nd the Empire: it is something real and tangible, whatever may be the name or theory of the constitution. To that end, the

the principal among his partisans. In all ages, whatever the form and name of government, be it monarchy, republic, or democ

Senate, not in virtue of written law, but through auctoritas; and the name of principes civitatis came suitably to be applie

conservative Roman voter could seldom be induced to elect a man whose name had not been known for centuries as a part of the

the truth about his candidature. PageBook=>012 Romani’, was a name ; a feudal order of society still survived in a ci

tion became a mark of the politicians who arrogated to themselves the name of populares often sinister and fraudulent, no be

the dominant oligarchy. He failed, and they rose against Rome in the name of freedom and justice. On the Bellum Italicum su

nsul for two generations. 3 But there was a prominent Lutatius, whose name recalled a great naval battle and whose father ha

n his oratory. Luxurious without taste or measure, the advocate got a name for high living and dishonest earnings, for his c

peii, a family of recent ennoblement, were of non-Latin stock, as the name so patently indicates, probably deriving their or

remnants and triumphed, though not a senator, adding ‘Magnus’ to his name . After supporting Lepidus to the consulate and en

orius, Römische Studien (1922), 130 ff., esp. 158 ff. The root of the name is the Oscan cognate of the Latin ‘quinque’; and

eutenants to stand for magistracies and intrigue in his interest. His name dominated elections and legislation. To gain offi

ng the kings of the East, displaying power and founding cities in his name . From Thrace to the Caucasus and down to Egypt th

. Servilius Caepio (who died in 67 B.C.) and bearing, as his official name , ‘Q. Caepio Brutus’ (Cicero, Phil. 10, 25, &c

e conquest and organization of that province. Hence the spread of the name ‘Domitius’ there, attested for example by the ins

ato resolved to support a dictatorship, though anxiously shunning the name . Cato’s confidence in his own rectitude and insig

curtail their privileges and repress their dangerous ambitions. In name and function Caesar’s office was to set the State

the Senate ordained that an oath of allegiance should be taken in his name . 2 Was this the measure of his ordering of the Ro

self expressed alarming opinions about the res publica ’it was only a name : Sulla, by resigning supreme power, showed that h

peius or Augustus as though Augustus did not assume a more than human name and found a monarchy, complete with court and her

. Caesar would have been the first to admit it: he needed neither the name nor the diadem. But monarchy presupposes heredita

sion, for which no provision was made by Caesar. The heir to Caesar’s name , his grand-nephew, attracted little attention at

on horticulture and domesticated a new species of apple that bore his name . 6 Tireless and inseparable, Oppius and Balbus

derive from Suetonius. 4 C. Vibius Pansa Caetronianus (for the full name , ILS 8890) is said by Dio (45, 17, 1) to have bel

an senators. Certain of the politicians whose methods earned them the name of populares were hostile to the financial intere

. 8, 15a; 9, 7a and b, &c. 2 Pro Balbo, passim. His new gentile name , ‘Cornelius’, he probably derived from L. Corneli

once raised a private army in the Peninsula. 6 Africa had given the name and occasion to the first triumph of the young Po

sPage=>075 1 BG 1, 47, 4, cf. 19, 3. For the correct form of the name , cf. T. Rice Holmes, Caesar’s Conquest of Gaul2 (

racters as diverse as Servilia and P. Sulla1 who had acquired an evil name for his acquisitions thirty years before. Balbus

The joke is good, if left as such. Gallia Cisalpina still bore the name and status of a province. The colonies and munici

icius Fango (Dio 48, 22, 3; Cicero, Ad Att. 14, 10, 2). A man of this name was a municipal magistrate at Acerrae (CIL X, 375

rchaeology of early Italy, in names of gods and of places. The family name of the Sanquinii recalls the Sabine god Sancus; C

