that analyse the composition of the Caesarian party in the form of a long digression. No less than the subject, the tone

e Free State consummated in solemn and legal ceremony. The corpse had long been dead. In common usage the reign of Augustus

s. Though symbolized for all time in the Battle of Philippi, it was a long process, not a single act. Sallustius began his a

ian party, but also the vicissitudes of the whole ruling class over a long period of years, in the attempt to combine and ad

n economic interest, of classes even, and of military leaders. Before long the Italian allies were dragged into Roman dissen

party the proscribed and the dispossessed was a permanent menace. The long and complicated war in Italy had barely ended. Th

nd though noble houses suffered defeat in the struggle for power, and long eclipse, they were saved from extinction by the p

orefront of his oligarchy. The predominance of the Valerii had passed long ago, and the Fabii had missed a generation in the

fish-ponds. 3 Of the Senate’s generals, Metellus Pius contended for long years in Spain, and Creticus usurped a cognomen f

spirit. 1 C. Julius Caesar, of a patrician house newly arisen from long decay, largely by help from C. Marius, strained e

rgely by help from C. Marius, strained every nerve and effort through long years of political intrigue to maintain the digni

age to Pompeius as a god, a saviour and a benefactor, devising before long a novel title, ‘the warden of earth and sea’. 2 N

the restoration of Ptolemy Auletes the King of Egypt, which provoked long debate and intrigue, further sharpening the enmit

s only led to worse evils and a subverting of the constitution. After long strife against the domination of Pompeius, Cato r

tate. Caesar’s enemies were afraid of that and so was Pompeius. After long wavering Pompeius chose at last to save the oliga

ight not come to open war; and Pompeius was still in their control so long as he was not at the head of an army in the field

en civil war and political extinction. But Caesar refused to join the long roll of Pompeius’ victims, to be superseded like

and uniform world by right divine. 2 This extreme simplification of long and diverse ages of history seems to suggest that

In the short time at his disposal he can hardly have made plans for a long future or laid the foundation of a consistent gov

nded upon Caesar there stands the best of testimony ’my life has been long enough, whether reckoned in years or in renown. ’

efforts in the cause of concord. So much for the principes: before long , most of the Pompeian consulars were dead, and fe

nd Caesar, both members of patrician houses that had passed through a long period of obscurity, strove to revive and re-esta

branch of Servilia’s own clan which had passed over to the plebeians long ago but had not forgotten its patrician origin. P

were eager for the full Roman citizenship. Caesar had championed them long ago: as proconsul he encouraged their aspirations

cities stood loyal to Pompeius as representative of Rome, but only so long as his power subsisted. Enemies and rivals were w

rnment, attested and intelligible even in towns and families that had long since been incorporated in the Roman State, or at

ory of defeat and suffering. There could be no reconciliation until a long time had elapsed. Sulla recognized merit among

’s first senator was very recent. 2 But Tusculum, and even Atina, had long been integral members of the Roman State. It wa

condition of Italy: his decision to evacuate the peninsula was taken long before it was manifest and announced. It is evi

s). The first consul is presumably T. Didius, or Deidius (98), then a long gap till P. Ventidius (cos. suff. 43). Names in ‘

tical activity evade detection, certain of the marshals, adherents of long standing who had fought in Gaul, conspired to ass

d and bewilderment. Sympathizers came to the Capitol but did not stay long , among them the senior statesman Cicero and the y

took refuge in the small towns in the neighbourhood of the capital. Long before this, the futility of their heroic deed wa

in away from Rome. He spoke the language of conciliation,1 and it was long before he abandoned it. On his lips the professio

calls neither for surprise nor for excuse. Rumours circulated before long , to be reinforced by monstrous allegations when p

ver, Antonius may have lacked the taste, and perhaps the faculty, for long designs: the earlier months of his guidance of Ro

ntonius the position of vantage. At first he seemed harmless:5 before long , he was seen to NotesPage=>108 1 Ad Att. 1

, the Caesarian young men Curio and Caelius, had they survived for so long the inevitable doom of brilliant talents and re

:1 these lands he would garrison with the Macedonian legions. For how long , no indication. For the present, the other provin

nd of an army, the auctoritas of a senior statesman, all that was too long and too slow. He would have to wait until middle

narrated. He might invoke the tribunate, emulating the Gracchi and a long line of demagogues. Rumours went about in the Jul

e to inquire or publish, nothing at all could be discovered. 3 Before long a very different character turns up, the Etruscan

erate men in his party terrified the holders of property. But not for long they were a minority and could be held in check.

