not, it is true, stand like a solid rampart to bar all intruders. No need for that the conservative Roman voter could seldo

olitical alliances among the nobiles. The Optimates stood sorely in need of a leader. There were dangerous rifts in the ol

and the other lent his services to Crassus. But alliance with Crassus need not alienate Pompeius utterly. Crassus used his p

arch, Pompeius 44; Cato minor 30. Cf. Münzer, RA, 349 ff. 2 That it need not have been a serious matter is shown by Ad Att

s not mistaken. Yet he required special powers: after a civil war the need was patent. The Dictator’s task might well demand

of civil war and promote social regeneration. For that there was sore need , as both his adherents and his former adversaries

ts. Balbus, Oppius and Matius had not entered the Senate they did not need to, being more useful elsewhere. But L. Aelius La

R. Syme, BSR Papers XIV (1938), 4 ff.; 23 f. To support this view one need not appeal merely to general statements like ‘cet

egal period. For the evidence, P-W III, 2662 ff. Doubt about the date need not prejudice the fact. 2 For the Valerii, cf.

. 4 Pride kept the legends of the patricians much purer. They did not need to descend to fraud, and they could admit an alie

xaggerate his work, in motive or in effects. That he was aware of the need to unify Italy will perhaps be inferred from his

last projects, as yet unpublished were to have the force of law. The need of this was patent and inevitable: many senators,

o scruples when they enhanced its degradation. Even Cato admitted the need of bribery, to save the Republic and secure the e

he constitution vested in the consulate in times of crisis and by the need to safeguard his position and his person, especia

had designs upon this office. 1 Nothing came of it for the moment: at need , he would always be able to purchase one or other

late from the cultivation of the plebs and the soldiers. Not less the need for faithful friends and a coherent party. For la

e school of politics. The failure of Cicero as a statesman showed the need for courage and constancy in all the paths of dup

rgency or a ‘higher legality’ could be invented. Only the first steps need be hazardous. A proconsul in defence of honour, w

aly. The State now had spirit and leadership, armies and generals. No need for timidity or compromise. As for the terms that

s, Lepidus and Pompeius, banded to check or to subvert him. Hence the need to destroy Pompeius without delay. For the moment

us into high and startling relief. 1 The young Caesar was now in sore need both of the generalship of Agrippa and the diplom

eneral secure of the loyalty and the affection of his troops does not need to show his person in the front of battle. Octavi

o the restoration of political stability and national confidence. The need was patent but the rulers of Rome claimed the hom

ctive politics: their sentiments concerning state and society did not need to undergo any drastic transformation. The politi

The faithless colleague sent seventy ships: of ships Antonius had no need . Octavia was instructed by her brother to bring a

). 6 The whole topic, which has provoked excessive debate, does not need to be discussed here. On the one hand, the Triumv

s (Res Gestae 7). A master in all the arts of political fraud did not need to stoop to trivial and pointless deception. The

to the army of the West. Yet, in the last resort, Antonius might not need to appeal to the legions to stand in battle again

m, to a free constitution, but merely guardians of the frontiers. Nor need the new system be described as a military despoti

ed no magistracy that ran contrary to the ‘mos maiorum’. 3 He did not need to. As it stood, the Roman constitution would ser

6 Aen. 6, 834 f. 7 lb. 8, 670. PageBook=>318 Virgil did not need to say where Caesar belonged—with his revolutiona

. Romans instructed in a long tradition of law and government did not need to take lessons from theorists or from aliens. 3

armies were the traditional instruments of ‘legitimate’ supremacy. No need to violate the laws: the constitution was subserv

provinces the recent past could offer lessons, had Augustus stood in need of instruction. Reunited after the conference of

cy, a vague and traditional control over all provincial governors. At need , he could revive the imperium consulare, ostensib

r irreverent great-grandson alleged. 1 The Empire, conscious of the need to disguise plutocracy, eagerly inherited traditi

nus) belonged to the faction. Octavianus was acutely conscious of the need of aristocratic adherents. The advantageous matri

sent, and only one consul in office, C. Sentius Saturninus. There was need of a strong hand, and Saturninus was the man to e

g taste, so they said, had Ovid’s poems by heart. 4 Nobiles did not need to adduce proficiency in the arts. Of the novi ho

political dynasts of the previous age disposed of provincial commands need no recapitulation. Their manoeuvres were seldom f

secreta mandata’: in order that the legatus Augusti might override at need the proconsul of Macedonia? 4 Dio 54, 31, 2 ff.

(54, 34, 4), dating the transference to 11 B.C., assigns as cause the need for military protection which fits his conception

ecause he did not understand its functions or because he disapproved, need not be too harshly scrutinized. 8 NotesPage=>

finance, many matters of domestic and foreign policy demonstrated the need for skilled advice and summary decision. A standi

years, Tiberius had hardly been seen in Rome; and there was no urgent need of him in the East. Augustus wished to remove for

without the virtues that had won it? 4 A well-ordered state has no need of great men, and no room for them. The last cent

ation, its title was all too revealing. More to the point, he did not need it. The Princeps enacted the measures of 18 B.C.

esman entirely a defect or a disadvantage; 4 and the Augustan revival need not shrink from the charge of studied antiquarian

nd Narbonensis would be discovered in large numbers. 3 There was less need for deception in the armies of the East. Galatian

nt divitiae; tamen curtae nescio quid semper abest rei. 2 Without need of apology and more naturally came the moral, rus

and hortatory. Even antiquarianism had its uses. But history did not need to be antiquarian it could be employed, like poet

5 f.; 313 f. 2 Tacitus, Ann. 4, 34. The term ‘Pompeianus’, however, need not denote an adherent of Pompeius. The Romans la

his overt designs for the succession of Gaius and Lucius. He did not need it so much for himself. At the colony of Acerrae

ention of Augustus, who came to the court and sat there. 2 He did not need to make a speech. Such was auctoritas. Maecenas a

is curious that Horace should have felt impelled to remind him of the need to preserve an even temper in prosperity as in ad

y other name. That did not matter. Personal rights and private status need not depend upon the form of government. And even

ifestation of active discontent with the present state of affairs. It need not be taken as seriously as it was by suspicious

epublican liberty and the benefits of an ordered state. Nor was there need for orators any more, for long speeches in the Se

ship, spread of, 74 f., 79, 86 ff., 262, 365 ff., 405. Civil service, need for, 331; growth of, 355 ff., 409. Civil War, R

osition to the West, 290, 301, 347; Octavianus’ arrangements, 300 f.; need for a separate ruler, 347; in relation to the Pri

. pl. 71 B.C.), Pompeian partisan from Picenum, 31, 88, 374. Loyalty, need for, in politics, 120, 157; impaired by civil war

8, 379, 387, 392; prerogatives of, 322; loss of prerogatives, 404 f.; need for their moral reform, 442; rivals of Tiberius,

354. ‘Rechtsfrage’, slight importance of, 48. Reform, moral, the need for, 52 f., 335; carried out by Augustus, 339, 44