Visidius, a local dynast somewhere in central Italy, bears a kindred name to a deity worshipped at Narnia. 4 Vespasian laug

for nothing: there was solid and authentic testimony at Velitrae the name of a townward there, an altar and a traditional r

had always been there. The Caecinae of Etruscan Volaterrae have their name perpetuated in a modern river of the vicinity. 7

igennamen (1904), 123; and, in general with reference to this type of name , with numerous examples, ib. 464 ff. (‘theophore

r whole wars waged by a single clan. Such families might modify their name to a Latin flexion; but praenomen or cognomen som

obably a regal and priestly house from the south of Latium; 2 and the name of the Licinii is Etruscan, disguised by a Latin

an be discerned in the elevation of M. Perperna (cos. 130 B.C.), of a name indubitably Etruscan. 7 NotesPage=>085 1 P

ilo, and the earliest official title of the War, Bellum Marsicum. The name Bellum Italicum is more comprehensive and no less

s a holy alliance, a coniuratio of eight peoples against Rome, in the name of Italy. Italia they stamped as a legend upon th

ageBook=>088 After a decade of war Italy was united, but only in name , not in sentiment. At first the new citizens had

7, 5) and the knight T. Terrasidius (3, 7, 4)’ The latter is a unique name , the former, elsewhere attested only once (CIL VI

is second cognomen, Caetronianus (ILS 8890), derives from an Etruscan name (W. Schulze, ib.). 6 C. Sallustius Crispus’ tow

prominence, as is fitting, with another Poppaedius Silo, an historic name . 8 Other dynastic families of Italia, providing i

st Paelignian senator comes later (ILS 932). Perhaps Marsian, cf. the name on an early dedicatory inscr. beside Lake Fucinus

91, Cupra Maritima). Now Caesar’s legate L. Minucius Basilus owed his name to his maternal uncle, a wealthy man (P-W XV, 194

s were Claudii Marcelli. 5 Among his legates is found no man with a name ending in ‘-idius’, only one ‘-enus’, the Picene

ucceeded. Thus did Brutus lift up his bloodstained dagger, crying the name of Cicero with a loud voice. 2 The appeal was pre

erential to the State. He proposed and carried a specious measure the name of the Dictatorship was to be abolished for ever.

ok=>112 BY the terms of his will Caesar appointed as heir to his name and fortune a certain C. Octavius, the grandson

understood that the aspirant to Caesar’s power preferred to drop the name that betrayed his origin, and be styled ‘C. Juliu

1 After the first constitutional settlement and the assumption of the name ‘Augustus’, the titulature of the ruler was conce

ver, it is true, referred to himself as ‘Octavianus’; the use of that name , possessing the sanction of literary tradition, w

h it is dubious and misleading. As his enemies bitterly observed, the name of Caesar was the young man’s fortune. 2 Italy an

ge: but he resolved to acquire the power and the glory along with the name of Caesar. Whether his insistence that Caesar be

manifestations of note during the Ludi Apollinares, celebrated in the name and at the expense of Brutus, the urban praetor,

mination of propaganda, of promises, of bribes. With his years, his name and his ambition, Octavianus had nothing to gain

and circumspect: he knew that personal courage was often but another name for rashness. But the times called for daring and

gaily, to insist upon his prestige, his honour, the rights due to his name and station. But not to excess: Octavianus took a

icans might be lured and captured by the genial idea of employing the name of Caesar and the arms of Octavianus to subvert t

merito’. 2 His enemies let loose upon him a tribune, Ti. Cannutius by name . The exacerbated Antonius then delivered a violen

us, Sex. Appuleius, the husband of his half- sister Octavia, only the name is known (ILS 8963); he was the father of Sex. an

. ’ (BMC, R. Rep. 11, 407). No other authority gives ‘Salvius’ as his name : had he taken to latinizing the alien gentilicium

itus (Ann. 6, 11) and many of the moderns give Octavianus’ friend the name ‘Cilnius Maecenas’, which is false (cf. ILS 7848)

κος Mοδιάλιος καὶ Λ∈ύκιος. Jacoby conjectures a lacuna after the last name , If Nicolaus is correct and correctly transmitted

n Pisonem 68 ff. The learned Asconius (14 = p. 16 Clark) provides the name of Philodemus. 2 He lived in a hovel (‘gurgusti

and he might win more respectable backing. ‘But look at his age, his name . ’6 Octavianus was but a youth, he lacked auctori

