaul and

troops stood in an especial relation of devotion to the Princeps. Not only did he possess and retain a private body-guard of

erociously indignant ‘hoc, hoc tribuno militum’. 6 Horace himself was only one generation better. Here again, no return to R

s. The great companies of publicani die or dwindle. For the most part only minor and indirect taxes in the provinces are now

acitus, Agr. 4, 1 (Agricola’s grandfathers). PageBook=>357 Not only that Roman knights could govern provinces, some o

novus homo might rise to the praetorship: to the consulate, however, only by a rare combination of merit, protection and ac

stand for the office of the quaestorship and so enter the Senate. Not only that the tribunate was also thus used. 2 To the b

Proculeius furnished palpable evidence. Again, it often happened that only one son of a municipal family chose to enter the

s of old civilization, what of the backward regions of Italy that had only been incorporated after the Bellum Italicum? Cice

m the foothills of the Alps down to Apulia, Lucania and Bruttium. Not only do ancient cities of Latium long decayed, like La

o consuls. 7 NotesPage=>362 1 Tacitus, Ann. 3, 48. Lanuvium is only five miles from Velitrae. 2 No certain evidence

2 f. (C. Caristanius Fronto, a colonist at Pisidian Antioch). 4 Not only Gallus. C. Turranius (c. 7-4 B.C.) came from Spai

he support of the nobiles in his youth. Before his marriage to Livia, only one descendant of a consular family (Cn. Domitius

ble recurred. The year 19 B.C. opened with Augustus still absent, and only one consul in office, C. Sentius Saturninus. Ther

however, a development is perceptible. Yet this may be a result, not only of Augustus’ own enhanced security, with less cau

3 Not counting Varro Murena. PageBook=>373 From 18 to 13 B.C. only two novi homines appear on the Fasti, both with m

er 19 B.C., down to and including 6 B.C., a period of thirteen years, only four are recorded, two of them caused by death. 3

sul. But the consulate did not matter so much. Enemies were dangerous only if they had armies and even then they would hardl

uses of this age hangs the veil of a dubious authenticity, penetrated only by their contemporaries. Messalla raised vigorous

exploited the progeny of others. 2 The daughter was not the Princeps’ only pawn. His sister Octavia had children by her two

haste daughters of the profligate Antonius knew each a single husband only . Of the two Marcellas, the elder married Agrippa

us Appianus. 3 These were the closest in blood, but by no means the only near relatives of the Princeps. C. Octavius his f

n the Palatine, in the house of Hortensius:5 this was the centre, but only a part, of an ever-growing palace. Cicero had acq

rces. 8 Senatorial rank and promotion to the consulate were not the only favours in the hands of the party-dynasts. There

vi homines to the consulate after A.D. 4.2 But Tiberius was not the only force in high politics; and even if Taurus could

the ministers and masters of the Caesars. What in show and theory was only the family of a Roman magistrate, austere and nat

etence and from their very paucity. In December of 43 B.C. there were only seventeen consulars alive, mostly of no consequen

till further except for the dynasts Antonius, Octavianus and Lepidus, only four of them find any mention in subsequent histo

purpose of these principes was to be decorative. Except for Agrippa, only six of them are later chosen to command armies, a

ut with the provincial armies lay the real resources of power and the only serious danger. It was not until a century elapse

sted the trial. For all his capacity and merits, Tiberius was not the only general or administrator among the principes. Oth

plebeian marshals commanding armies under the Principate of Augustus only one besides Agrippa, namely M. Lollius, is honour

1 This intention is palpable and flagrant in Velleius Paterculus. The only military operations that he mentions during the a

=>395 To the Senate he had restored no military territories, but only , from time to time, certain peaceful regions, nam

2 But Syria, though more prominent in historical record, was not the only Eastern province that called for special treatmen

However that may be, no consulars can be established in this period, only praetorians in charge of the army, namely P. Vini

of Africa. 3 There was also fighting in Africa. 4 These are not the only names that mattered in the critical period in que

quipped with ministers of government. But it was not in the provinces only that the principes were trained and yoked to serv

: Illyricum in 12 B.C., Sardinia in A.D. 6. Proconsuls nominated, not only in A.D. 6 (Dio 55, 28, 2), but much earlier, for

ν Κρηтικ ν καì Κυρηναϊκ ν παρχήαν καθ- ξοντ∈ςκτλ. 5 In 19 B.C., but only for a few years, after which Augustus established

ust be financial experts lurking somewhere. Moreover, it was no doubt only the residue of the revenues from his own province

Empire. The rationarium imperii was kept by Augustus, to be divulged only if and when he handed in his accounts to the Stat

and Illyricum. Lollius was not famed for service in eastern provinces only . After his consulate he governed Macedonia and Ga

, which with separate functions but with coalescence of interests not only represented, but were themselves the governing an

