nience, the books and papers mentioned in the footnotes. It will at once be evident how much the conception of the nature

without being an apologia for Cicero or for Octavianus—or for both at once . A section of it was so written by C. Asinius Pol

ts shape and character, so far from fading away on close scrutiny, at once stands out, solid and manifest. In any age of the

e by the peaceful means of a new dynastic alliance. He saw the way at once . Having divorced his wife, the half-sister of Cel

agrant abuses. One law, prescribing that provinces be granted, not at once and automatically after praetorship and consulate

e, Milo had been condemned and exiled, likewise P. Plautius Hypsaeus, once his own adherent but now coolly sacrificed. The t

d revealed the political decline of two great houses. The Pompeii had once been hangers-on of the Scipiones. But the power a

it was the end. Returning to Rome a private citizen, Caesar would at once be prosecuted by his enemies for extortion or tre

ncy period would be quite short flickered up for a moment, to wane at once and perish utterly. 1 In January 44 B.C. Caesar w

nt was unbearable, the future hopeless. It was necessary to strike at once absence, the passage of time and the solid benefi

bat, quis nunc reperiet? ’ 3 As the Historia Augusta, pertinent for once but not perhaps authentic, reports of an Emperor

ar diverged sharply for eleven years. But Brutus, after Pharsalus, at once gave up a lost cause, receiving pardon from Caesa

tion in politics was carried on by men called populares. Pompeius had once been a popularis, using tribunes and the advocacy

l of 83 B.C., L. Cornelius Cinna (pr. 44), to whose sister Caesar had once been married, and C. Carrinas, son of the Marian

nationibus natis servituti. ’ A sad decline from those earlier merits once lauded by Cicero (Asconius 63 = p. 72 Clark). 2

inherited the Spanish connexion of his old associate Crassus, who had once raised a private army in the Peninsula. 6 Afric

uestrian officers may have been ex-centurions. Of the senators stated once to have served in the ranks as centurions only on

ht of numbers, from the obscure or fantastic names by chance recorded once and never again, to say nothing of more than two

ius. 2 That assembly now harboured many other clients whom Cicero had once defended, not, as Gabinius, under pressure from t

here. But L. Aelius Lamia, a knight of paramount station and dignity, once a devoted adherent of Cicero, for activities in w

Turius likewise in 65 (ib. 237, cf. Ad Att. 1, 1, 2) and T. Aufidius, once a publicanus, but rising to be governor of Asia (

man State and the history of the Roman People. The Secular Games were once an observance of the Valerii; 3 and men could rem

4)’ The latter is a unique name, the former, elsewhere attested only once (CIL VI, 24052), is another form of ‘Petrucidius’

geous position. Lepidus had troops under his command, with results at once apparent. At dawn on March 16th he occupied the F

of March 17th the Senate met. Antonius took charge of the debate, at once thwarting the proposal of Ti. Claudius Nero, who

s hand with cool skill. The Liberators and their friends had lost, at once and for ever, the chance of gaining an ascendancy

ants of the towns of Italy. With the veterans, the Liberators were at once confronted by a solid block of vested interests.

r. Caesar, a good judge of men, put him in control of Italy more than once during the Civil Wars, in 49 B.C. when Antonius w

and return to normal government, the direction of the State passed at once to the supreme magistrates. Antonius displayed co

watched. To Lepidus Antonius secured the office of pontifex maximus, once held by a glorious and remembered ancestor; 1 he

alliance maintained the fortunes of the family. The widow Atia was at once transferred in matrimony to L. Marcius Philippus,

he memory of Caesar retained over the populace. The heir of Caesar at once devoted himself to Caesarian propaganda. Games

nciers and to individuals commanding influence in the towns of Italy. Once a compact and devoted following was won, and his

immediate and still tangible past. The young Pompeius had grasped at once the technique of raising a private army, securing

ture or of gain that certain intimate friends of the dead autocrat at once lent their support and devotion to his son and he

