graphy at the end is not intended as a guide to the whole subject: it merely contains, put together for convenience, the books

entia. They were right. Yet the ‘Restoration of the Republic’ was not merely a solemn comedy, staged by a hypocrite. Caesar

anegyric and revive the testimony of the vanquished cause. That would merely substitute one form of biography for another. At

te. It will therefore be expedient and salutary to investigate, not merely the origin and growth of the Caesarian party, but

ied to the more prominent of the consulars. 2 The consulate did not merely confer power upon its holder and dignity for life

ore binding than any compact of oath or interest. Not that women were merely the instruments of masculine policy. Far from it:

d in every walk of life, the political dynast might win influence not merely in Rome but in the country-towns of Italy and in

tify the rule of class and privilege. The ten years’ war in Italy not merely corrupted their integrity: it broke their spirit.

might have been tolerated in a small city-state or in a Rome that was merely the head of an Italian confederation. In the capi

its kernel a small group of men paramount in social distinction, not merely nobiles but patrician; on the outer fringe, many

riend and a benefactor, for better reasons than that. They stood, not merely for the traditions and the institutions of the Fr

ers XIV (1938), 4 ff.; 23 f. To support this view one need not appeal merely to general statements like ‘cetera multitudo insi

governed provinces and led armies of Roman legions. Rabirius did not merely declaim about fleets and armies, vexing Cicero: h

rliest new families to reach the consulate are plainly immigrant. Not merely the towns of Latium even Etruria and Campania, if

es of Marius and the insurrections of Lepidus and Catilina. It is not merely that so many of his soldiers and centurions were

s but not carrying full conviction. 1 Nor were the veterans to be won merely by material advantage. They became truculent and

respected conservatives. For the moment, however, Caesar’s heir was merely a nuisance, not a factor of much influence upon t

ed an edict conceived in fair terms, probably with honest intent, not merely to deceive; about the same time, Antonius deliver

ong his friends was attested by impressive examples; 1 and it was not merely from lust of adventure or of gain that certain in

martial territory of Picenum. 3 The coalition of March 17th had not merely been split and shattered: it was being rebuilt, t

enounced the levying of a private army as treason and brigandage, not merely Catilinarian but Spartacist. Turning to the perso

nas’, which is false (cf. ILS 7848); ‘Maecenas’ is a gentilicium, not merely a cognomen (cf. ‘Carrinas’). For the Cilnii of Ar

s by permitting one of the assassins of Caesar to be elected tribune7 merely a political gesture, easily made and easily revok

e truth. The political alliance between Octavianus and Cicero was not merely the plot of a crafty and unscrupulous youth. Ci

. PageBook=>150 financiers in Syria. 1 Marcus Antonius was not merely a ruffian and a gladiator, a drunkard and a debau

preserved. One learns, however, that the strange garb of Vatinius was merely the badge of devout but harmless Pythagorean prac

agnitudo animi of the governing class. 4 Municipal origin becomes not merely respectable but even an occasion for just pride w

defenders of the Senate’s rule and prerogative were not, it is true, merely a narrow ring of brutal and unenlightened oligarc

>169 1 Phil. 6 and 7 2 Ib. 7, 3, cf. 5, 5 PageBook=>170 merely encouraged his neighbours to enlist but helped th

ity a casual or partisan question, he required guarantees: it was not merely his dignitas that he had to think of, but his sal

gnates armed in self-protection. The opposition to Octavianus was not merely a revolt of middle-class opinion against the mili

the dynast of Comana. 5 Appian, BC 5, 52, 216. PageBook=>215 merely championed his cause and won Republican support,

s: they were famished and unreliable, and he had no ships at all. Not merely did Antonius hold the sea and starve Italy. Not

storal poems. The Fourth Eclogue hails the approach of a new era, not merely to begin with the consulate of his patron Pollio

d conveniently perished almost at once. 4 Yet the very existence, not merely the relevance, of Saloninus may be called into do

had a large share in negotiating the treaty he is an agent here, not merely a date. Antonius’ son, heir to the NotesPage=&g

Salonae far away in Dalmatia, alleged by the Virgilian scholiasts, is merely an inference from the name of Pollio’s short-live

now revealed to history, Messalla, Ap. Pulcher and Lepidus were not merely noble but of the most ancient nobility, the patri

guide opinion gently into acceptance of the monarchy, to prepare not merely for the contest that was imminent but for the pea

Rome of the Triumvirs men became intensely conscious of history, not merely of recent wars and monarchic faction-leaders like

f a new era. 1 But the relations of Antonius and Cleopatra were not merely those of proconsul and vassal-ruler. After Antoni

complete monarchic policy of his own, it does not follow that he was merely a tool in the hands of Cleopatra, beguiled by her

was of no moment whatsoever in the policy of Caesar the Dictator, but merely a brief chapter in his amours, comparable to Euno

of ideas and a war between East and West. Antonius and Cleopatra seem merely pawns in the game of destiny. 5 The weapon forged

nable to defend him openly. Wild rumours pervaded Rome and Italy. Not merely that Antonius and Cleopatra designed to conquer t

he victim of sorcery. 6 Antonius for his part made no move yet. Not merely because Octavianus had picked the quarrel to inva

eign enemy. Yet, on the other hand, the united front was not achieved merely through intimidation. Of the manner in which the

was much more than a device invented to overcome a temporary crisis, merely temporary in use and validity; and the power conf

though liberty perished, peace might be achieved. It was worth it not merely to the middle class, but to the nobiles. Their ca

nia. 1 Antonius could not take the offensive, for every reason, not merely the political damage of an invasion of Italy in t

g his long rule. The menace of Parthia, like the menace of Egypt, was merely a pretext in his policy. There was a closer dan

ames of an outworn constitution. The reference is probably wider, not merely to the oath of allegiance but to the crowning vic

nt at Rome. The denial to Crassus of the title of imperator was not merely a matter of constitutional propriety—or rather, i

ng his Fasti, discovered in the word ‘dux’ a convenience that was not merely a matter of metre. 3 Then, after a century, under

