connexions not explicitly mentioned in the text. In some way or other most of the consuls and governors of military province

r importance has been deduced from family, nomenclature, or rank; and most of them will be unfamiliar to any but a hardened

ssus and Caesar to control the State and secure the domination of the most powerful of their number. Motum ex Metello cons

es behind the phrases and the façade of constitutional government the most remarkable was Servilia, Cato’s half-sister, Brut

geniality. Individuals capture attention and engross history, but the most revolutionary changes in Roman politics were the

behind or beyond it, next to the noble families the knights were the most important. Through alliance with groups of financ

or gang. 2 The ramifications of this oligarchy were pervasive, its most weighty decisions taken in secret, known or infer

–75 B.C. are heard of after 74. PageBook=>023 After a time the most distinguished of the principes, resentful or iner

the youngest, P. Clodius, brilliant and precocious, derived only the most dubious examples from the conduct of his three si

ria and Macedonia, through special laws. Gabinius and Piso were the most conspicuous, but not the only adherents of the dy

e three principes now dominated the State, holding in their hands the most powerful of the provinces and some twenty legions

e Roman People. But that was not the plea which Caesar himself valued most it was his personal honour. His enemies appeare

is a safe guide to history, for it is unverifiable and therefore the most attractive form of misrepresentation. The enemies

ther reckoned in years or in renown. ’ The words were remembered. The most eloquent of his contemporaries did not disdain to

g their minds to servitude and monarchy. A faction recruited from the most NotesPage=>056 1 His imperious and arrogan

f party to supreme and personal rule. For this reason, certain of the most prominent of his adherents combined with Republic

ts in the cause of concord. So much for the principes: before long, most of the Pompeian consulars were dead, and few, ind

cs ever after. As Caesar’s enemies were the party in power, being the most active and influential of the consulars, youth an

y, revealed in corruption and patronage, knew no limits at all. The most varied motives, ideals and loyalties combined in

sar and brought back the consulate to his family. 1 Ap. Claudius, the most prominent member of the patrician Claudii, and tw

monarch: in Rome the alien millionaire exercised a power greater than most Roman senators. Certain of the politicians whose

barren consolation of defaming the members of the new government. The most intemperate allegations thrown about by malignant

e their rivals and heirs in power, the patricians, themselves for the most part of alien origin. When Alba Longa fell, her g

w tradition. Under the old order a considerable part of Italy, namely most of Etruria, Umbria and the Sabellic peoples of th

amilies of the Paeligni and Marsi were broken and impoverished; 5 and most of the great landowners in Samnium now were not o

e out again and the military leaders accelerated the promotion of the most efficient of their partisans without regard for l

1912), 321 ff.). The views of Sternkopf will here be accepted for the most part. PageBook=>103 and before the Dictato

ll turned upon the Caesarian consul. Marcus Antonius was one of the most able of Caesar’s young men. A nobilis, born of an

onius stayed in Italy, it was precisely because he was dependable and most useful there, whether as Master of the Horse or w

m rising, when duty called, to services of conspicuous ability or the most disinterested patriotism. For such men, the mos

ous ability or the most disinterested patriotism. For such men, the most austere of historians cannot altogether suppress

is grief, Caesar’s faithful friend Matius took a grim pleasure in the most gloomy reports; 4 some, like Balbus and Oppius, d

P. Clodius. 2 Ib. 14, 12, 1. Deiotarus, King of Galatia, was Rome’s most important vassal in Asia, worth conciliating and

. For his first designs he needed funds and a faction. As many of the most eminent of the Caesarians already held office and

invoked both the traditional charges of unnatural vice with which the most blameless of Roman politicians, whatever his age

