but only a minority at Rome had ever enjoyed it. The survivors of the old governing class, shattered in spirit, gave up the

ar by year from Tiberius down to Nero the merciless extinction of the old aristocracy. Pollio was a contemporary, in fact

ling city: only Rome, not Italy. 1 In the Revolution the power of the old governing class was broken, its composition trans

ers in society triumphed over Rome and the Roman aristocracy. Yet the old framework and categories subsist: a monarchy rule

ession. The knights must not be left out of the indictment. Among the old nobility persisted a tradition of service to the

e consuls. The Sulpicii and Manlii had lost prominence. The Servilii, old allies of the NotesPage=>018 1 Münzer, RA,

incipes viri of note during the first decade of its existence. To the old and wily Philippus in the direction of public aff

roke their spirit. Certain of the earliest consuls after Sulla were old men already, and some died soon or disappeared. 4

ence to the consulate and claiming their support in requital. From of old the Claudii were the great exponents of this poli

ted in 67 (Val. Max. 3, 8, 3). The Pompeian military man M. Petreius, old in service (Sallust, BC 59, 6), was probably the

Pompeius. Had Pompeius listened and consented to an interview, their old amicitia might have been repaired. With the nomin

lly the praetorship in 44 B.C. Yet Cato, no sooner dead, asserted the old domination over his nephew more powerfully than e

ut ultimately, after conquering the last of his rivals, converted the old Caesarian party into a national government in a t

ident that Caesar would restore and reward his friends and partisans, old allies in intrigue and illegal activities or, mor

sgraced consulars, not all dubious characters. Gabinius, at least, an old Pompeian partisan, author of salutary legislation

ienus left Caesar, but not from political principle he returned to an old allegiance. 1 Caesar’s following was dual in co

winning the office of pontifex maximus: the Julii themselves were an old sacerdotal family. 4 Sulla and Caesar, both membe

variety of functions. Such equestrian staff officers were Mamurra, an old Pompeian from Formiae, notorious for wealth and v

h made himself known there and in absence conferred benefits upon his old province, as he reminded the ungrateful men of Hi

g to his own. He may also have inherited the Spanish connexion of his old associate Crassus, who had once raised a private

er P. Sittius, who had built up a kingdom for himself, was mindful of old Catilinarian memories. Neither the families of Ro

bankers and financiers, the cream and pride of the equestrian order, old friends, loyal associates or grateful clients. Ba

ir history. Yet these were individual communities, either colonies of old or states till recently independent, endowed with

violence and confiscation, perpetuated a narrow tradition. Under the old order a considerable part of Italy, namely most o

from his public policy and performance, Roman aristocratic standards, old and new, with their insistence upon civic virtue

s vulnerable if a faction seized power in Rome and sought to pay back old scores. In 42 B.C. D. Brutus would be consul alon

es were needed. Octavianus had not carried all Campania with him: two old Caesarians of military experience, Decidius Saxa

l which he derived was never recorded. Philippus wished for a quiet old age. So did Marcellus. But Marcellus, repenting o

purely revolutionary in origin, attracting all the enemies of society old soldiers who had dissipated gratuities and farms,

him into a deep depression. He shunned the Senate, the theatre of his old triumphs. With the passing of time, he might inde

enes private ambition, family politics and high finance were at their old games. Cicero and the ambiguous contest of the Re

d the noblest of principles were assiduously enlisted. The art was as old as politics, its exponents required no mentors. T

s justified by good sense to acquire new friends without losing the old ; or by lofty NotesPage=>157 1 Sallust, BJ

rominence, if not the primacy, that now at last fell to Cicero in his old age, after twenty years from his famous consulate

five was an obstacle to Cicero, or of service to Antonius, namely an old enemy, Q. Fufius Calenus, one of Caesar’s general

s own safety carried him through well-timed treacheries to a peaceful old age. Plancus wrote dispatches and letters protest

it for two years till his consulate (40 B.C.). 4 Lepidus retained his old command, Gallia Narbonensis and Hispania Citerior

s men upheld the existing order and prevented a reconstitution of the old Roman People through a more equitable division of

y abstaining from Roman politics. That was no defence. Varro was an old Pompeian, politically innocuous by now: but he wa

thened by the arrival of miscellaneous Republican or Pompeian nobles, old and young. 1 The Caesarian party, though reunit

ome. And now the soldiery took a hand Caesarian veterans from Ancona, old soldiers of Antonius, sent a deputation and arran

were better than he could have hoped; and he at once demonstrated his old generalship by the sudden and complete rout of a

conspicuous were the gaps in the ranks of the dynastic houses of the old plebeian aristocracy among the principes not a si

of history rather than written any annals of note or permanence. The old scholar lacked style, intensity, a guiding idea.

e Triumvirs it was more easy to witness and affirm the passing of the old order than to discern the manner and fashion of t

This intermediate epoch showed in all things a strange mixture of the old and the new. Despite the losses of war and proscr

shown the way. The new monarchy could not rule without help from the old oligarchy. The order of knights had everything

ius Atticus died in 32 B.C., aged seventy-seven: at his bedside stood old Balbus and Marcus Agrippa, the husband of Caecili

e their sufferings for political advantage, to the discredit of their old general. 2 Antonius was delayed in the next yea

e Brutus and Cassius, Q. Hortensius, young Lucullus and Favonius, the old admirer of Cato. There remained, however, enough

must remain an ally or an appanage of the ruler of Rome. Even if the old dynasty lapsed, the monarchy would subsist in Egy

dynasts, frank, free and acrimonious and designed for publicity. The old themes, familiar from reciprocal invective at the

trouble. Next to Antonius stood the Republican Ahenobarbus and the old Caesarian Plancus, each with a following of his o

still kept in his company men of principle, distinction and ability, old Caesarian partisans, Republicans, Pompeians. Cert

oples did not yet regard Rome as their own capital, for the memory of old feuds and recent wars took long to die; and the t

stood firm, the uncompromising Pollio. He had been a loyal friend of old to Antonius, of which fact Antonius now reminded

no illusions about Octavianus and his friends in the Caesarian party, old and new, about Plancus, or about Agrippa. It is t

t would Roman soldiers fight for the Queen of Egypt? They had all the old personal loyalty of Caesarian legions to a genera