ved to take over one part of his consular province, the Cisalpina, at once . Then Plancus would raise no difficulties about C

enemies had drawn the sword: naked force must decide. But not all at once Antonius had not chosen to declare Octavianus a p

general: yet Antonius was impotent against the heir of the Dictator. Once again the ghost of Caesar prevailed over the livi

ve looked at this venture. No matter: Caesar’s heir secured almost at once the financial secretaries and political agents of

cero was able to hold out against Caesar. Though in the Senate he was once moved to celebrate the clemency and magnanimity o

ot who boasted never to have been a party politician? As Antonius had once said to him, the honest neutral does not run away

blic. Then Octavianus urged Cicero to come to Rome, to save the State once again, and renew the memory of the glorious Nones

ssert leadership, to free the State again or go down with it in ruin. Once he had written about the ideal statesman. Politic

should render to the Commonwealth, that is, a manual of civic virtue. Once again the ideal statesman is depicted in civilian

adge of devout but harmless Pythagorean practices; 8 and Gabinius had once been called a ‘vir fortis’, a pillar of Rome’s em

lief and conviction that popular sovranty was a good thing in itself. Once in power, the popularis, were he Pompeius or were

Sullan enemies, partly to palliate the guilt of civil war. Almost at once he composed a propaganda-letter, addressed to Bal

initiative, privato consilio, it was claimed that the Senate could at once legalize treason, condoning the private act throu

, a brigand, a Spartacus. He must be crushed and would be crushed, as once Senate, People and Cicero had dealt with Catilina

rian. The troops introduced Antonius into the camp, the Tenth Legion, once commanded by him, taking the lead. 1 Lepidus acqu

enturer. 5 Cicero had already crossed swords with Servilius more than once ; and in early April, after a quarrel over a vote

ies, opened negotiations with provincial governors but did not act at once . The news of armies raised in Italy and Caesar’s

d have been a fatal step. The Caesarian generals would have united at once to destroy him Octavianus in his true colours, op

have overwhelmed the young consul. His name and fortune shielded him once again. In the negotiations he now took his stand

e. The Triumvirs, however, decided to root out their opponents all at once , alleging in excuse the base ingratitude with whi

but only among his contemporaries; 1 and the aged M. Terentius Varro, once a soldier and a governor of provinces, but now a

ry wealthy man: his villas in the country and the palatial town house once owned by Livius Drusus cried out for confiscation

But a capital levy often defeats its own purpose. The return was at once seen to be disappointing. From virtue or from cau

ad or proscribed. The Senate was packed with ruffians, the consulate, once the reward of civic virtue, now became the recomp

After a tenacious and bloody contest, the Caesarian army prevailed. Once again the Balkan lands witnessed a Roman disaster

s and Carrinas. On the field of Philippi fell the younger Hortensius, once a Caesarian, Cato’s son, a Lucullus, a NotesPag

off his purple cloak and cast it over the body of Brutus. 3 They had once been friends. As Antonius gazed in sorrow upon th

f from Pollio and Ventidius. He was quickly undeceived. Octavianus at once invested Perusia with an elaborate ring of fortif

and west. If this were not enough, all his provinces were assailed at once . Pompeius drove out M. Lurius and captured Sardin

ius, as was soon evident, was already in negotiation with Antonius. Once again the young Caesar was saved by the fortune t

or war, his prospects were better than he could have hoped; and he at once demonstrated his old generalship by the sudden an

o desert. If anybody, Salvidienus should have known how the odds lay. Once again, however, the Caesarian legions bent the Ca

loninus, who duly smiled at birth and conveniently perished almost at once . 4 Yet the very existence, not merely the relevan

s was transient. Brundisium freed the energies of Rome. Antonius at once dispatched Ventidius against the enemy. With Vent

eague there, and being refused admittance to the town, he departed at once , alleging pressure of Parthian affairs: by letter

spring of 37 Antonius sailed with a large fleet from Athens to Italy. Once again he found that Brundisium would not admit hi

ither the desire or the pretext for war, but he was in an angry mood. Once again for the benefit of an ambiguous partner he

standing, security and the possession of the western provinces. He at once dispatched to Gaul and Spain the ablest among his

heart and senses, and endured unimpaired to the day of his death. For once in his life he surrendered to emotion: it was wit

he husband showed himself complaisant. The marriage was celebrated at once , to the enrichment of public scandal (Jan. 17th,

