its sequel, the Principate of Caesar Augustus, in a fashion that has now become unconventional, NotesPage=>006 1 Po

us raise an army on his own initiative and resources. The soldiers, now recruited from the poorest classes in Italy, were

t Aemilii. 3 But the power of the Cornelii was waning. Their strength now lay in the inferior Lentuli, whose lack of danger

whose son Camillus saved Rome from the Gauls, had vanished utterly by now , or at least could show no more consuls. The Sulp

of repute. 4 The Marcii, in ancient dignity rivals to the patriciate, now stood high again, with several branches. L. Marci

e the plebs of Rome with corn or money. 4 Against the military dynast now returning from the East he would oppose that alli

a, dignitas and clientelae, the prerogative of the aristocracy,5 were now being monopolized by one man. Something more wa

o doubt in Picenum. 5 When Sulla landed at Brundisium, the young man, now aged twenty-three, raised on his own initiative t

led the opposition to the laws of Manilius and Gabinius. Catulus was now dead, Hortensius enfolded in luxurious torpor. Bu

d the pact by taking in marriage Caesar’s daughter, Julia; and Caesar now married a daughter of Piso. Gabinius and Piso in

ough his elder son (ILS 881). The younger, P. Crassus, was married by now to Cornelia, daughter of that P. Scipio who, adop

r, public demonstrations of loyal acquiescence. 5 The three principes now dominated the State, holding in their hands the m

and exiled, likewise P. Plautius Hypsaeus, once his own adherent but now coolly sacrificed. The third was more useful Q. M

peius, helped by the lieutenants of Pompeius in peace and in war, and now Caesar had become a rival political leader in his

to stir. In the city of Rome political contests and personal feuds now grew sharper. Ap. Claudius Pulcher, elected to th

upport, when consul and proconsul, of the domination of Pompeius, who now , for supreme power, seemed likely to throw over h

om the city. A state of emergency was proclaimed. Even had Pompeius now wished to avert the appeal to arms, he was swept

generation rewarded their sagacity. 3 With these four families was now joined the faction of Cato. Of his allies and rel

licit armies of Pompeius Magnus (stationed already on Italian soil or now being recruited for the government and on the ple

disgraced as had been Gabinius, the governor of Syria. If he gave way now , it was the end. Returning to Rome a private citi

ς έπιβυνλ∊úσ∊ι∊ν, έξώλ∊ις ∊ίναι τυùς υùĸ ἀµúναντας αùτῷ. On which cf. now A. v. Premerstein, ‘Vom Werden und Wesen des Prin

t Pompeius was disloyal. Caesar had made enemies through Pompeius and now Pompeius had joined them. 1 A just complaint, but

aesar, when Caesar was an ally and agent of the dynast Pompeius. They now turned against the oligarchs. Catullus and Calvus

late to the Sullan system and the cause of Pompeius. But not all were now Pompeians P. Sulpicius Rufus, a kinsman, it may b

of an eloquent lawyer to whom he had lent a large sum of money. 2 He now stood with Caesar and commanded the right wing at

rely have saved him, had he cared. 2 But Gabinius had served his turn now . The extended commands of Pompeius in the West

o exorbitant condition. Sons of freedmen had sat in the Senate before now , furtive and insecure, under the menace of expuls

centurions, their proportion must have been tiny in an assembly that now numbered about nine hundred members. The incautio

the sight and presence of the rehabilitated Gabinius. 2 That assembly now harboured many other clients whom Cicero had once

arge of corruption. 3 Cicero should have sought consolation: he could now see beside him a great company of bankers and fin

s and unimpaired fortune of his parent these admirable men and others now adorned the Senate of Rome, augmented in personal

giments of cavalry, they had acquired varied and valuable experience, now to be employed when they governed provinces and l