4 The narrative of Dio is brief and fragmentary, in part preserved only in epitomes; while Velleius records only trouble

agmentary, in part preserved only in epitomes; while Velleius records only trouble and disaster for Rome in the absence of T

tanding in talent or very closely related to the reigning family; and only two of them are known to have commanded armies in

he preferred to run no risks. The disgrace of Julia would abolish the only tie that bound Tiberius to the reigning house. Ti

s to be cheated, prevented from transmitting the power to the Claudii only . He was constrained to adopt a youth who perpetua

d perilous. Two obstacles remained, Julia and Agrippa Postumus, the only surviving grandchildren of the Princeps and they

rumour. Men even believed that the frail septuagenarian, accompanied only by his intimate, Paullus Fabius Maximus, had made

capacity for empire but not the ambition, Asinius Gallus the ambition only : L. Arruntius had both. 4 NotesPage=>433 1

ies substituted Cn. Piso (cos. 7 B.C.) for Arruntius. That is not the only uncertainty here. The MS. of Tacitus has ‘M. Lepi

military glory. The deplorable Lollius had a son, it is true, but his only claim to fame or history is the parentage of Loll

ar military province. Silius’ two brothers attained to the consulate, only one of them, however, to military command. 3 This

a long tenure of the post of praefectus urbi. 5 His successor, though only for a year, was L. Aelius Lamia, a lively old man

ruins. The apprehensions evoked by the long series of civil wars were only too well grounded. Actium had averted the menace

d bear it, was accompanied by certain grave disadvantages. Slaves not only could be emancipated with ease but were emancipat

tion? cui dabit partis scelus expiandi Iuppiter? 2 There could be only one answer. The official head of the state religi

uld be shown as a sublime contest between West and East. Rome was not only a conqueror Rome was a protector of Greek culture

n entirely perverted. Pietas once gave world-empire to the Roman, and only pietas could maintain it: dis te minorem quod g

iochus and Hannibal. 5 The ideal of virtue and valour was not Roman only , but Italian, ingrained in the Sabines of old and

list might rejoice. Let foreign trade decline it brought no good, but only an import of superfluous luxury and alien vices.

3 Indirect arguments can be used. For example, Narbonensis supplies only two auxiliary regiments; and that province is ear

th benevolence. He insisted, however, that his praises should be sung only in serious efforts and by the best poets. 3 The P

devotion to Rome. Further, as might be expected of a region that had only recently become a part of Italy, the name ‘Italia

o Virgil the Transpadane, Actium is the victory of Italy, not of Rome only . This conception does not find expression in the

ss, willing even to admit an accommodation with the assassins. He was only incited to pay some honour to his dead benefactor

to Republican sentiment becomes more and more lavish and ornate. Not only is Augustus, like his predecessors, a god and sav

. Not only is Augustus, like his predecessors, a god and saviour; not only does he take from Pompeius the title of ‘warden o

peius, ILS 9459 (Miletopolis); above, p. 30. PageBook=>474 not only do cities compete, pouring their cascades of dith

ing his absence in the East a salutary reminder to the Senate. It was only from members of that body that serious opposition

ion of Libertas, passionate and ferocious, defended his ideals in the only fashion he could, by freedom of speech. 3 Too emi

he introduced the practice of holding recitations, though to friends only and not to an indiscriminate public. 5 PageNote

Livy had come to history from the study of rhetoric. That was not the only defect that Pollio could discover in Livy. Poll

oon decayed and perished. ‘Magna illa ingenia cessere. ’7 Not history only , but poetry and eloquence also, now that Libertas

destined to achieve power in the end. Inheriting from his father not only great estates but boundless popularity with the p

L. Calpurnius Piso (cos. 15 B.C.). Pompeius the Great had descendants only through collaterals or through the female line, s

ugustus’ Principate. Before long, however, they became entangled, not only among themselves, as when a Piso, adopted by a Cr

i homines disappear utterly or prolong their family by one generation only . 3 Nor are the new families ennobled for loyal

n the years of peace and the Principate always rich in offspring. The only son of L. Tarius Rufus was banished after an atte

s. 4 Seneca, De clem. 1, 15. PageBook=>499 Lollius, too, had only one son. M. Papius Mutilus the Samnite and the tw

principal use. For all else they were believed a danger, though often only a nuisance, so great a tribute did Roman conserva

nd Vinicius belong to the reign of Claudius. Pollio was survived by only one son, Gallus, who came to a miserable end. But

nts, political, social and economic, where antiquity was prone to see only the ambition and the agency of individuals. On an

ilis among the legates who commanded the armies in his provincia, and only three men of consular standing. PageNotes. 502

ent, Ser. Sulpicius Galba: they should have been right, for Galba was only the façade of a man, in no way answering to his n

d some seven or eight men sprung from Triumviral or Augustan consuls: only one man of this class commands an army, and a sma

his doom had he been content with ‘aurea mediocritas’. 2 The last and only refuge of Roman virtue and aristocratic independe

ommissions to Greeks in the militia equestris. 1 The movement might only be accelerated by ‘bad emperors’ or masterful ser

erwise there can be no history of these times deserving the name, but only adulation and a pragmatic justification of succes

ut only adulation and a pragmatic justification of success. One man only of all whom the Revolution had brought to power d

mmentators on this speech have failed to notice that Persicus was not only notorious for vice but was even the type of the d

latine. 2 Pollio had been more intractable during the Civil Wars, the only neutral in the campaign of Actium; he retained hi

f arms and established dominatio. Pompeius was no better. After that, only a contest for supreme power. 2 Tacitus does not e

rial; and he excels any colleague he might have, not in potestas, but only in auctoritas. 3 Which is true as far as it goes