sition. The reader who is repelled by a close concatenation of proper names must pass rapidly over certain sections, for exam

on has been the cause of peculiar difficulties. Many of them are bare names , void of personal detail; their importance has be

, is here followed closely. PageBook=>011 hundred senators the names of some four hundred can be identified, many of t

. Noble families determined the history of the Republic, giving their names to its epochs. There was an age of the Scipione

he rest, elderly survivors, nonentities, neutrals or renegades. A few names stand out, through merit or accident, from a drea

effect, secured the restitution of Norbanus, Cinna and Carrinas, all names of historic note in the Marian faction. 2 Hostile

the following of Caesar, summarily indicated and characterized by the names of representative members senators, knights and c

a peculiar and proper claim to be the home of trousered senators. No names are recorded. Yet surmise about origins and socia

rom sheer reason and weight of numbers, from the obscure or fantastic names by chance recorded once and never again, to say n

etimes convincing, in the religion and archaeology of early Italy, in names of gods and of places. The family name of the San

recruited from the impoverished or martial regions of Italy, as their names often testify. 7 All classes came in. The towns o

S 6132b, cf. Schulze, LE, 170; Münzer, P-W XIX, 1304 f. Note also the names of the centurions in Bell. Afr. 54, 5. PageBook

three of the praetors of 44 B.C., dim figures, the bearers of obscure names , the first and perhaps the last senators of their

iest accessions may sometimes be detected in the alien roots of their names , to which they give a regular and Latin terminati

foreign endings; and the local distribution of the non-Latin gentile names of Italy often permits valid conclusions about or

ames of Italy often permits valid conclusions about origins. Etruscan names , of three types, point to Etruria and the adjacen

nce of its ancient civilization. 2 The earliest consuls bearing these names all belong, as is appropriate, to families that f

thwards and south to Campania and Samnium. 5 Such alien and non-Latin names are casually revealed in the lowest ranks of the

. (‘Die Einbürgerung fremder Her rengeschlechter’). 2 Viz., gentile names with the endings ‘-a’, ‘-as’, ‘-anus’ 3 M. Perp

party of Caesar shows a fair but not alarming proportion of non-Latin names . The family and repute of certain Italici now adm

consuls on the Fasti of the Free State, but an effulgence of historic names , ominous of the end. 4 Caesar’s Dictatorship me

is would mean the strife of faction, veiled at first under honourable names and confined for a time to the scramble for honou

arian adherents, to shady adventurers. Good fortune has preserved the names of three of his earliest associates, the foundati

Apollonia were Q. Salvidienus Rufus and M. Vipsanius Agrippa, ignoble names and never known before. 1 They were destined for

im (Ad M. Brutum 1, 17, 4). No mention of either by Cicero their mere names would have been a damaging revelation. Salvidienu

an equestrian officer in Caesar’s army. On the local distribution of names in ‘-enus’ see Schulze, LE, 104 ff. and above, p.

eneca, Controv. 2, 4, 13). The origin of it cannot be established: on names in ‘-anius’, cf. Schulze, LE, 531 ff. 4 For the

ry, five adherents of some note participated in the venture. Only two names can be recovered, Agrippa and Maecenas. 9 Notes

ecenas but his father (so Münzer, P-W xiv, 206). About the last three names few attempts at identification have been made, no

: he came from Velitrae, Octavianus’ own town. 1 Evidence about the names and origin of the adherents of Octavianus in the

al, has preserved instead the public invectives which designate, with names and epithets, the senatorial partisans of Antoniu

a quite early date. Along with Pansa in this context certain other names are mentioned, P. Servilius, L. Piso and Cicero

e. Since then a few ambitious individuals exploited the respectable names of Senate and People as a mask for personal domin

e names of Senate and People as a mask for personal domination. The names of good citizens and bad became partisan appellat

and the enslavement of others without invoking libertas and such fair names . 4 In the autumn of 44 B.C. Caesar’s heir set for

lancus or Lepidus, still less for liberty and the constitution, empty names . Roman discipline, inexorable in the wars of the

nce for the significant category, that of knights. In all, nearly 100 names of the proscribed have been recorded (Drumann-Gro

political adversaries might head the list: the bulk is made up by the names of obscure senators or Roman knights. The nobiles

s had been the last and transient supremacy of the oligarchy: strange names of alien root or termination now invade and disfi

lers of Rome but, as sole and sufficient proof, the presence of their names upon the Fasti. 7 The Antonians Decidius, Venti

propriate, given the rarity and non-Latin termination of their family names . But the Antonians were not the worst. Advancemen

rous to the aristocracy. 5 Among the fallen were recorded the noblest names of Rome. No consulars, it is true, for the best o

tical pacts or feuds. NotesPage=>228 1 Appian (BC 5, 139, 579) names as his last companions in Asia (35 B.C.) Cassius

f notoriety and quick reward, then lapsing into obscurity again. Some names are known, but are only names, accidentally prese

then lapsing into obscurity again. Some names are known, but are only names , accidentally preserved, such as the admiral M. M

ps making their début in Octavianus’ service about this time. 4 The names derive, unless otherwise stated, from the detaile

r list of that year, of unprecedented length: it contains seven other names . Hitherto he had promoted in the main his marshal