The consul L. Junius Brutus can hardly be accepted as historical, cf. now P-W, Supp. v, 356 ff. 5 Münzer, RA, 191 ff. 6

nged to the Roman State at all, but were autonomous allies. Italy had now become politically united through the extension o

milies. 3 Above all, the confederate peoples of the Bellum Italicum now taste revenge and requital at last. The Paeligni

roken and impoverished; 5 and most of the great landowners in Samnium now were not of Samnite stock. 6 But the Caesarian ge

not regions, but a class in society and a party in politics. But even now the work had much farther to go in so far as Ital

oportion of non-Latin names. The family and repute of certain Italici now admitted to the Senate must not obscure the numer

gnated consul for the next year, and Lepidus the Master of the Horse, now left in an anomalous and advantageous position. L

mere removal of an autocrat, they would clearly have failed. Yet even now , despite the deplorable fact that the Republicans

the government when Caesar departed. Born in 82 B.C., Antonius was now in the prime of life, richly endowed with strengt

d advancing steadily. To what end? Primacy in the Caesarian party was now his: but he might have to fight to retain it. M

, alarmed by the intrigues current during his absence in Campania, he now made up his mind that Brutus and Cassius should l

been assigned to Dolabella and Antonius some two months earlier, was now prolonged until the end of 39 B.C. But Antonius p

ened, the sympathies of plebs and veterans went to Caesar’s heir. And now Heaven itself took a hand. At the eighth hour of

recent speech was held to be distinctly amicable. 1 To their edict he now made reply with a public proclamation and a priva

diate intentions the Liberators said no word in their edict. But they now prepared to depart from Italy. They had hesitated

ters for some time. As for Antonius, pressure from a competitor was now beginning to force him to choose at last between

postponed revenge. Though able beyond expectation as a politician, he now became bewildered, impatient and tactless. His re

avianus raised quickly some three thousand veterans. The new Pompeius now had an army. He was at first quite uncertain what

s in the colonies of Etruria and the region lying towards Ravenna. He now established a base at Arretium, the town of one o

onius had not chosen to declare Octavianus a public enemy, nor did he now turn his military strength, superior for the mome

nd his army. 3 Not all invention, perhaps. The subtle intriguers were now showing their hand. In November they were clearly

ginning of October Caesar’s heir was an alarming phenomenon. But even now , during the months of October and November, Cicer

e beginning of November daily letters passed between them. Octavianus now had an army NotesPage=>141 1 Ad Att, 14, 1

might be enlisted for the struggle? The authority of the Senate was now to be played against the People and the army comm

rsonal energy as well as of social distinction. There was no Fabius now of consular rank, no Valerius, no Claudius. 2 Of

s and the Lentuli, along with Sulla and Cinna, the leading member was now the youthful consul P. Cornelius Dolabella; and o

gaps. 3 This dearth explains the prominence, if not the primacy, that now at last fell to Cicero in his old age, after twen

into a factor. Both sides assiduously courted the favour of Lepidus, now in an advantageous position, for he had recently

and for the consulship ten years before the legal age. Octavianus was now nineteen: he would still have thirteen years to w

e enjoyed special discretionary powers. The Senate had granted before now imperiutm and the charge of a war to a man who ha

or the advocates of concord, a respite and time for negotiation. Even now the situation was not beyond all hope. NotesPag

ority, the loyalty of the plebs and the unanimity of Italy. The State now had spirit and leadership, armies and generals. N

more than two months had elapsed. For the Republican cause, victory now seemed assured in the end. Consternation descende

diplomacy, honest or partisan, were alike exhausted. The arbitrament now rested with the sword. Through the month of Feb

e support of Lepidus and Plancus, assured to him a month earlier, but now highly dubious. At Rome the exultation was unbo

riots. With their providential removal, the adventurer emerges again, now unexpectedly to dominate the game of high politic

on his death-bed may or may not have given to Caesar’s heir. 4 And now on others beside Octavianus the menace from the E

s. He was rewarded by a vote of thanks on March 20th. To Pompeius was now assigned an extraordinary command over the fleets

erensis, a Republican and an honest man, fell upon his sword. Lepidus now penned a dispatch to the Senate, explaining, in t

penned a dispatch to the Senate, explaining, in the elevated phrases now universally current, how his soldiers had been un

that Antonius and Lepidus carried out their peaceful coup. They had now to reckon with Plancus. In April the governor of

us to come over the pass of the Little St. Bernard. If Plancus had by now resolved to join Antonius, his design was subtle