, L. Autronius Paetus and Sex. Appuleius. PageBook=>328 in his old age, twenty years from his consulate. It was Sex.

not the free working of Republican institutions, but the readiness of old Republican adherents to rally to the new régime,

quam deliciis’,4 visibly embodied the military and peasant virtues of old Rome. PageNote. 341 1 Suetonius, Dims Aug. 79

til in the end, by stripping Antonius, it not merely swallowed up the old Caesarian party but secured the adhesion of a lar

ation in treason, they would have held pride of place among the grand old men of the New State, honoured by Princeps and Se

sful speculators. But Augustus did not suffer them to return to their old games. The great companies of publicani die or dw

again. A patent fact, but obscured by pretence and by prejudice. The old nobility of Rome, patrician or plebeian, affected

that had long been a part of the Roman State, or in wealthy cities of old civilization, what of the backward regions of Ita

as senatorial. L. Volusius Saturninus (cos. suff. 12 B.C.) came of an old praetorian family. L. Aelius Lamia (cos. A.D. 3)

y now extended to the Alps, embracing Cisalpina. To the wealth of the old Etruscan lands and Campania, to the martial valou

o (cos. 23 B.C.), joined perhaps from a disinterested patriotism. The old families had been decimated by a generation of ci

e Triumvirs had changed all that. None the less, though modified, the old categories subsisted. 5 Descent from consuls secu

nd prosperity polite arts returned to favour. Certain of the nobiles, old or recent, displayed some show of talent in orato

cognomina, invented praenomina to recall historic glories, remembered old ties of kinship and furbished up the imagines of

m Aemilii and Scipiones. 3 Pliny, NH 35, 8. Observing other frauds, old Messalla Rufus had taken to writing family histor

sely how, it is not recorded perhaps by inheritance. 5 Quirinius grew old in envied opulence, the prey of designing society

aecc. I, II, III fuerunt (Diss. Berlin, 1909). Of the families of the old plebeian nobility thus honoured were probably the

les of the revolutionary period. After twenty years they were growing old or had disappeared: a new constellation of able a

ll that, they might flourish in the shadow of the monarchy, prosecute old feuds, construct new alliances in short, acquire

her was the great Republican admiral. The Aemilii perpetuated their old political alliance with the Caesarian cause, but

No honour, no command in war awaited him, but a dreary and precarious old age, or rather a brief term of despair until Gaiu

d passed ten years before. The government party among the aristocracy old and new, built up with such care by Augustus to s

lowing the return to power of Tiberius, along with descendants of the old nobility, like the patricians M. Aemilius Lepidus

nherited nobility, that was enough. Caution, abetted by the memory of old feuds or suppressed rancour, persuaded Tiberius t

ell their own story. The names of consuls and legates, a blend of the old and the new, provide some indication of the range

His successor, though only for a year, was L. Aelius Lamia, a lively old man who enjoyed high social distinction although

word was ‘antiquus’; and what Rome now required was men like those of old , and ancient virtue. As the poet had put it long

he hymn, extolled, along with peace and prosperity, the return of the old morality: iam Fides et Pax et Honos Pudorque pr

acy to marry and propagate. Material encouragement was required. Many old families had died out through lack of heirs, the

observe that Augustus for his part strove in every way to restore the old spirit of firm, dignified and decent worship of t

d valour was not Roman only, but Italian, ingrained in the Sabines of old and in Etruria, when Etruria was martial. 6 The f

virtue. The story of the first days of the city, established as the old poet recorded ‘augusto augurio’, called for a con

tan Rome appears hard, flashy and hollow. 2 Propertius belonged to an old civilization that knew and honoured the majesty o

ument of power was slowly being forged. Augustus strove to revive the old religion: but not everybody was susceptible to th

of his friends provided rich material for gossip, for the revival of old scandals and the invention of new enormities. Str

ent and a warning. In the brief respite between the Dictatorships the old families, especially the patricians, marshalled t

mes of civil peace. The Revolution made an end to many noble families old and recent. The dominant figures of the monarch

Ti. Sempronius Gracchus, to the victor of the Metaurus, to the blind old censor, to the Decemvir. Yet by a paradox the pow

y, and a small one at that. He was Ti. Plautius Silvanus Aelianus, an old man and a personal friend of Vespasian. 1 Thencef

ds. It was a temptation to harass the reluctant ruler; and there were old scores to pay off. Moreover, the secret struggle

at struggle ’solum id scires, deteriorem fore qui vicisset’. 3 In his old age Tacitus turned again to history and composed

Tarius, the unprepossessing Quirinius, bitter, hard and hated in his old age, and Lollius the rapacious intriguer. Nothing

ge, there were excellent men to be found in this company, sons of the old Italian aristocracy, whose private virtues did no

r his firm regiment. Tacitus announced an intention of writing in his old age the history of that happy time, when freedom

e, servate, protegite hunc statum, hanc pacem, hunc principem’. 2 The old constitution had been corrupt, unrepresentative a

n State. It was firm, well-articulated and flexible. By appeal to the old , Augustus justified the new; by emphasizing conti