onduct of affairs the ruler had to devise a formula, revealing to the members of the governing class how they could co-operate

ridates and against the Pirates. Lack of capacity among the principal members of the ruling group, or, more properly, personal

hree groups were linked in some fashion or other almost all the chief members of the government, the principes viri of note dur

d faction he behaved with public and ostentatious clemency. They were members of his own class: he had not wished to make war u

hired the money’. PageBook=>058 oligarchy could survive if its members refused to abide by the rules, to respect ‘libert

this was a contest neither of principle nor of class, the presence of members of the same noble house on opposing sides will be

d political associates, varying widely in social distinction nobiles, members of reputable senatorial families that had not rea

ii themselves were an old sacerdotal family. 4 Sulla and Caesar, both members of patrician houses that had passed through a lon

summarily indicated and characterized by the names of representative members senators, knights and centurions, business men an

provision. From six hundred Caesar raised the Senate to nine hundred members ,3 and he increased the total of quaestors to fort

from the vanquished the bitter and barren consolation of defaming the members of the new government. The most intemperate alleg

ier. Caesar’s friends Troucillus, Trogus and Gallus were not the only members of this class, which, lacking full documentation,

st have been tiny in an assembly that now numbered about nine hundred members . The incautious acceptance of partisan opinions a

s very recent. 2 But Tusculum, and even Atina, had long been integral members of the Roman State. It was no part of Cicero’s

he trusted confidant and secretary of the Dictator. 2 Other prominent members of the Caesarian faction were approached: Hirtius

at need, he would always be able to purchase one or other of the ten members of the tribunician college. More costly but mor

of social distinction or active talent. Many of its most prominent members were neutral, evasive, playing their own game or

presumably in their interests that an alliance between the wealthiest members of the two orders, Senate and knights, should wit

s of the Senate was flagrantly revealed in the persons of its leading members , the ex-consuls, whose auctoritas, so custom pres

blic office. But there were limits. The Senate did not choose its own members , or determine their relative standing. On no know

mission to effect that salutary economy. Octavianus was not among its members but neither was D. Brutus. The envoys were instru

enough governing his provinces were the most prominent and most able members of that party, the consulars Pollio, Plancus and

‘meliora et utiliora’. 2 Many senators and knights, being peaceful members of the propertied classes, wearied by exile and d

s earliest marshals, in so far as definitely attested, were the first members of their families to acquire senatorial rank. The

idus and Ap. Pulcher are obscure probably tortuous. 7 The principal members of the Caesarian faction won glory and solid reco

their new privileges or welcome intruders. In a Senate of a thousand members a preponderance of Caesarians owed status and off

ory and oratory furnished suitable and indeed laudable occupation for members of the governing class: the retired politician mi

pecially granted and took in hand a purge of the Senate. 4 ‘Unworthy’ members were expelled or persuaded to depart. The point a

nt of the governing oligarchy, with especial reference to its leading members , the principes viri. PageNote. 348 1 Dio 52,

reeding. The Senate had swollen inordinately, to more than a thousand members . In order that the sovran assembly should recover

the rest, the high assembly now discarded certain useless or unsound members , lacking claims of pietas towards the Princeps, s

gions and of cavalry commander (praefectus equitum) were reserved for members of the equestrian order, that is to say, for knig

nforced from beneath; and it transmitted the choice flower of its own members to the Senate. The class of knights, indeed, is t

lue in the armies of Rome than the public and necessary prominence of members of the governing class, proconsuls, legates and q

novelty, for it is evident that the Senate after Sulla contained many members of equestrian families. 5 Like other senators out

suff. A.D. 8) certainly came from Larinum (CIL IX, 730): for earlier members of this family, Cicero, Pro Cluentio 25 and 165.

ee-born citizen to stand for magistracies but secured the election of members of a hereditary nobility. Yet the Senate had once

though provincial governors. Augustus regarded the kings as integral members of the Empire:1 a century later the imperial Sena

ated methods, he reduced the Senate from eight hundred to six hundred members . He professed half that size to be ideal and desi

thful quaestors. When Senate and People were ostensibly sovran, the members of a narrow group contended among themselves for

on before; and in Egypt large estates were now owned and exploited by members of the reigning dynasty, by prominent partisans l

nted in the Senate at the time of Actium by not many more than twenty members . The sons of the slain would be available before

s of the Roman State. 3 In portraiture and statuary, Augustus and the members of his house are depicted, not always quiet and u

established from time to time, such as an Economy Commission of three members in A.D. 6, or the two curatores annonae of that y

l organ. There was no cabinet but a series of cabinets, the choice of members varying with the occasion. None the less, a certa

ominent and representative figures in the Caesarian party and certain members of the reigning family were probably present at m

peian ties (below, p. 424 f.). PageBook=>415 The Princeps, the members of his family and his personal adherents were the

ay have inculcated a rational distaste for politics and adventure two members of his family perished in the wars of Marius and

by the military needs of the Republic, namely readiness to admit new members to the citizen body. 3 This generosity, which in

retation could these aliens pass for Italian peasants, still less for members of the Italian bourgeoisie. 2 But they were a tou

had been aroused to a certain consciousness of dignity and duties as members of an imperial race. The soldiers learned obedien

ay have reinforced, but it did not pervert, the sentiments natural to members of the pacific and non-political order in society

sence in the East a salutary reminder to the Senate. It was only from members of that body that serious opposition to the new r

invention of new enormities. Strained relations between the principal members of the government were eagerly detected or surmis

deification of their own predecessors. Death or disgrace delivered up members of the dynasty or partisans of the government to

the object of a sentimental cult, most fervently practised among the members of the class that owed everything to the Empire.

hical, and it is draw up according to gentilicia, save that Augustus, members of his family, and Roman emperors are entered und