. 2 Pollio was bound by his personal friendship to Antonius; and he now reconciled Plancus and Antonius. So Plancus joine

nstitutional sanctions against a proconsul. Where and with whom stood now the legitimate government and the authority of th

n hoping that Octavianus would still support the constitutional cause now that it had become flagrantly Pompeian and Republ

y ties had prevailed against political hostility in civil wars before now when waged by Roman nobles. 3 Lepidus was declare

a council with Servilia he launched a final appeal on July 27th. 4 By now Brutus was far out of reach. Before the end of Ma

egitimate methods. Octavianus was not deflected from his march. And now for a moment a delusive ray of hope shone upon th

ulum and the city was put in a posture of defence. Whether the Senate now declared Octavianus a public enemy is not recorde

o. ‘Ah, the last of my friends’, the young man observed. 1 But even now there were some who did not lose hope. In the eve

repute, who did not survive the honour by many months. The new consul now entered Rome to pay sacrifice to the immortal god

g. 95. Ch. XIV THE PROSCRIPTIONS PageBook=>187 CAESAR’S heir now held Rome after the second attempt in ten months.

4 Octavianus had spent his patrimony for purposes of the State, and now the State made requital. He seized the treasury,

, the consul left Rome for the reckoning with Antonius, whom he could now face as an equal. Antonius had been thwarted and

His name and fortune shielded him once again. In the negotiations he now took his stand as an equal: but the apportionment

had abolished the Dictatorship for all time. The tyrannic office was now revived under another name for a period of five y

aesar’s clemency. 1 The Caesarian leaders had defied public law: they now abolished the private rights of citizenship no di

. There were many men alive who remembered Sulla. Often enough before now proscriptions had been the cause of secret appreh

ebes’, as Antonius had said, and many another. That splendid name was now dishonoured. Caesar’s heir was no longer a rash y

d M. Terentius Varro, once a soldier and a governor of provinces, but now a peaceful antiquary, found harbourage in the hou

long-standing contest for wealth and power in the towns of Italy was now decided. The Coponii were an ancient family of Ti

t known to have been proscribed, either enjoyed protection already or now purchased it. 5 The ambition of generals like P

ing a general to appeal to his army in defence of life or honour were now apparent the generals themselves were helpless in

zed what they regarded as their just portion. A social revolution was now carried out, in two stages, the first to provide

People through a more equitable division of landed property in Italy; now they were companions in adversity. The beneficiar

was no defence. Varro was an old Pompeian, politically innocuous by now : but he was also the owner of great estates. 3 Li

Samnite, who survived the Bellum Italicum and became a Roman senator, now perished for his wealth; 5 so did M. Fidustius, w

in Italy was subject to no kind of taxation, direct or indirect. But now Rome and Italy had to pay the costs of civil war,

as an age of gold. 4 Thinned by war and proscription, the Senate was now replenished to overflowing with the creatures of

with the recruitment of the Senate, all rules and all propriety were now cast off in the choice of magistrates, nominated

announce. 3 If the three dynasts be excluded, the surviving consulars now numbered twelve at the most, probably less. P. Va

osing company of Caesar’s legates in the Gallic Wars2 almost all were now dead. After the establishment of the Triumvirate,

upremacy of the oligarchy: strange names of alien root or termination now invade and disfigure the Fasti of the Roman Peopl

ius Sabinus, C. Carrinas and Sex. Peducaeus. Also L. Nonius Asprenas, now revealed as cos. suff. in 36 (cf. the new Fasti o

y names. But the Antonians were not the worst. Advancement unheard of now smiled upon the avid, the brutal and the unscrupu

packed with ruffians, the consulate, once the reward of civic virtue, now became the recompense of craft or crime. ‘Non m

rovision for the cult in the towns of Italy. 2 The young Caesar could now designate himself ‘Divi filius’. Under the sign

was delay. Octavianus turned aside to deal with Sex. Pompeius, who by now had won possession of all Sicily, sending Salvidi

cause had suffered complete eclipse in the East. Brutus and Cassius now took counsel for war. Even when Antonius joined L

itation. Under this conviction a Roman aristocrat and a Roman patriot now had to sever the ties of friendship, class and co

d the flank of Cassius, he at last forced on a battle. Octavianus had now come up though shattered in health and never a so

t to Antonius and abode with him for ten years. The Caesarian leaders now had to satisfy the demands of their soldiers for

or the advantage of Octavianus, most of whose original portion was by now in the hands of Pompeius. As for Africa, should L

a necessary precaution, but no bar to dishonesty or dispute. Antonius now departed to the provinces of the East, leaving to

ed to the strong place of Praeneste in the neighbourhood of Rome. And now the soldiery took a hand Caesarian veterans from