. 1 Men recalled not Caesar only but Lepidus and armies raised in the name of liberty, the deeds of Pompeius, and a Brutus b

was prosecuted, in secret intrigue and open debate, veiled under the name of legality, of justice, of country. NotesPage=

an unjust peace to be better than the justest of wars. Then the fair name lost credit. So much talk was there of peace and

aith among themselves: the younger brother Lucius added Pietas to his name as the most convincing demonstration of political

nd restored to vigour? Octavianus had the veterans, the plebs and the name of Caesar: his allies in the Senate would provide

age and ability that would have excused his ambitions. 1 The Aemilian name , his family connexions and the possession of a la

June. Their combined forces amounted to fourteen legions, imposing in name alone. Four were veteran, the rest raw recruits.

ms, Lepidus and Antonius could have overwhelmed the young consul. His name and fortune shielded him once again. In the negot

rship for all time. The tyrannic office was now revived under another name for a period of five years three men were to hold

the provinces. Depressed by the revived Dictatorship to little but a name , the consulate never afterwards recovered its aut

nsul outlawed. For Octavianus there was none, and no merit beyond his name : ‘puer qui omnia nomini debes’, as Antonius had s

nomini debes’, as Antonius had said, and many another. That splendid name was now dishonoured. Caesar’s heir was no longer

who was with Cato in Cyprus in 57 B.C. (Plutarch, Cato Minor 35). The name ‘Canidius’, familiar enough to literature from Ho

n enigmatic alien called Machaeras (Josephus, BJ 1, 317, &c). The name might really be ‘Machares’, which occurs in the r

ot in the forces of the Republic: would the legions stand against the name and fortune of Caesar? From his war-chest Cassius

rights of the dispossessed again not without reference to the popular name of M. Antonius and professions of pietas. 2 Fulvi

fighting in the cause of his brother, and his soldiers inscribed the name of Marcus Antonius as their imperator upon their

nce again the young Caesar was saved by the fortune that clung to his name . In Gaul Calenus opportunely died. His son, lacki

turer who had made his way by treachery and who, by the virtue of the name of Caesar, won the support of the plebs in Rome a

alleged by the Virgilian scholiasts, is merely an inference from the name of Pollio’s short-lived and dubious infant, Salon

7 AT Brundisium Caesar’s heir had again been saved from ruin by the name , the fortune and the veterans of Caesar, the dipl

mpeius might be a champion of the Republican cause. But it was only a name that the son had inherited, and the fame of Pompe

legions. Pompeius might sweep the seas, glorying in the favour and name of Neptune; 4 the Roman plebs might riot in his h

; but his grand-daughter, child of L. Domitius and Antonia, bears the name of Domitia Lepida. PageBook=>231 Caesar’s

itary demagogue for nothing. He entered the camp of Lepidus, with the name of Caesar as his sole protection: it was enough.

f Lepidus and this was Caesar’s heir, in audacious deed as well as in name . Once again the voice of armed men was heard, cla

ugh. Private gratitude had already hailed the young Caesar with the name or epithet of divinity. 5 His statue was now plac

ready usurped the practice of putting a military title before his own name , calling himself ‘Imperator Caesar’. 8 The Sena

serve him later against Antonius, winning for personal domination the name and pretext of liberty. The young military lead

ay perhaps be added P. Alfenus Varus (cos. suff. 39 B.C.), also a new name . 8 NotesPage=>235 1 CIL 12, p. 42. 2 Mün

scribes him as ‘ex privato consularis’ (2, 51, 3). Two persons of the name of L. Cornelius held suffect consulates in this p

legate of Augustus in Spain (Dio 53, 25, 8): an interesting and rare name of non-Latin termination. Rebilus (Appian, BC 5,

to the patronage of Calvisius, like himself of non-Latin stock. 3 The name of Statilius recalled, and his family may have co