) calls them grandnephews of the Dictator. Possibly true of Pinarius, most unlikely for Pedius, cf. Münzer, Hermes LXXI (193

mblance even of being a party. It was in truth what in defamation the most admirable causes had often been called a faction:

h showed a lack of social distinction or active talent. Many of its most prominent members were neutral, evasive, playing

esarian military men were absent in the provinces. The earliest and most efficient of Octavianus’ agents were NotesPage=

ween March 17th and September 2nd, a period of nearly six months, the most critical for the new and precarious concord, Cice

ing brought not peace but aggravation of discord and impulsion to the most irrational of all civil wars. 3 After March 17t

ry marched on Rome without him. About Octavianus, Cicero was indeed most dubious. The veterans arose at the call of Caesar

litical gesture, easily made and easily revoked. More significant and most ominous was the speech delivered in Rome, the sol

ion of a well-ordered state and to corroborate it in the light of the most recent history. The De officiis is a theoretical

however, may be counted, for vigour, passion and intensity, among the most splendid of all the orations. But oratory can be

oy to that end calumny or silence: they often betray what they strive most carefully to conceal. But certain topics, not the

nclature. 2 The political cant of a country is naturally and always most strongly in evidence on the side of vested intere

m or dominatio, is a convenient term of political fraud. Libertas was most commonly invoked in defence of the existing order

rents of the opposing party. To establish concord among citizens, the most dishonest of political compacts and the most flag

cord among citizens, the most dishonest of political compacts and the most flagrant treacheries were gaily consummated; and

hemselves: the younger brother Lucius added Pietas to his name as the most convincing demonstration of political solidarity.

d complications of internecine strife, however, played havoc with the most binding ties of personal allegiance. For profit o

. That point Cicero could not dispute. He therefore had resort to the most impudent sophistries, delivering a solemn and pat

unatius Plancus held Gallia Comata, consul designate for 42 B.C., the most polished and graceful of the correspondents of Ci

of March; and he will have reflected that next to Antonius he was the most hated of the Caesarian leaders, hated and despise

ecurity of the State. With the consuls was associated Octavianus. The most extreme of sanctions, however, was reserved on th

Antonius and his union with Lepidus, reprobating his ambition in the most violent of terms. 1 Now Pollio supervened, comi

eluded then. 2 But during the months after Mutina, in the face of the most palpable evidence, he persisted in asserting the

nor even in the power of Caesar’s heir to consummate the ruin of the most powerful of the Caesarian generals. Hence an imme

ts. Soothsayers were duly summoned from Etruria. Of these experts the most venerable exclaimed that the ancient monarchy was

3 1 Nepos, Vita Attici 12, 4: according to Nepos, he was by far the most elegant poet since Lucretius and Catullus. Otherw

publicans, the Triumvirs set apart the territories of eighteen of the most wealthy cities of Italy. 3 What had already happe

nasts be excluded, the surviving consulars now numbered twelve at the most , probably less. P. Vatinius celebrates a triumph

tance and repute from the towns of Italy. Change and casualties are most clearly evident among the army commanders. Of the

ew, senators nominated by the Dictator or introduced after his death, most of them absent from historical record before 44 B

Lepidus was also despoiled of Spain, for the advantage of Octavianus, most of whose original portion was by now in the hands

phed over all hazards. Confronted by their vigour and resolution, the most eminent and the most experienced of the partisans

. Confronted by their vigour and resolution, the most eminent and the most experienced of the partisans of Antonius had coll

ld soon be trapped and crushed at last. That way all odds pointed and most men’s hopes. In his emergency Octavianus sought

, to sore straits. Antonius arrived at Tyre. Of trouble in Italy, the most disquieting rumours were already current: he soon

us conferences began. They were conducted for Antonius by Pollio, the most honest of men, for Octavianus by the diplomatic M

glorious with relief and rejoicing, that the poet Virgil composed the most famous and the most enigmatic of his pastoral poe

and rejoicing, that the poet Virgil composed the most famous and the most enigmatic of his pastoral poems. The Fourth Eclog

upon the common interests of leaders and soldiers and cemented by the most binding and personal of pledges, offered a secure

he end of Q. Salvidienus Rufus the peer of Agrippa and Ventidius, and most remarkable, perhaps, of all the marshals of the R

imacy of Antonius seemed firm enough governing his provinces were the most prominent and most able members of that party, th

eemed firm enough governing his provinces were the most prominent and most able members of that party, the consulars Pollio,

f Italy, and represented Caesarism and the Revolution in all that was most brutal and odious. Their reasoned aversion was sh

n went on with his war, encouraged by an initial advantage one of the most trusted of the freedmen of Pompeius had surrender

revolutionary venture. Consulars were rare enough on either side. The most prominent of them, Pollio, Ventidius and Plancus,

rength new men of ability and ambition paired with aristocrats of the most ancient families. Many minor partisans served h