αὑτο τὴν ξίωσιν καθαιρ . PageBook=>210 his way to Spain; 1 and now he might bar the return of Octavianus’ best marsh

blican fleets dominated the seas, Ahenobarbus in the Adriatic, Murcus now with Sex. Pompeius. Pompeius seems to have let sl

ch before an altar dedicated to Divus Julius. 3 Where Caesar’s heir now stood, Italy learned in horror at Perusia and in

y expelled from Sardinia M. Lurius the partisan of Octavianus, and he now made descents upon the coasts of southern Italy.

nveiled and implacable. Antonius, however, a former public enemy, was now invading Italy with what remained of the Republic

the Fourth Eclogue is difficult. That Virgil’s poem is the earlier is now very plausibly argued by B. Snell, Hermes LXXIII

e and impressive, but barely known to historical record. Octavianus now learned of the danger that had menaced him. In a

Libo. The proscribed and the fugitives were to return. To Antonius, now urgently needed in the East, the new compact appe

, himself the leader of a party. The majority of the Republicans were now on the side of Antonius. After Philippi, Valerius

he previous year. Nobody had bothered about that. The Triumvirate was now prolonged for another five years until the end of

pain the ablest among his partisans, the trusty and plebeian Agrippa, now of praetorian standing, and the aristocrat Domiti

Octavianus an accidental but delayed advantage prominent Republicans now returned to Rome, nobles of ancient family or mun

aristocrats. Here were allies to be courted, men of some consequence now or later. 1 There were others: yet there was no r

nd Munda; and princes or local dynasts in foreign lands had lapsed by now to the Caesarian party. Sextus’ brother was dead,

inuated himself into the clan of the Claudii by a marriage. His party now began to attract ambitious aristocrats, among the

gh diplomacy, hoped to get him an early consulate. 6 His ambition was now satisfied, his allegiance beyond question. Whethe

married to Scribonia, before 40 B.C. PageBook=>230 Octavianus now had a war on his hands earlier perhaps than he ha

half-sister of Brutus, was connected with certain eminent Republicans now in the alliance of Antonius, above all Ahenobarbu

y of Antonius was revived in the triumph which his partisan Ventidius now celebrated over the Parthians. Agrippa, returning

of Octavianus into high and startling relief. 1 The young Caesar was now in sore need both of the generalship of Agrippa a

us was conciliated or cajoled, perhaps through Antonius. Octavianus now had the ships. He needed crews and a harbour. Twe

ly. Chance delivered into his hands a richer prey. A strange delusion now urged Lepidus to assert himself. Plinius Rufus, a

το ς ὅπλοις, ἃτϵ καὶ ἱσχυρότϵρος αὐτο ὤν, χϵιν. PageBook=>233 now stood some forty legions diverse in history and o

ianus was generous but firm. 1 The veterans of Mutina and Philippi he now released from service, allotting lands and foundi

e young Caesar with the name or epithet of divinity. 5 His statue was now placed in temples by loyal or obedient Italian mu

us character are not unequivocally recorded. PageBook=>236 But now , after Brundisium, the soldiers of fortune Salvid

ompeius had no monopoly, but all the odium. 2 C. Proculeius, however, now turns up, only a Roman knight, but a person of re

stock of the Scipiones. 7 For the novi homines splendid matches were now in prospect. By chance, no record is preserved of

he daughter of Atticus. 8 Of the associates of Octavianus so far as now revealed to history, Messalla, Ap. Pulcher and

ast, became more and more Pompeian. That was not the only advantage now resting with Octavianus. He had cleared the sea o