of men who had come to maturity in years when Rome yet displayed the name and the fabric of a free state. That was not so l

uld subsist, whatever principle was invoked in the struggle, whatever name the victor chose to give to his rule, because it

tra Selene; 2 her next child was to bear the historic and significant name of Philadelphus. It has been argued that precisel

e, on his own initiative he summoned the Senate. He had discarded the name of Triumvir. But he possessed auctoritas and the

her contemporaries for Antonius, who, more honest, still employed the name , again offered to give up his powers, as he had t

war fleets and legions are not the most important things. Under what name and plea was the contest to be fought? For Rome,

well as lack of organization frustrated these partial attempts. The name of Italy long remained as it had begun, a geograp

an and the Apulian could forget the sacred shields of Mars, the Roman name , the toga and eternal Vesta! 1 But Horace, himsel

r of Antonius? The Roman constitution might be endangered: that was a name and a deception. Etruria, Picenum and the Samnite

inis umbra. 2 The younger dynast, no longer owing everything to the name of Caesar, possessed strength and glory in his ow

ostes); and as such the oath could never change or lapse. By whatever name known or public title honoured, the last of the m

four documents: the oath of the Paphlagonians taken at Gangra in the name of Augustus after the annexation of that region (

. How far was the process of regulating the State to go, under what name were the Caesarian party and its leader to rule?

had seen in the temple of Juppiter Feretrius a linen corslet with the name of Cossus inscribed, giving him the title of cons

ed principes, in recognition of their authority or their power. 1 The name was not always given in praise, for the princeps

ven in Italy, the Princeps by his use of ‘imperator’ as a part of his name recalled his Caesarian and military character; an

ve vultures had greeted him long ago. 3 But Romulus was a king, hated name , stained with a brother’s blood and himself kille

ia in Picenum).. 3 Dio says that Augustus himself was eager for the name of Romulus (53, 16, 7). Perhaps he was warned and

young Caesar was a saviour and benefactor beyond any precedent. A new name was devised, expressing veneration of more than m

perhaps with neutral politicians. They knew what they were about. In name , in semblance and in theory the sovranty of Senat

t any power that set itself above the laws, would have known the true name and essence of the auctoritas of Augustus the Pri

should be strengthened and perpetuated. Not, however, under the fatal name of dictator or monarch. 1 On all sides prevailed

the opinion of the suspicious Tacitus, ever alert for the contrast of name and substance. At Rome, it did not mark an era in

be identified with the ‘Licinius’ of Odes 2, 10, 1. Perhaps his full name was A. Terentius Varro Licinius Murena. PageBoo

e. 333 1 Namely L. Aelius Lamia in 24–22 B.C. (in Dio 53, 29, 1 the name Λoύκιoς Aἰμίλιoς should probably be corrected, cf

na had is uncertain but the legate of Syria about this tirke bore the name of Varro. 5 PageNote. 334 1 Dio 54, 3, 4 ff.;

happened, the new order must endure. Two measures were taken, in the name of Caesar Augustus. The constitutional basis of h

all proconsular imperium over the whole empire. 2 In fact, but not in name , this reduced all proconsuls to the function of l

rt for the consulate and to fulfil the functions, without bearing the name , of an extraordinary magistracy; from July 1st 23

C. Augustus dated his tenure of the tribunicia potestas and added the name to his titulature. This was the ‘summi fastigii v

power, an object of veneration. A god’s son, himself the bearer of a name more than mortal, Augustus stood aloof from ordin

e refused, as was politic and inevitable. Augustus could bequeath his name and his fortune to whomsoever he pleased, but not

successor of Caesar the Dictator, and Octavianus, who was his heir in name and blood. The sentiments of the Caesarian part

of the masses a popular figure-head was desirable. Augustus, with his name and his luck, was all that and more. PageNote.

ur and the splendour of that dynamic figure. But he had inherited the name and the halo. A domestic minister was needed, wis

isans of Antonius may have been allowed to retain senatorial rank, in name at least. As soon as a census came they would for

53 1 Suetonius, Divus Aug. 49, 1. 2 Ib. 25, 1. 3 Ib. 56, 4. The name may be ‘Scruttarius’, cf. C. Cichorius, R. Studie

of municipal magistrates, ILS 947, cf. 5346: the first consul with a name terminating in ‘-isius’ is C. Calvisius Sabinus (

As for P. Viriasius Naso (ILS 158; 5940), the earliest consul with a name of this type is Sex. Vitulasius Nepos, cos. suff.

