at made no difference to the source and facts of power. Domination is never the less effective for being veiled. Augustus app

rit. That was tradition, inescapable. The Roman and the senator could never surrender his prerogative of liberty or frankly a

ry of the origins, alliances and feuds of their families; and history never belied its beginnings. Of necessity the conceptio

uestrian order, the ornament and bulwark of the Roman State. 2 Cicero never spoke against these ‘homines honestissimi’ and ne

State. 2 Cicero never spoke against these ‘homines honestissimi’ and never let them down: they were in the habit of requitin

mportant by far is that enigmatic faction soon to be led by a man who never became consul. Its origins lie at the very heart

he Republic in Italy as he had vindicated its empire abroad. Pompeius never forgave Cicero. But Cicero was not the real enemy

ident that the nature of Brutus would have been very different had he never opened a book of Stoic or Academic philosophy. Mo

th alacrity to a politician whose boast and reputation it was that he never let down his friends. Where Pompeius lost support

ommendatio conciliaretur ad consulatus petitionem. ’ The history that never happened was the consulate of Caesar and Labienus

bers, from the obscure or fantastic names by chance recorded once and never again, to say nothing of more than two hundred un

ruth highly respectable Roman knights, men of property and substance, never too warmly to be commended as champions of the es

ouses might acquire wealth and dynastic power at Rome, but they could never enter the rigid and defined caste of the patricia

vice he might enter the senatorial order under their protection: they never fancied that he would aspire to the consulate. Ma

of the full and equal exercise of their franchise, a grant which had never been sincerely made; and many Italians had no use

licum, gain from Caesar the dignity they deserved but otherwise might never have attained. Herius Asinius, the first man amon

as something more than a conventional or politic formula Antonius was never accused of dissimulation: the Caesarian leader wa

us Augustus’. In the early and revolutionary years the heir of Caesar never , it is true, referred to himself as ‘Octavianus’;

learned from books. The revolutionary career of Caesar’s heir reveals never a trace of theoretical preoccupations: if it did,

ents which the young man entertained towards his adoptive parent were never revealed. The whole career of the Dictator, howev

son and heir. Loyalty could only be won by loyalty in return. Caesar never let down a friend, whatever his character and sta

side of the consul. But the advantage passed in a moment. The meeting never occurred Antonius on receipt of grave news dashed

his step-father: the profit in political counsel which he derived was never recorded. Philippus wished for a quiet old age.

were Q. Salvidienus Rufus and M. Vipsanius Agrippa, ignoble names and never known before. 1 They were destined for glory and

onsulate and entered the ranks of the governing oligarchy. Cicero had never been a revolutionary not even a reformer. In the

onstant vigilance. Cicero later claimed that from that day forward he never deserted his post. 1 Facts refute the assertion.

ths, the most critical for the new and precarious concord, Cicero was never even seen in the Senate. In spring and summer the

ond hope: to save it, what better champion than a patriot who boasted never to have been a party politician? As Antonius had

speech in reply, the pamphlet known as the Second Philippic:3 it was never spoken the adversaries were destined never to mee

Second Philippic:3 it was never spoken the adversaries were destined never to meet. By venturing to attack the policy of A

t not equal. He returned to it under the Dictatorship of Caesar,1 but never published, perhaps never completed, this suppleme

to it under the Dictatorship of Caesar,1 but never published, perhaps never completed, this supplement to the Republic. After

c, though technically perfect, is not a political oration, for it was never delivered: it is an exercise in petty rancour and

arefully to conceal. But certain topics, not the least important, may never come up for open debate. The Senate listened to s

, Servilius and other schemers, patent but seldom noticed, and Balbus never even named. In Cicero the Republic possessed a

citizens! Where a man came from did not matter at all at Rome it had never mattered! 7 From the grosser forms of abuse and

mortal gods unprecedented and improper in a war between citizens, and never claimed by Sulla or by Caesar. To a thoughtful pa

PageBook=>168 honoured, lifted up and lifted off. 1 Cicero may never have said it. That did not matter. The happy inve

essed by the revived Dictatorship to little but a name, the consulate never afterwards recovered its authority. But prestige

ady, and nobiles at that. Political compacts among the nobiles were never complete without a marriage- alliance: this time

aries and dissentient neutrals; and the total of victims was probably never as high as was believed with horror at the time,

. suff. 39), M. Cocceius Nerva (cos. suff. 36) and L. Cocceius Nerva ( never consul): the new Fasti have shown which Cocceius

been abolished. Whatever the outcome of the armed struggle, it could never be restored. Despotism ruled, supported by violen

n a battle. Octavianus had now come up though shattered in health and never a soldier, he could not afford to resign to Ant

d Sex. Pompeius in Sicily. 8 It was a great victory. The Romans had never fought such a battle before. 9 The glory of it we

rence. A compromise was reached, but the more important articles were never carried out. War was in the air. Both sides muste

y ships against the promise of twenty thousand legionary soldiers. He never received them. Antonius departed. Before long t

ation of his uncle Plancus, the governor of Syria. 2 The Roman People never forgave the brutal and thankless Titius, whose li

victorious. When he arrived there awaited him a welcome, sincere as never before. Many no doubt in all classes regretted th

n at the same time as Peducaeus; 6 and the obscure admiral M. Lurius, never heard of before and only once again, held a comma

whether it was peace or war in the end, Octavianus could face him, as never yet, with equal power and arms, in full confidenc

rhetoric: in public, the official panegyric. Freedom of speech could never return. Freedom, justice and honesty, banished

undo. ’ PageBook=>250 thoughts and darker operations, which it never lost so long as the art was practised in the clas

ius 28. | PageBook=>264 Roman army reached Ctesiphon, it might never return. Antonius proposed to march through a frie

t, but decorative rather than solid and useful. Many of these men had never yet sat in the Roman Senate. That mattered little