2 Odes 4, 5, 5. 3 Fasti 1, 613; 2, 60; 5, 145; 6, 92. Nor is this merely , as might be expected, with definite reference to

a provincia in virtue of imperium proconsulare: as proconsul, he was merely the equal in public law of any other proconsul. I

y of the Empire—no threat, it might seem, to a free constitution, but merely guardians of the frontiers. Nor need the new syst

war for the sake of a principle. The authentic Cato, however, was not merely ‘ferox’ but ‘atrox’. 4 His nephew Brutus, who pro

be an elementary error to fancy that the ceremony of January 13th was merely a grim comedy devised to deceive the ingenuous or

to allude to this transaction at all. 2 In truth, it may be regarded merely as the legalization, and therefore the strengthen

military provinces of Illyricum, Macedonia and Africa, in public law merely a matter for the lot, was no less happy and inspi

331 THE pretext of a special mandate from Senate and People was not merely a recognition of the past services and unique emi

nition of the past services and unique eminence of Caesar’s heir, not merely a due guarantee of his dignitas and pledge of civ

ctator intended to spend three years in the Balkans and the East, not merely for warfare and for glory but that consolidation

d not to publish a secret of state. The incident was disquieting. Not merely did the execution of a consul cast a glaring ligh

ness. Close to death, he gave no indication of his last intentions he merely handed over certain state papers to the consul Pi

he military and monarchic demagogue. For Augustus the consulate was merely an ornament or an encumbrance; and an absent cons

ons, the Princeps restored certain provinces to proconsuls: they were merely Narbonensis and Cyprus, no great loss to Gaul and

the Princeps set his hopes of a line of succession that should be not merely dynastic, but in his own family and of his own bl

l at the age of twenty-three: his adoption would be catastrophic. Not merely that it shattered the constitutional façade of th

ps of his adversaries until in the end, by stripping Antonius, it not merely swallowed up the old Caesarian party but secured

rvened later during the arbitrary rule of a Triumvirate which was not merely indifferent, but even hostile, to birth and breed

rategy, at once enhancing the importance of equestrian praefecti. Not merely in charge of detachments or of single legions Sal

, like Titius, Tarius and Quirinius. That was no bar. Others were not merely his allies, bound by amicitia, but in a true sens

ia Paullina, paraded like a princess. It was her habit to appear, not merely at state banquets, but on less exacting occasions

us’ revival of ancient colleges that had lapsed for centuries was not merely a sign of his pious care for the religion of Rome

favour could secure curtailment of legal prescriptions, and that not merely for princes of the blood. Ahenobarbus was procons

en years before. In the last period of Augustus’ rule, literature not merely languished from the loss of its shining glories i

e did not arise. What was decided by the advisers of the Princeps was merely the definition of official powers, the phraseolog

een wounded, his dignitas impaired. But there was more than that. Not merely spite and disappointment made the first man in th

on to the throne of Gaius and Lucius. To this end their mother served merely as an instrument. There may have been a conspirac

as an instrument. There may have been a conspiracy. Whether wanton or merely traduced, Julia was not a nonentity but a great p

d disbelieved. It did not matter. Everything had been arranged, not merely the designation of his successor. At Rome, magi

of foreign vices ’externi mores ac vitia non Romana’. 2 It was not merely the vices of the principes that barred them from

y the dignity of pontifex maximus, in no way the reward of merit, was merely a prize in the game of politics. Augustus scorn

s the ostensible author and prime agent in the policy of regeneration merely perhaps carrying out the instructions of a concea

geBook=>454 That will not suffice to prove that the Princeps was merely a docile instrument in the hands of an uncompromi

exemplar of virtue and integrity. The Principate of Augustus did not merely idealize consul and citizen of the ancient peasan

ortes voluntariorum’. 1 The war in Illyricum was a deadly blow, not merely to the foreign and frontier policy of Rome, but t

alent to the glorification of the new order in state and society were merely the paid and compliant apologists of despotism.

religion and morality, the heroic past and the glorious present. Not merely propaganda something much greater was afoot, the

my: militat omnis amans, et habet sua castra Cupido. 3 It was not merely improper verse that incurred the displeasure of A

ct. Pollio himself may have had a local accent. Nor was the judgement merely one of style, as though a Roman of Rome, infallib

The rule of Caligula brought no freedom, no benefit to history: it merely poisoned the sources again. Literature under the

bility had been defeated, but a whole class. The contest had been not merely political but social. Sulla, Pompeius and Caesar

gustus. The son of P. Servilius Isauricus lived on in dull indolence, merely praetorian in rank and leaving no heir; 4 his spi

ian officers and political or financial agents of the government, not merely under Augustus but even with Pompeius and Caesar.

defeat of the nobiles was spiritual as well as political. It was not merely that the Principate engrossed their power and the

e potiri. 2 The nobiles, by their ambition and their feuds, had not merely destroyed their spurious Republic: they had ruine

e civic duty and national patriotism. With the Principate, it was not merely Augustus and his party that prevailed it meant th

y patronage into the ranks of the governing class, the conviction not merely of the inevitability but also of the benefits of

pretend to be in any sense an edition of a part of the Fasti. It is merely an up-to-date list of consuls, designed for the c