even the semblance of their traditional distinction. New and alien names were prominent in their place, Etruscan or Umbria

tion to a created divinity, Divus Julius, assuming for themselves the names or attributes of gods, and ruling their diverse k

oman People. The writing of Roman history, adorned in the past by the names of a Fabius, a Cato, a Calpurnius, was so patentl

ed paternity. The mother bestowed upon the children the high-sounding names of Alexander Helios and Cleopatra Selene; 2 her n

hrone. 3 In the eastern lands many Julii reveal their patron by their names , despots great and small or leading men in their

nd a Metellus who defies close identification. 6 The total of noble names is impressive when contrasted with the following

suffecti was to be Cn. Pompeius, a great-grandson of Sulla. Historic names might convey the guarantee, or at least advertise

curiata. 3 This is a pure conjecture, based on the presence of the names M. Valerius, L. Cornelius and Cn. Pompeius on the

us could count upon tried military men like Sosius and Canidius. No names are recorded in the company of Plancus and Titius

s had already been severely defeated at sea, baffled on land. 6 The names of the commanders on either side are given by Vel

ll of the people delegated its sovranty, passing beyond the forms and names of an outworn constitution. The reference is prob

prosecuted. 4 As for the provincia of the Princeps east and west, six names are attested as legates in the first four years o

nsuls, independent of the Princeps and equal to him in rank. Only two names are recorded in this period. 3 Certain novi homin

his keen taste for realities and inner scorn (but public respect) for names and forms, Augustus preferred indefinite and far-

New Republic men like Agrippa had no great reverence for forms and names . It went beyond the practices of Roman dynastic p

THE modest origins of the faction of Octavianus stand revealed in the names of the foundation-members; and subsequent accessi

supply a knight of no small consequence, the praefectus fabrum. The names alone of some of these officers are sufficient te

nt to power. Their manner and habit of speech was rustic, their alien names a mockery to the aristocracy of Rome, whose own S

bo Libuscidius from Canusium. 3 These dim characters with fantastic names had never been heard of before in the Senate or e

f. CIL IX, 3587). T. Mussidius Pollianus (ILS 913) may illustrate the names ending in ‘-idius’. 3 ILS 5925. He has two gent

ary wars but not imposing so rapid and frequent a succession of alien names on the Fasti. M. Vinicius was a knight’s son from

at the middle period of the Principate of Augustus shows very few new names , save for a Passienus and a Caecina, unmistakable

new dispensation Augustus kept a tight grasp on the consulate, as the names on the Fasti attest and prove. Nor is there a hin

thirty strong. 2 For the basis of calculation (which omits certain names ), see above, p. 243 f. For the whole Triumviral p

he Elbe; 3 after him and before A.D. 4 are perhaps to be inserted the names of M. Vinicius and Cn. Cornelius Lentulus. 4 Th

rica. 3 There was also fighting in Africa. 4 These are not the only names that mattered in the critical period in question,

thing more. Domitius and Titius were the last commoners to give their names to cities, and that was in far Cilicia. No sena

nus inherited the policy and no little part of the personnel, for the names of Balbus, Oppius and Matius soon emerge in the e

at one time comprised no fewer than three pairs of women bearing the names Octavia, Antonia and Marcella, all of whom except

Nonii L. Arruntius and A. Licinius Nerva Silianus (son of P. Silius), names entirely new appear on the Fasti the palpable inf

D. 3). 3 The laudatory labels of Velleius tell their own story. The names of consuls and legates, a blend of the old and th

9. 6 Propertius 4, 11, 36. 7 ILS 8403. PageBook=>445 Their names were more often heard in public than was expedien

piritus et vita redit bonis | post mortem ducibus’; also the lists of names in Odes 1, 12 (with a Scaurus who hardly belongs

served with malicious glee that neither of the consuls who gave their names to the Lex Papia Poppaea had wife or child. 2 One

stands revealed in his literary judgements as well. Next to Virgil he names among epic poets the grandiloquent Rabirius who h

the fierce, free invective of a robust democrat. Juvenal derives his names and examples from the descendants of the Republic

la, Pompeius and Caesar, engross the stage of history, imposing their names , as families had done in happier days, upon a per

es that recalled the earliest glories of the infant Republic. Other names , of recent and ruinous notoriety in the last gene

he Triumviral period seldom left heirs to their acquired dignity. The names of Ventidius and Canidius belong to history: no o

Cornificius vanished utterly. Obscurity again envelops the unfamiliar names of Carrinas and Laronius. With their disappeara

and third wives of Nero bore the now historic but by no means antique names of Poppaea Sabina and Statilia Messallina. With t

succeeding period did not entirely lack bearers of Augustan consular names to adorn the Fasti their principal use. For all e

d with Messallina, his imperial paramour. 3 The last consulars of the names Statilius Taurus, Sentius Saturninus and Vinicius

d at the decline in power and splendour of the ancient families whose names embodied the history of Republican Rome. That was

Cato the Censor, made his protest against this practice, omitting the names of generals in order to honour instead the ‘gesta

elling the young Nero to clemency, could employ with indifference the names of ‘rex’ or ‘princeps’,3 the more so because a re

Roman emperors are entered under their conventional or most familiar names . Names of places are included when important for

m the most important persons and relationships are indicated, and the names of consuls are printed in black type. On Tables I