Messalla, Ap. Pulcher and Lepidus were not merely noble but of the most ancient nobility, the patrician; which did not in

ld be visible and tangible. It was on the north-east that Italy was most vulnerable, over the low pass of the Julian Alps:

of Belgrade to Salonika or Byzantium: such was the principal and the most arduous of the achievements in foreign policy of

L 12, p. 50 and p. 77). For the buildings of the viri tnumphales, the most important texts are Suetonius, Divus Aug. 29, 5;

of Octavianus; no Fabii at all, of the patrician Cornelii two at the most , perhaps only one; 2 no Valerii yet, but the Vale

ceptible to such an appeal might well be doubted. The aged Varro, the most learned of the Romans, the parent of knowledge an

Divus Iulius 53; 81, 2. 2 Sallust, BC 5 3, 5 f. 3 Varro made the most of Sallustius’ alleged adultery with Fausta, Sull

last his hands were free he departed to Syria, summoning thither the most powerful and most wealthy of the Roman vassals, t

re free he departed to Syria, summoning thither the most powerful and most wealthy of the Roman vassals, the Queen of Egypt:

The Parthian incursion revealed grave defects in system and personnel most of the native dynasts proved incompetent or treac

mmagene and Cappadocia lent help to the invader, while Deiotarus, the most military of them all, lay low, aged but not decre

f Rome Egypt, the last of the kingdoms of Alexander’s successors, the most coherent and durable of them all: a loss if destr

to derive money and supplies for his military enterprises. Egypt, the most valuable of the dependencies, should not be regar

eriod. PageBook=>267 It was later remarked that certain of his most intimate friends had once been Antonians. 1 Evi

ambiguous, disquieting and vulnerable. Credence might be given to the most alarming accounts of his ulterior ambitions. Wa

a Fury ‘fatale monstrum’. 2 That was the point where Antonius was most vulnerable, Roman sentiment most easily to be wor

hat was the point where Antonius was most vulnerable, Roman sentiment most easily to be worked and swayed. Years before, Cle

ortended a change in politics a whole age seemed to have elapsed, and most of the principal actors were dead: in fact, Sosiu

mities and rivalries. In a civil war fleets and legions are not the most important things. Under what name and plea was th

bruptly left a court of law in the middle of a speech by Furnius, the most eloquent of the Romans, because Cleopatra was pas

Augustus the Princeps was later to consummate. It is evident that the most confident as well as the most vocal assertions of

r to consummate. It is evident that the most confident as well as the most vocal assertions of Italian nationalism followed

East and to seize a spoil so long denied, the rich land of Egypt. The most ardent exponents of the national unity and the cr

bt to be found in the order of Roman knights and among those senators most nearly allied to them by the ties of family or bu

onsul. In fact, his province was large and formidable, comprising the most powerful of the military territories of the Empir

uls of consular rank, with a tenure longer than annual. That would be most unfortunate. 3 Among the ex-consuls were men dang

about as many as the Senate could manage with safety. 4 Moreover, the most difficult and most dangerous of the imperial domi

e Senate could manage with safety. 4 Moreover, the most difficult and most dangerous of the imperial dominions were not amon

y of a year that might well have been the last, and was certainly the most critical, in all the long Principate of Augustus.

a party. At the core of a Roman political group are the family and most intimate friends of the real or nominal leader. I

