rtisans. In all ages, whatever the form and name of government, be it monarchy , republic, or democracy, an oligarchy lurks behin

he Roman aristocracy. Yet the old framework and categories subsist: a monarchy rules through an oligarchy. Subject and treatme

g kings ruled at Rome, and in the end, as was fated, it came round to monarchy again. Monarchy brought concord. 6 During the Civ

though Caesar set the tune from the beginning, in the knowledge that monarchy was the panacea for the world’s ills, and with th

as though Augustus did not assume a more than human name and found a monarchy , complete with court and hereditary succession; a

them. The complete synthesis in the person of Caesar of hereditary monarchy and divine worship is difficult to establish on t

n, Caesar the Dictator. The rule of Caesar could well be branded as monarchy on a partisan or conventional estimate. The terms

the first to admit it: he needed neither the name nor the diadem. But monarchy presupposes hereditary succession, for which no p

ent against Caesar, insensibly disposing their minds to servitude and monarchy . A faction recruited from the most NotesPage=&g

ould support doctrines quite distasteful to Roman Republicans, namely monarchy or the brotherhood of man. The Stoic teaching, in

l to tradition without being fettered by caste or principle. Either monarchy or democracy could be made to serve their ends, t

, all power had to pass to one man. That was not the worst feature of monarchy it was the growth of servility and adulation. M

ruria. Of these experts the most venerable exclaimed that the ancient monarchy was returning and died upon the spot, of his own

nging of Caesar. Pietas prevailed, and out of the blood of Caesar the monarchy was born. NotesPage=>201 1 Seneca, Suasori

Antonius no son to inherit his leadership of the Caesarian party and monarchy over all the world. Of the Caesarian leaders, nei

edifices that already foreshadowed the magnificence of Rome under the monarchy . More artful than Antonius, the young Caesar buil

rpose. It was his task to guide opinion gently into acceptance of the monarchy , to prepare not merely for the contest that was i

e Roman Emperor (1931), 100 ff. PageBook=>257 between absolute monarchy and national patriotism, between a world-empire a

r nobles in the alliance of Caesar’s heir, had shown the way. The new monarchy could not rule without help from the old oligarch

hatever name the victor chose to give to his rule, because it was for monarchy that the rival Caesarian leaders contended ‘cum s

NotesPage=>263 1 On the notion of concord and its connexion with monarchy , cf. E. Skard, Zwei religiös-politische Begriffe,

an appanage of the ruler of Rome. Even if the old dynasty lapsed, the monarchy would subsist in Egypt. Antonius’ dispositions

e, for the East but not for Italy and the West as well. 2 To absolute monarchy belonged divine honours in the East but not to mo

2 To absolute monarchy belonged divine honours in the East but not to monarchy alone: in any representative of power it was natu

ad no quarrel with Antonius; as for despotism, the threat of oriental monarchy was distant and irrelevant when compared with the

reat of supporting rival claimants to the insecure throne of Parthian monarchy . That kingdom, indeed, though difficult to an inv

of the temple of Divus Julius in 29 B.C.4 But insistence on military monarchy and Trojan ancestry might provoke disquiet. When

refused to admit that freedom could exist even under a constitutional monarchy . 6 NotesPage=>320 1 Quoted by Macrobius (2

he ‘summi fastigii vocabulum’ invented by the founder of a legitimate monarchy . 4 PageNote. 336 1 Livy, Praef. 9: ‘haec temp

eyond the practices of Roman dynastic politics into the realm of pure monarchy ; and it might end in wrecking the Caesarian party

e settlement of 28 and 27 B.C he allotted to Maecenas the advocacy of monarchy , republicanism to Agrippa. The fiction is transpa

, 2: ‘miseram et onerosam iniungi sibi servitutern’. On the notion of monarchy as νδoξoς δoυλϵία, cf. Aelian, Varia historia 2,

own family as well; he wished to provide for a dynasty and to found a monarchy in the full and flagrant sense of those terms.