afterwards, either the nobiles or the novi homines. 2 Octavianus may now have honoured men of discreet repute among the Ro

ne or Lucanian. 4 Rome had known her novi homines for three centuries now , admitted in the main for personal distinction an

ugh in the generation that had survived the wars of Marius and Sulla, now gained depth, strength and justification. Men tur

arrow and corrupt oligarchy of the nobiles. 2 In his disillusionment, now that Rome had relapsed under a Sullan despotism,

verse with ease, or fill a volume, set no especial value. But it was now becoming evident that poetry, besides and above m

ius Bibaculus, who wrote epigrams, elegies and an epic, were probably now alive. The origin of these poets was diverse. Luc

nd military age demanded an epic poem for its honour; and history was now in favour. Bibaculus and the Narbonensian poet P.

il a balanced and resilient temperament reasserted its rights. Horace now composed satires but not in the traditional manne

e and tolerant: which suited his own temperament. Nor would the times now permit political satire or free attack upon the e

me agents were already at work. But the acts of the young dynast even now can hardly have foretold the power and splendour

t is fatally easy to overestimate the strength and popularity that by now had accrued to Octavianus. It was great, indeed,

th, though not in military power. She had reconstituted her heritage, now possessing the realm of Ptolemy Philadelphus exce

tics, the rival Caesarian leader or even the parent himself. Antonius now acknowledged paternity. The mother bestowed upon

nd to Caesar, governed in Judaea, though the ancient Hasmonean house, now decadent, retained title and throne. 3 In the eas

large army under the tried general Canidius. With Media Antonius was now on good terms, for Mede and Parthian had at once

direct her full effort towards the north or the north-east, oriented now on the line Macedonia-Bithynia-Pontus. The result

ibulus, also an admiral; 2 and M. Silanus, a connexion of Brutus, was now an Antonian. 3 NotesPage=>268 1 BMC, R. Re

these men had never yet sat in the Roman Senate. That mattered little now , it is true. They NotesPage=>269 1 Appian,

programme and a cause, would stand the strain of war. The clash was now imminent, with aggression coming from the West, f

difference at all to provincial administration in the East. Yet even now Antonius’ acts and dispositions were not immediat

admirable, were in some respects premature. A province of Cilicia was now shown to be superfluous. With the suppression of

lay its part in the Roman economy of empire. It was doubly necessary, now that Rome elsewhere in the East had undertaken a

oe the wife of the prince of Mauretania ; 3 nor was the foreign woman now much more than an accident in the contest, inevit

nsulate which Antonius should have held. Republican freedom of speech now revelled in a brief renascence as though it were

the policy of a military despot. To liberty itself the Republic was now recalled, bewildered and unfamiliar, from the arb

ls was inexpedient, the retirement of his enemies not unwelcome. Even now , the Senate and People were not utterly to be des

old Caesarian partisans, Republicans, Pompeians. Certain allies were now dead; others, estranged by absence or by the dipl

tuate. The Pompeians Saturninus and Arruntius had turned Caesarian by now ; and certain consular diplomats or diplomatic mar

Many senators had fled to Antonius. Rival factions in the towns could now emerge, seizing power at the expense of absent en

He had been a loyal friend of old to Antonius, of which fact Antonius now reminded him. Pollio in reply claimed that in m

y and fleet, but not perhaps as resolute as he might appear. Antonius now had to stand beside Cleopatra—there could be no t

proved a signal failure. The plan had been turned against him—he was now encompassed and shut in. Famine and disease threa

or eastern princes, spread to the ships and the legions. Canidius was now in favour of a retreat to Macedonia, to seek an i

riminal aliens the dominions of the Roman People. That did not matter now . The gifts to the NotesPage=>300 1 Dio 51,

Egypt. 2 Liberty was gone, but property, respected and secure, was now mounting in value. The beneficial working of the

was acclaimed in forms and language once used of Alexander. 2 He was now building for himself a royal mausoleum beside the

ll as in verse. 2 The conqueror of the East and hero of Actium must now gird himself to the arduous task of rebuilding a

had augmented the total of the patrician families; the two colleagues now held a census in virtue of powers specially grant

n imperatorial acclamations and celebrated triumphs. Octavianus would now remove the proconsuls from the more powerful of t