1 B.C. (L’ann. ép., 1937, 62). Passienus is the first consul with a name of that type, nearly anticipated, however, by Sal

icipated, however, by Salvidienus. Nor had there been a consul with a name ending in ‘-a’ since the Etruscan M. Perperna, co

epresentatives of Augustus’ Italy, many of them from the Italia whose name , nation and sentiments had so recently been array

est, stood firm by their protector. The vassal kings, though still in name the allies of the Roman People, were in fact the

he Claudian, knew their own class better and knew its failings. His name , his ambition and his acts had denied the revolut

aturninus was the man to exert himself, firm and without fear. 2 What name the enemies of the government found for his behav

extinct and otherwise unknown village of ancient Latium. Compare the name of Livia Medullina, daughter of Camillus (Suetoni

father of the consul of A.D. 10, ib., C 1345; at least two men of the name of Cornelius Sisenna, ib., C 1454-6; and the fath

ius, cos. A.D. 30, cos. II 45. 5 For the son, PIR1, P 109. His full name was C. Sallustius Passienus Crispus, cf. L’ann. é

was certainly artful: he got on very well with his stepmother, whose name he took and carried for a time (ib., 4, 1), and,

ity of Agrippa, Maecenas and Livia, who ruled Rome in secret, knew no name or definition and needed none. The precaution may

ords the career of a man who was legate of Augustus in a province the name of which is lost but which earned him ornamenta t

. 3 The observation was true in every sense. Augustus, who waived the name of Romulus, could justly claim to be the second f

the franchise; the newer Roman, however, bears for the most part the name of the reigning dynasty of imperial Rome. Nor mig

ed to his worship was L. Munatius Plancus; 3 and the last to give his name to commemorative games was Paullus Fabius Maximus

power and next in crime was C. Sallustius Crispus, who inherited the name , the wealth and the luxurious tastes of his great

18, 2. 4 CIL III, 7124 mentions a constitutio of Vedius Pollio. His name occurs on coins of Tralles, and perhaps his portr

s and independent. Plancus proposed that the Senate should confer the name of Augustus upon Caesar’s heir. It will be inferr

ndiose and arduous they might be, were not always dignified with that name and status, but were conveniently regarded as the

ramme of the New State was designed to keep women in their place: the name of Livia is never mentioned by an official poet l

atched with the gay elegance of Julia to call it by no more revealing name . It was the duty and the habit of the Roman arist

re was more in him than that either prudence or consummate guile: his name finds record in no political transactions, intrig

once dispatched a missive to Julia, breaking off the marriage in the name of Tiberius. 3 NotesPage=>427 1 For this v

y; also L. Apronius and Q. Junius Blaesus. No less significant is the name of Lucilius Longus, honourably commemorated in hi

and Senate, soldiers and populace at once took a personal oath in the name of Tiberius, renewing the allegiance sworn long a

r the bestial divinities of Nile. 2 Phoebus, to be sure, was Greek in name and origin. But Phoebus had long been domiciled i

re the list of soldiers from Coptos, ILS 2483: two Galatians bear the name of M. Lollius. For another soldier called M. Loll

pected of a region that had only recently become a part of Italy, the name ‘Italian’ bore a heavier emphasis and a fuller em

the praises of Italy in a patriotic vein, invokes, not Italy, but the name of Rome: omnia Romanae cedent miracula terrae.