. Agrippa had been through all the wars of the Revolution and had won most of them. With exemplary modesty the victor of Nau

n Ulysses’. 1 For her son she might have selected an heiress from the most eminent families of Rome: she chose instead the d

ven hundred senators accompanied Italy’s leader in the War of Actium, most of them with scorn and hate in their hearts yet f

r old games. The great companies of publicani die or dwindle. For the most part only minor and indirect taxes in the provinc

credit inheritance. A recent municipal taint could be detected in the most distinguished of noble families. The grandfather

origins, though known and admitted, had been decently masked, for the most part, long ago by assimilation to the Latin form

4-14), a significant phenomenon the renewed advance of novi homines, most of them military. Picenum, as would be expected,

acts, which were liable to misrepresentation. Of his acts, one of the most significant might appear to be his augmentation o

n character and in habits to his origin; Roman knights were among his most intimate friends and earliest partisans. In the f

enate. But the master of patronage could attach to his cause even the most recalcitrant of the nobiles; and some, like Cn. P

ar’s faction, the new Caesarian party comprised diverse elements, the most ancient patrician houses and the most recent of c

comprised diverse elements, the most ancient patrician houses and the most recent of careerists. But this was an order more

s subsisted. 5 Descent from consuls secured the consulate even to the most unworthy which was held to be right and proper, a

or Q. Haterius have shown any alarming independence. 6 Certain of the most original or most lively talents, like Cassius Sev

ve shown any alarming independence. 6 Certain of the most original or most lively talents, like Cassius Severus, were doomed

k=>376 For the upstart of ability, ‘militaris industria’ was the most valuable endowment. Service in war and the comman

us homo could have reached the consulate. Of the nobiles, many of the most eminent were attached to the cause by various tie

cute and intense. The consular Fasti reveal the best, or at least the most alert and most astute, but not the whole body, of

e. The consular Fasti reveal the best, or at least the most alert and most astute, but not the whole body, of the nobiles.

f the dynastic marriage, Augustus’ own début in politics provided the most flagrant testimony. Betrothed to a daughter of th

following of the Princeps. Of his allies among the young nobiles the most able, the most eminent and the most highly prized

he Princeps. Of his allies among the young nobiles the most able, the most eminent and the most highly prized were the two C

llies among the young nobiles the most able, the most eminent and the most highly prized were the two Claudii, his stepsons,

. Her power and her following can be detected in the time of her son, most distasteful to him. Antonius’ daughter, the widow

ntonius’ daughter, the widow of Drusus, held a rival court. Among the most zealous in cultivation of Antonia’s favour was L.

ent Augustus in no way relaxed his control of the armies, holding the most powerful of them through his own legates. Three m

wn of the careers of L. Tarius Rufus and C. Sentius Saturninus. 2 The most striking example of continuous service is afforde

A.D. 9). During twenty-five years this man had charge of Moesia, for most of the time with the provinces of Macedonia and A

ither of governors of the military provinces or of the careers of the most eminent generals and administrators in the New St

A, 825 ff. 2 Tacitus, Ann. 3, 48; Strabo, p. 569. Date unknown: the most plausible, 9–8 or 4–3 B.C., cf. Klio XXVII (1934)

men. Of these, three are novi homines, next to Agrippa and Taurus the most distinguished of their class, namely Lollius, Qui

ing erected in Rome at private expense. Nor any more triumphs. At the most , a stray proconsul of Africa, fighting under his

who gave them the franchise; the newer Roman, however, bears for the most part the name of the reigning dynasty of imperial

y and certain members of the reigning family were probably present at most deliberations. Whether the rule of Augustus be de

eeds of government and administration. Talent and experience of the most varied orders was now available. Knights were eli

h his character and habits were the reverse of sacerdotal. One of the most eminent authorities and agents in this department

ollowed before long, and Augustus loudly lamented the loss of his two most trusty counsellors, Agrippa and Maecenas: had the

garchy could furnish adequate generals and sagacious counsellors, the most prominent among whom have already been indicated.