On the propriety of this term for the ruler of the eastern lands, cf. now E. Kornemann, Klio XXXI (1938), 81 ff. Ch. XXII

pes. PageBook=>320 opinion of Augustus, for the Revolution had now been stabilized. Neither the Princeps nor any of

pen or secret—all that the principes in the last generation held, but now stolen from them and enhanced to an exorbitant de

one member of the board of praetors. 2 A noble, but none the less by now a firm member of the Caesarian party, was M. Juni

irate had replenished the ranks of the consulars—there must have been now about forty men of this rank—and after the Pact o

nd Macedonia. Spain and Gaul, the martial provinces of the West, were now deprived of proconsuls. Whether the work of conqu

erated in three columns of invasion; and as all glory and all history now concentrate upon a single person, only the detach

ithin the gates of the city. That was only one part of the scheme: he now devised a formidable and indefinite instrument of

as in Spain,2 but no serious warfare in the senatorial provinces. But now , as though to demonstrate their independence, pro

life of the Princeps was frail and precarious, but the Principate was now more deeply rooted, more firmly embedded. It rema

lic and the Triumviral period, once extraordinary and menacing, could now become safely domiciled in regular and normal adm

tors unable to keep up their station. For the rest, the high assembly now discarded certain useless or unsound members, lac

nce and imposed the settlement of March 17th. Vested interests were now more widely spread, more tenacious, more tightly

gainst Antonius. 2 The spoils of victory and the revenues of the East now revivified the economy of Italy. The speculators

, the coup d’état and got in recompense the estates of the vanquished now profited further from the Principate land rose ra

and avert bloodshed. In possession of their farms, the veterans were now the strongest pillar of the military monarchy. Tw

For the most part only minor and indirect taxes in the provinces are now let out to tax-farmers. Banished from politics,

stocracy among the peoples vanquished by Pompeius Strabo and by Sulla now entered the Senate and commanded the armies of th

ed and sovran assembly of all Italy. Names more familiar than these now emerge from municipal status, maintain and augmen

munity in that region. 6 Larinum, a small town of criminal notoriety, now furnished Rome with two consuls. 7 NotesPage=&g

entiments had so recently been arrayed in war against Rome. But Italy now extended to the Alps, embracing Cisalpina. To the

lands and Campania, to the martial valour of Samnium and Picenum was now added the fresh vigour of the North. The newest I

on of the municipal families, whether in the Senate or not, all alike now looking to Rome as their capital, to the Princeps

ive’. Moreover, every class in society from senators down to freedmen now enjoyed status and function in the comprehensive,

ons of earlier Roman politicians, practised since immemorial time but now embracing a whole empire, to the exclusion of riv

vigorous and prosperous regions, were loyal to the government of Rome now that they had passed from the clientela of the Po

ontinuous tenure, and regaining its annual and Republican dignity, it now seemed worth having to the aristocracy. From one

fficial standing. 1 Rome was glad when Augustus returned. His rule, now more firmly consolidated, went on steadily encroa

biles. Hence a steady cheapening of the consulate. In effect, it went now by nomination. NotesPage=>373 1 C. Furnius

cy, was menaced and precarious in the last century of the Free State, now stand foremost among the principes viri in an ari

ejudicial or at least unprofitable while the Triumvirs ruled in Rome, now asserts its rights. Men revived decayed cognomina

, or lack of deference to the new rulers of Rome, cannot show consuls now or miss a generation, emerging later. In the Prin

n if lucky enough to have retained their ancestral estates, they were now deprived of the ruinous profits of political powe

cast greedy eyes a generation before; and in Egypt large estates were now owned and exploited by members of the reigning dy

ion, from whom it passed to the family of Statilius Taurus. 6 Agrippa now lived in state, sharing with Messalla the house o

ry adventurer. That did not mean that the direction of the government now rested in the hands of Senate and magistrates not