y had averted the danger of any premature manifestation of hereditary monarchy ; they had restored unity by secret compulsion, wi

n empire. Neither can one man, though empire may appear to presuppose monarchy . There is always an oligarchy somewhere, open or

eir farms, the veterans were now the strongest pillar of the military monarchy . Twenty-eight colonies in Italy and a large numbe

State, now stand foremost among the principes viri in an aristocratic monarchy linked with one another and with the dynasty; and

e Republic, or rather, as that historian believed, to consolidate the monarchy , was formed after private debate with those two p

the soldier and the diplomat. The one advocated a republic, the other monarchy . The contrast was unreal, the choice did not aris

the Republic, with rival candidates already asserting their claims to monarchy . The provincial armies elevated Vespasian to the

of the Claudian house. The hereditary succession of a Roman youth to monarchy was something very different. Tiberius dwelt at

terval, little can be known. 4 With the steady and public progress of monarchy the importance of cabinet government is enhanced;

ef and last renascence in the strange but not incongruous alliance of monarchy . Augustus had passed beyond the measure and propo

ces and would succeed him. The aristocracy could tolerate the rule of monarchy more easily than the primacy of one of their own

king of kings. For all that, they might flourish in the shadow of the monarchy , prosecute old feuds, construct new alliances in

as the group of aristocratic families entwined about the roots of the monarchy . Livia and the Claudian connexion were in low wat

cracy old and new, built up with such care by Augustus to support the monarchy and the succession of his sons, had been transfor

dal about Terentia and all the gossip that infests the back-stairs of monarchy . PageNotes. 452 1 Tacitus, Ann. 3, 53 f. 2

agno se corpore miscet. 1 Stoicism, indeed, stood for order and for monarchy . Catullus, however, could not have been domestica

red. Once again Augustus stands revealed as the deliberate founder of monarchy , the conscious creator of a system. For himself a

in the western lands: in the East the fact that the Principate was a monarchy guaranteed its ready acceptance. The lower classe

ng their citizens. 4 Like the army, the plebs of Rome supported the monarchy . Though purged of evil habits and solaced by gene

inted and enforced choice of a successor. 1 Tiberius Caesar hated the monarchy it meant the ruin of Roman and Republican virtue.

ant the ruin of Roman and Republican virtue. The Principate was not a monarchy in name. That made it all the worse. The duty of

ole reason of birth. 1 The Sullan oligarchy made its peace with the monarchy . By the end of Augustus’ reign, however, there re

aign or to rehabilitate the robust careerists who helped to found the monarchy . Like violence, guile and treachery prospered. Q.

ex eo vincula’, as Tacitus observes. 4 The New State might be called monarchy , or by any other name. That did not matter. Perso

ll ponder on the apparent ridicule and solid advantages of hereditary monarchy . 5 Under the new order, the Commonwealth was no

ere had been deception enough in the assertion of Republicanism. With monarchy now firmly based in habit and theory as well as i

e sure, the State was organized under a principate no dictatorship or monarchy . Names did not matter much. Before long the eloqu

e more so because a respectable tradition of philosophic thought held monarchy to be the best form of government. It was also pr

nos volunt’. 5 The two were now to be reconciled, with constitutional monarchy as a guarantee of freedom such as no Republic cou

mus status’ which Augustus aspired to create and which Seneca knew as monarchy . 1 Concord and monarchy, Pax and Princeps, were i

us aspired to create and which Seneca knew as monarchy. 1 Concord and monarchy , Pax and Princeps, were inseparable in fact as in

. Annaeus Seneca, L., the Younger, his power and patronage, 502; On monarchy , 516; as a viticultor, 451. Annius Cimber, adhe

, salubrious estimate of Augustus, 3; on the advantages of hereditary monarchy , 513. Glaphyra, Cappadocian courtesan, 214. Glo

ff.; incompatible with peace and order, 9, 59, 512 ff.; guaranteed by monarchy , 516, 518. Libo, see Scribonius. Licinia, mot

60, 483; his memoirs, 484; freedom of speech, 482; a supporter of the monarchy , 512; relatives and connexions, 198, 238, 269, 27