, 1. PageBook=>273 Egypt itself, however much augmented, could never be a menace to the empire of Rome. Ever since Rom

nd by principle as well as by the necessities of war. Like Caesar, he never deserted his friends or his allies. Nobler qualit

ied by his nephew Titius, he deserted and fled to Rome. 4 Plancus had never yet been wrong in his estimate of a delicate poli

ci, not the enemies of the State (hostes); and as such the oath could never change or lapse. By whatever name known or public

. There were to be no more civil wars. So much for the East. It was never a serious preoccupation to its conqueror during h

servations goes on to speak of a ‘novus status’. 3 The Princeps would never have denied it. Only ghosts and words were call

te for his eloquence, consulted for his advice on weighty matters—and never tempted by ambition into danger. He could afford

ncia might later be modified how and when he pleased. One thing could never change, the source and origin of his domination.

of territory from the western Pyrenees to the north of Portugal, had never yet felt the force of Roman arms; and in the conf

heir doom by its publica auctoritas. 1 The truth of the matter will never be known: it was known to few enough at the time,

t Augustus received imperium mains is explicitly stated by Dio, ought never to have been doubted and is confirmed, if that we

oited her skill for the advantage of herself and her family. Augustus never failed to take her advice on matters of state. It

to take her advice on matters of state. It was worth having, and she never betrayed a secret. Livia had not given the Prince

, scant honour in his lifetime or commemoration afterwards. There was never meant to be. Any prominence of Agrippa would thre

ur and would reveal all too barely the realities of power. That would never do. M. Vipsanius Agrippa was an awkward topic: Ho

e Maecenas and the hard-headed Livia Drusilla, he kept his secret and never told his true opinion about the leader whom they

ifle his sentiments. What they thought of their common taskmaster was never recorded. The novus homo of the revolutionary age

corded status and definition before the law. Agrippa was not, Agrippa never could be, the brother and equal of Augustus. He w

pecially favoured Scaurus, like some other Republicans and Pompeians, never reached the consulate, Cinna not until more than

h gentilicia like Calpetanus, Mimisius, Viriasius and Mussidius could never pretend to derive from pure Latin stock. 2 Above

dius from Canusium. 3 These dim characters with fantastic names had never been heard of before in the Senate or even at Rom

among the grosser anomalies, men designated to the consulate who had never been senators, such as Balbus the Elder and Salvi

consuls Pollio at thirty-six, Agrippa at twenty-six. The constitution never recovered from its enemies or from its friends. A

l ordered state such as Sulla and Caesar might have desired but could never have created. The power of the People was broken.

Now comes a change in part the result of accident. Augustus himself never again left Italy. Agrippa had been indispensable

unsellors, Agrippa and Maecenas: had they lived, certain things would never have happened. 2 In the elaborate fiction of Ca

required imagination that he did not possess and facts that he could never discover. Dio was well aware that no authentic re

State was designed to keep women in their place: the name of Livia is never mentioned by an official poet like Horace. The

were the real government. The Principate arose out of usurpation. It never forgot, it never entirely concealed, its origin.

vernment. The Principate arose out of usurpation. It never forgot, it never entirely concealed, its origin. But the act of us

selves, noble and patrician at that, and so was Tiberius Augustus had never been. Though the nobiles despised the origin of A

would be idle indeed to speculate upon the composition of a body that never came into existence, were there not attested cert

ian connexion were in low water: Tiberius lived on in exile and might never return. On her own side of the family she lacked

out, accompanied by M. Lollius as his guide and counsellor1 it would never do if an ambitious and inexperienced youth embroi

, moderatum, sed mersum et vino madentem. ’ PageBook=>437 They never let out a secret. It will be recalled that Seius

generation was not rich in models to commend or imitate. Horace has never a word to say of Catullus and Lucretius. Those fr

there flocked to Rome from the towns of Italy such a concourse as had never before been seen. 8 This unique and spontaneous m

an mere faction-leaders; yet the personal domination of those dynasts never meant so drastic a depression of the nobiles. The

emilius Paullus, the husband of the younger Julia. They were destined never to grasp it. The last of them, married to a siste

Pompeius Magnus was hardly worth resuscitating; and the Republicans never quite reckoned Cicero among the martyrs in the ca

: his successors paid for it. Libertas in Roman thought and usage had never quite meant unrestricted liberty; and the ideal w