9, 1; Dio 54, 9, 4 f.; Velleius 2, 94, 4 &c. On this matter, cf. now L. R. Taylor, JRS XXVI (1936), 161 ff. PageBook

nd greater wars. The legions were rejuvenated and disciplined, for by now the veterans of the Civil Wars had been establish

completed and inaugurated until 9 B.C. PageBook=>390 The army now numbered twenty-eight legions. Of these, fourteen

now numbered twenty-eight legions. Of these, fourteen or fifteen were now available in the provinces of the northern fronti

That was polite homage. Agrippa was gone, Taurus perhaps was dead by now ; and Maecenas, no longer a power in politics, had

well appear desperate for Princeps and for Empire. Who would there be now to prosecute the northern wars or govern the east

e gap and borne the general’s task in splendour and with success. But now Drusus was dead and Tiberius in exile. The gove

nly general or administrator among the principes. Other competent men now emerge and succeed to the heritage of power and c

me’s sole and incomparable general. 1 A system of government had by now been built up. As has been shown, the Princeps he

menace to the government in Rome. NotesPage=>397 1 Fleets are now commanded by Roman knights, e.g. ILS 2688 and 269

ul, at Mediolanium, are very puzzling. On the career of this man, cf. now E. Groag in PIR2, C 289. 7 Anth. Pal. 10, 25, 3

ose in revolt. As twenty years before in the Thracian War of Piso, so now the Balkan lands called again for reinforcement f

On Cn, Cornelius Lentulus (Florus 2, 28 f.; Tacitus, Ann. 4, 44), cf. now E. Groag, PIK2, C 1379, who demonstrates that he

was legate of Citerior rather than of Ulterior, it would show that by now the region of Asturia-Callaecia had been transfer

latter province to the former and that the two Spanish armies had by now been fused into one. Which is not unlikely. As fo

aly and visit the provinces, save permission obtained. 1 Nor could he now discover fields to spread his personal influence.

he now discover fields to spread his personal influence. No governor now was able to enlist whole communities and wide reg

mmand were removed from competition and from profit, for the governor now received a salary in money. 5 Politics can be con

s of policy had been the subject of open and public debate: they were now decided in secret by a few men. 1 He is right. If

administration. Talent and experience of the most varied orders was now available. Knights were eligible for administrati

; their importance increased steadily as the reign drew to its close, now showing three new posts in the city of Rome; and

nquered Illyricum and extended the gains of Drusus in Germany: he was now to depart from Rome and set in order the affairs

Augustus lived, he maintained peace and the dynasty. But Augustus was now aged fifty-seven. The crisis could not long be po

re strong enough to stand the strain. Though a certain lull prevailed now on the northern frontiers, natural if not necessa

e most prominent among whom have already been indicated. The Princeps now had to lean heavily on the loyalty and tried meri

d harnessed as they had been to the service of the State, the nobiles now enjoy a brief and last renascence in the strange

ointing more than one pair of consuls becomes regular. On the Fasti now prevail the descendants of ancient houses, glorio

the ramifications of the dynasty grew ever more complex, producing by now a large number of collateral connexions, the husb

gustus, had two wives, Cornelia and the younger Marcella. Paullus was now dead; his two sons by Cornelia, L. Aemilius Paull

among the nobiles. Of the dynastic houses of the patrician nobility now renascent, Aemilii and Fabii stood closely bound

ther families dominant in the oligarchy of government after Sulla are now missing or sadly reduced above all the faction of

Scribonius Libo, the father-in-law of Sex. Pompeius; 1 and there were now descendants of Pompeius and Scribonia, who interm

ompeian connexion. 3 Cn. Cinna, again, was a grandson of Magnus. By now the marshals of the revolutionary wars, Carrinas,

the loyal servants of whatever happened to be the government of Rome now had their turn for nine years. Livia waited and w

geBook=>428 The position of Tiberius had long been anomalous. It now became doubtful and perilous. In the next year hi

proconsular imperium, after visiting the Danubian and Balkan armies, now appeared in the East. For some years disturbances

his mother. Until the fall of Lollius, Augustus remained obdurate. He now gave way what Livia had been unable to achieve wa

tical influences and powerful advisers that evade detection. But even now , return was conditional on the consent of Gaius;

one alentium. ’ 5 ILS 140. PageBook=>431 There was no choice now . Augustus adopted Tiberius. The words in which he

in short, the ‘perpetuus patronus Romani imperii’. 3 Tiberius Caesar, now in possession of tribunicia potestas and a specia

in their prominence, cf. above, p. 425. 3 See above, p. 429. He was now married to an Aemilia Lepida. 4 Above, p. 424.