ted the cult of their patron, friend and master. They gave cities his name , they erected temples in his honour. 5 One of the

oll of the Senate was being revised in 18 B.C., Labeo put forward the name of the relegated Triumvir Lepidus. Questioned by

ian, did not reach the consulate; and the last consular bearer of the name was a Junius Silanus by birth. Likewise to the Pr

he last consul of the ancient patrician house of the Scipiones. Their name and their mausoleum passed to another branch of t

heir main line lapsed with Marcellus, the nephew of Augustus, but the name supplied one collateral consul then, M. Claudius

ps won unhappy prominence. Their morals were impugned: it was their name or their ambition that ruined them. Two young pat

ommercial pursuits were no protection from the doom of an illustrious name . 3 Yet these were not the most prominent among

of Roman and Republican virtue. The Principate was not a monarchy in name . That made it all the worse. The duty of rule was

violent ends, accused of conspiracy. 3 Such was the price of dynastic name and dynastic alliance. The Aemilii and the Domi

a son, namely C. Calpurnius Crassus Frugi Licinianus, whose historic name , spared by Domitian, could not escape allegations

contrasts in fate and duration. Some were unable to perpetuate their name and establish the families which their resplenden

Aelii Lamiae. 7 The last Lamia was consul in 116, by which time that name stood for the bluest blood. 8 The descendants of

enators from Latium. 5 PageNotes. 501 1 PIR1, P 109. For his full name , C. Sallustius Crispus Passienus, cf. L’ann. ép.,

sister, wife or mother of an eminent military man of the time, whose name is missing (CIL XII, 3169). PageBook=>503

lse it was perilous. Even if the nobilis forgot his ancestors and his name , the Emperor could not. Before long the nobiles d

t, for Galba was only the façade of a man, in no way answering to his name or his reputation. 4 But the prediction made long

die like a gentleman. If he wished to survive, the bearer of a great name had to veil himself in caution or frivolity and p

l eye. Otherwise there can be no history of these times deserving the name , but only adulation and a pragmatic justification

s observes. 4 The New State might be called monarchy, or by any other name . That did not matter. Personal rights and private

the victims of his public or private treacheries are not mentioned by name but are consigned to contemptuous oblivion. Anton

of the naval expedition in A.D. 5, commanded by Tiberius, though his name is not mentioned (ib. 26). 3 Ib. 34. 4 As Mom

.C. The suffecti are revealed, L. Nonius (Asprenas) and a fragmentary name of which enough survives to show that it was Marc

294, 296 f.; death, 300, 480; his remarkable career, 397; origin and name , 200 f.; no descendants, 498. Caninius Gallus,

8, 199, 234, 327; in Spain, 213; in Gaul, 292, 302 f.; his origin and name , 90, 93; no descendants,498. Carthage, fall of,

albus, L., from Gades, 44, 97, 106, 142, 144, 147, 235, 250, 292; his name and origin, 44, 72, 75; career, 72, 355; activiti

e son of Taurus, 379. Cornelius Sisenna, two Augustan nobiles of this name , 377. Cornelius Sulla, Faustus, son of the Dict

0 f., 398, 400 f. Machaeras, leader of Roman troops, 201. Machares, name in the Pontic dynasty, 201. Maecenas, C, opponent

areer, 359; decline and death, 409, 412; his wife Terentia, 277, 341; name and origin, 129. Maecenas, L., 129, 132. Magi

ian, 264, 267; flatters Cleopatra, 281; deserts, 280 f.; proposes the name ‘Augustus’, 314, 411; as censor, 339, 402; his pr

enus Rufus, Q., 93, 95, 121, 132, 184, 201, 202, 350, 355; origin and name of, 129, 220; in the Perusine War, 209 ff.; treac

8, 483, 504; conspiracy and death of, 333 f.; the problem of his full name , 325 f.; ? his brother, legate in Syria, 329 f.

Pansa Caetronianus, C. (cos. 43 B.C.), Caesarian novus homo, 71; his name and origin, 71, 90; attitude in 44 B.C., 100, 114

(cos. 37 B.C.), 95, 129, 131, 187, 201, 331, 335, 336; his origin and name , 129; at Apollonia, 129; in the Perusine War, 209