. Münzer, RA, 370). Perhaps in 36 B.C.: pretty certainly the Servilia once betrothed to Octavianus. 2 Lepidus had several

dus and this was Caesar’s heir, in audacious deed as well as in name. Once again the voice of armed men was heard, clamorous

Once again the voice of armed men was heard, clamorous for peace, and once again the plea of averting Roman bloodshed recoil

; 6 and the obscure admiral M. Lurius, never heard of before and only once again, held a command in Sardinia. 7 To this ill-

ambition of Sallustius and his belief in reform and progress. He had once composed pamphlets, indicating a programme of ord

flagrant in contrast with his earlier life. No matter: Sallustius at once set the fashion of a studied archaic style and sh

tion, brigandage became prevalent: the retainers of an owner of land, once enlisted in his defence, might escape from contro

mn agreement; to refuse, an insult to Octavia and to Roman sentiment. Once again Octavia was thrown forward as a pawn in the

th Media Antonius was now on good terms, for Mede and Parthian had at once quarrelled after their victory. NotesPage=>2

It was later remarked that certain of his most intimate friends had once been Antonians. 1 Evidence is scanty. Yet it co

peius deserted to Antonius. 1 His father-in-law L. Scribonius Libo at once became consul (34 B.C.), but seems to have lapsed

r upon Roman sentiment. Nor did any outcry of indignant patriotism at once denounce the strange pageantry that Alexandria wi

chance to secure constitutional sanction for the young adventurer. Once again Octavianus lacked standing before the law,

evolution, for reaction or for domination, even for all three ends at once . The tribune Livius Drusus, working in conservati

fe for power an ideal, august and patriotic character. But not all at once . A conscious and united Italy cannot have arise

many legions to be paid, demobilized or employed. He sent Agrippa at once to Italy. The work must begin without delay. He h

aly. There had been a plot—or so it was alleged. It was suppressed at once by Maecenas. 2 The author was a son of the relega

uthor was a son of the relegated Lepidus: his wife, Servilia, who had once been betrothed to Octavianus, bravely followed hi

um Alexandrinum. Cleopatra survived Antonius by a few days which at once passed into anecdote and legend. To Octavianus th

angible blessing. For a generation, all parties had triven for peace: once attained, it became the spoil and prerogative of

cluded. On his habits, Seneca, Suasoriae 7, 13; Pliny, NH 14, 147. He once threw a wine-cup in the face of M. Agrippa. 2 D

o the bounds of the world; and he was acclaimed in forms and language once used of Alexander. 2 He was now building for hims

ropaganda of Octavianus had skilfully worked upon such apprehensions. Once aroused they would be difficult to allay: their e

With the proconsul of Macedonia no link is known, save that each was once a partisan of Antonius. 3 Who had not been? Neith

the holder of vague and tremendous powers did not make its way all at once . Princeps remained also and very truly Dux, as th

he Odes of Horace (which appeared in 23 B.C.). Propertius uses it but once , ‘dux’, however, at least twice. 1 As late as the

). 3 Tacitus, in his history of legislation (Ann. 3, 28), passes at once from 52 B.C. to 28 B.C. In between, ‘non mos, non

cero, in despair and longing, wrote of an ideal commonwealth that had once existed, the Rome of the Scipiones, with the bala

idiot or an absentee. That would take time. Augustus’ provincia at once called for attention. He turned first to the prov

ation hailed the complete subjugation of Spain by Augustus. Janus was once more closed. The rejoicing was premature. The stu

it may be presumed, arbitrary but clothed in a fair pretext. Sestius, once quaestor to M. Brutus, worshipped the memory of t