commands. Most of the generals of the earlier wars of conquest were now dead, decrepit or retired, giving place to anothe

ldier A. Caecina Severus (cos. suff. 1 B.C.) was in charge of Moesia ( now that Macedonia had lost its army). 2 In the three

and adopted son of Tiberius, was in supreme command. 4 In Illyricum, now divided into two provinces, Pannonia was held by

r, of government. The same men who had won the wars of the Revolution now controlled the destinies of the New State but dif

tional content. To a Roman, such a word was ‘antiquus’; and what Rome now required was men like those of old, and ancient v

ant being the Lex Papia Poppaea of the year A.D. 9.1 Regeneration was now vigorously at work upon the Roman People. The New

to the duties of their high station. Marriage with freedwomen, though now forbidden to senators, was condoned in others for

ve and alarmingly popular in the Triumviral period they were banished now from the precincts of the city. 3 The national an

y to supply soldiers for warfare all over the world. They were united now , and strong, a nation wrought by war out of alien

arens frugum, Saturnia tellus, magna virum ! 2 Where was that peasant now to be found? In the course of two centuries the p

ppaea had wife or child. 2 One of them came of a noble Samnite family now reconciled to Rome: it might be added that the ot

4 and Brixia refused to lag far behind. 5 Moreover, the Roman nation now transcended the geographical limits of Italy, for

iberty while discarding licence and achieved order without despotism, now suffused and transfigured the present, setting up

stment. 4 Further, some of the finest fighting material in Europe was now being exploited for Rome’s wars but not as regula

hs had been achieved with but little shedding of blood. The Princeps, now a monopolist of the means of influencing opinion,

han individual, more useful than ornamental. Horace, his lyric vein now drying up, exerted himself to establish the movem

ed harmony of the soul of man, the whole universe and the ideal state now realized on earth: spiritus intus alit, totamqu

had constructed for the people. 1 He could have added that there were now public baths as well. But complaints were rare. T

the princes Gaius and Lucius. 1 The assemblies of whole provinces are now organized to display gratitude and homage. Galati

Senate; from the assemblies of the People, the function of which was now to ratify the decisions of the Princeps in legisl

ingenia cessere. ’7 Not history only, but poetry and eloquence also, now that Libertas was no more. The Principate inherit

ent the proud sons of the great priestly and dynastic houses of Asia, now holding consular rank in the imperial Senate. Sti

ent provincial families issuing from Spain and Narbonensis. They were now dominant in the social and political hierarchy of

dynasts never meant so drastic a depression of the nobiles. They were now confronted by an organized party and an organized

power, in prestige, or in family to the Princeps. Allies and enemies now became involved in the most fantastic relationshi

ntrigues of Messallina. 5 The second and third wives of Nero bore the now historic but by no means antique names of Poppaea

perverted the morale of the aristocracy. There was no field left them now for action or even for display. Insistence upon d

een deception enough in the assertion of Republicanism. With monarchy now firmly based in habit and theory as well as in fa

never quite meant unrestricted liberty; and the ideal which the word now embodied was the respect for constitutional forms

ce boasted that he alone enjoyed libertas while ruling others. It was now evident that obedience was the condition of empir

‘pauci libertatem, pars magna iustos dominos volunt’. 5 The two were now to be reconciled, with constitutional monarchy as

e doom of Empire had borne heavily on Rome, with threatened ruin. But now the reinvigorated Roman People, robust and cheerf

As argued by E. Kornemann, Klio 11 (1902), 141 ff. and elsewhere; cf. now P-W XVI, 217 FF. 6 Suetonius, Divus Aug. 101, c

(Balbus), already known as cos. suff. anno incerto (CIL 12, p. 219), now supersedes L. Cocceius Nerva, previously supposed

cipio) and T. Peducaeus are new. 32 and 29 B.C. The two Valerii can now be clearly distinguished (for earlier difficultie