Augustus knew it. The ambition of the nobiles might have appeared the most serious menace to his rule. On the contrary, it p

in short, acquire a handsome share of the power and the profits. The most open political prize was the consulate. In 5 B.C.

itions. The Republic had served their ends, why not the Monarchy? The most sincere or most narrow type of Republican politic

blic had served their ends, why not the Monarchy? The most sincere or most narrow type of Republican politician derived comm

ere. His programme was unpopular enough with the aristocracy, and the most circumspect of politicians could hardly afford in

triflers or moral reprobates but a formidable faction. Gracchus bears most of the official blame:2 the true principal was pr

of Tacitus has ‘M. Lepidum’. Lipsius altered to ‘M’. Lepidum’, which most editors, scholars and historians have followed, s

, both of this year; there were subsequent changes and additions, the most important being the Lex Papia Poppaea of the year

ently tasted the bitter realities of war. Next to the gods, Augustus’ most urgent care was to honour the generals of ancient

With such champions, property might rest secure. The author of the most eloquent commendations of rustic virtue and plain

o; and in his own household the moral legislation of the Princeps was most signally baffled by the transgressions of his dau

lar troops. The legionary was more often an engineer: the auxilia did most of the fighting. By such expedients the fiction

Triumviral period. Augustus’ chief of cabinet, Maecenas, captured the most promising of the poets at an early stage and nurs

lest expression of the Augustan policy of social regeneration and the most illuminating commentary upon it. After eloquent d

in the deification of Caesar; the policy was Octavianus’, his too the most intense exploitation and the solid advantage. In

s name, they erected temples in his honour. 5 One of the earliest and most zealous to propagate the new faith was Herod the

come and then not from the majority. The new men were contented, the most independent of the nobiles had perished. On a sup

epidus with the ultimate responsibility for the proscriptions and the most abominable actions of the Triumvirs. The people m

l members of the government were eagerly detected or surmised. As the most important decisions were taken in private and kno

abled him to permit freedom of speech as well as to dispense with the most excessive and intolerable forms of propaganda. Th

rtain that Quintilian himself understood the point of the attack: the most various of interpretations have been advanced. Ta

with brief, ferocious sentences, pointed, rhetorical and ornate. The most conspicuous exponents of the movement were T. Lab

sul in A.D. 36, belonged to this family. 2 Tacitus, Ann. 3, 76. The most germane were not in evidence ‘sed prae- fulgebant

tion from the doom of an illustrious name. 3 Yet these were not the most prominent among the sacrifices of the blood-stain

family to the Princeps. Allies and enemies now became involved in the most fantastic relationships. The families of the Juli

t up under any reign. Such men deserved to succeed. Vitellius was the most versatile politician since Plancus. 3 One of his

eforward a newer nobility, sons or grandsons of Roman knights for the most part, govern the great military provinces of the

ous, the governing class of the Republic was fertile in talent of the most varied orders. It is too simple an explanation of

e (1936), 183 ff. PageBook=>506 The consular Fasti furnish the most patent evidence of the intrusion of alien element

as Agrippa, so some held. 1 Candid or malignant informants reveal the most eminent personages in the national government as

y. It is precisely the sons of Roman knights who have handed down the most typical and most malicious portraits of novi homi

y the sons of Roman knights who have handed down the most typical and most malicious portraits of novi homines. The nobile

pithets the blame for three legions lost not all his own fault. 2 The most eminent of the patricians were the Fabii and the

oing on, the Republic itself became the object of a sentimental cult, most fervently practised among the members of the clas

hm, though abated, was steady and continuous. It had been Augustus’ most fervent prayer that he might lay the foundations

or a successor in the post of honour and duty. His dearest hopes, his most pertinacious designs, had been thwarted. But peac

hapter that describes the constitutional position of the Princeps and most misleading. His powers are defined as legal and m

ents and improvements have accrued. For the period here concerned the most important accession is the Fasti of the Vicomagis

is family, and Roman emperors are entered under their conventional or most familiar names. Names of places are included when

ant for their political allegiance or as the origo of some person: in most cases the bare reference is given, without commen

haustive, to give all collaterals or descendants. In each of them the most important persons and relationships are indicated