The extended commands of the late Republic and the Triumviral period, once extraordinary and menacing, could now become safe

The appointment of a single deputy-leader was not enough. Agrippa at once proceeded to his duties. Before long Marcellus, T

either side set a high standard of mobility, supply and strategy, at once enhancing the importance of equestrian praefecti.

timate friend of the Princeps in earlier days. Augustus, they said, once thought of giving his daughter Julia in marriage

ncouraged by grant of the latus clavus in youth and passing almost at once into the Senate, others after a military career a

the election of members of a hereditary nobility. Yet the Senate had once seemed to represent the Roman People, for it was

is clear. The minor magistracies were not definitely regulated all at once . 1 For the rest, the practice of the revolutionar

blished in 29-28 B.C. PageBook=>370 The Senate had been purged once . That was not enough for Augustus. He may have ho

one fraud Augustus was debarred. He had already restored the Republic once he could not do it again. NotesPage=>370 1

debarred from alliances with those financial interests with whom they once had shared the spoils of the provinces. Augustus

uld be available before long. But they would not suffice. Augustus at once proceeded to create new patrician families by a l

curatores annonae of that year and the next, whose function passed at once to an equestrian prefect. 6 Again, appeals from t

us consulta then became common, gradually acquiring force of law. Yet once again, behind the nominal authority and governmen

usly indulgent to the vices of his friends. 3 Yet Vedius Pollio had once been useful he appears to have been active in the

on after, of the cura annonae. 2 Tacitus, Ann. 1, 7. His son was at once appointed to be his colleague, ib. 1, 24. 3 Sue

w, he vainly interceded for his wife. Augustus was unrelenting. He at once dispatched a missive to Julia, breaking off the m

cable eastern king, Archelaus of Cappadocia, whose cause Tiberius had once defended before the Senate, was emboldened to stu

and the public safety imposed the ruthless suppression of a rival. Once again fortune took charge of the game and shatter

ei responderi felicius. ’ These pious prayers were answered almost at once by famine, pestilence and years of warfare, with

ures bellum pavescere, alii cupere. ’2 So Tacitus, but he proceeds at once to demolish that impression. Velleius Paterculus,

uccessor. At Rome, magistrates and Senate, soldiers and populace at once took a personal oath in the name of Tiberius, ren

ave made a beginning. It was abortive: if promulgated, his law was at once withdrawn in the face of protest and opposition (

in the censors of that year. He departed to the eastern provinces. At once on his return in 19 B.C., and again in the next y

to a recalcitrant Senate the whole of the speech which a Metellus had once delivered in the vain attempt to arrest a declini

olitics, the notion of pietas had not been entirely perverted. Pietas once gave world-empire to the Roman, and only pietas c

The demagogue Clodius was in his pay. The Dictatorship of Caesar at once became an object of lampoons. More deadly, howeve

f heaven, a slave to duty. ‘Sum pius Aeneas’, as he stamps himself at once . Throughout all hazards of his high mission, Aene

t in which they were granted: policy and system cannot be discovered. Once again Augustus stands revealed as the deliberate

ius lived on, in wealth and power. The town of Auximum in Picenum had once honoured Pompeius Magnus as its patron. 6 Now Tit

. In 26 B.C. he had laid down the office of praefectus urbi almost at once ; and it was his habit to boast openly that he had

llio had acquired for himself a privileged position. In the Senate he once launched a savage attack upon the patriotic gymna

nment, not merely under Augustus but even with Pompeius and Caesar. Once again, Balbus and Theophanes. The Emperor Claudiu

t a prudent man might admire but not imitate: as a wicked opportunist once observed, ‘ulteriora mirari, praesentia sequi’. 2

dless: it fell mostly upon his immediate entourage. 5 The Roman had once boasted that he alone enjoyed libertas while ruli