es and (except for C. Rabirius Postumus) the only such recorded for a long time. What remained of the Caesarian faction afte

d Maecenas: to the end his faction retained the mark of its origin. A long time passes before any number of senators emerge

h enemies. Spain might bring them victory after all. The agonies of a long flirtation with neutrality drove him to join Pomp

at Rome. He was not a Cato or a Brutus; and Brutus later remarked ‘as long as Cicero can get people to give him what he want

faction in the person of Antonius appeared unshakable. At last, after long doubt and hesitation, Cicero set out for Greece.

r than had been expected. Now came the last and heroic hour, in the long and varied public life of Cicero. Summoning all h

us. 2 His policy violated public law with what chance of success on a long calculation, or even on a short? Of the wisdom of

acquires the temporary label of a good citizen, only to lapse before long , damned for a misguided policy of conciliation; a

e of Roman politicians soon acquired immunity. They were protected by long familiarity, by a sense of humour, or by skill at

eace as were not blinded by the partisan emotions of the moment. On a long view, the future was ominous with a war much more

izens Lepidus and Plancus, but spurning all thought of negotiation so long as Antonius retained his army. 2 Cicero had in hi

is legions had so small a share could not compensate the ravages of a long siege. That was not the worst. The conduct of t

roops would have obeyed. 1 And so Ventidius slipped through. Before long Octavianus received news from Rome that amply jus

rds the middle of the month. The confrontation with Lepidus was not long delayed. One of the lieutenants of Lepidus dispat

sayed his vigorous oratory on the soldiers of Pompeius. 2 But not for long Labienus NotesPage=>164 M. Junius Silanus,

αίων v πολλα ς βίβλοις αὐτὰ συνέγραψαν ϕ’ αυτ ν. These stories went a long way towards compensating the lack of prose fictio

in, rapacious and vindictive. The fierce Marsians and Paelignians had long and bitter memories. Yet some of the proscribed w

were helpless in the hands of the legions. The proletariat of Italy, long exploited and thwarted, seized what they regarded

eplenished to overflowing with the creatures of the Triumvirs: before long it was to number over a thousand. 5 Scorn and rid

ing several pairs of consuls for a single year and designating them a long time in advance. Of consulars and men of author

only three claim any mention in subsequent history, and only one for long . The renegade from the Catonian party, P. Servili

victims and vacancies. Persons of some permanence also emerge before long , rising to consular rank, P. Canidius Crassus, C.

Cassius had been gathering the wealth and the armies of the East. Not long after the Battle of Mutina, Brutus departed from

atched between Republicans and Caesarians, the doubtful prospect of a long and ruinous struggle was a potent argument for co

he domination of a faction. But L. Antonius did not hold the city for long . He advanced northward in the hope of effecting a

e worse than his defeated adversary and destined to follow him before long to destruction, while Rome and the Roman People p

to assume the insignia of his consulate, it was not to wear them for long , for a new pair of consuls was installed before t

d invidious powers of the Triumvirate. The consuls for 32, designated long in advance, were adherents of Antonius, Cn. Domit

Antonius, Cn. Domitius Ahenobarbus and C. Sosius. But five years is a long period in a revolutionary epoch. Octavianus felt

gionary soldiers. He never received them. Antonius departed. Before long the conviction grew upon him that he had been thw

e aristocrat Domitius Calvinus, fresh from his second consulate, with long experience of warfare and little success as a gen

s could easily be represented as a pirate. 5 Peace was not kept for long upon the Italian seas. Before the year was out mu

exert the traditional policy of family alliances, though the day was long past when that alone brought power at Rome. His b

ave been sent by Antonius to help his ally and may have passed before long into the service of Octavianus, cf. M. A. Levi, R

eed of his subsequent history nothing at all is known. 2 Destined ere long to a place in war and administration second only

of it. He then followed Antonius for a time, it is uncertain for how long . 5 The young Lepidus went with Caesar’s heir from

ears not many. High priesthoods were conferred as patronage. Before long the marshal Calvisius engrossed two of the more d

pal and the most arduous of the achievements in foreign policy of the long Principate of Augustus. But Octavianus’ time was

Domitius Calvinus, victorious from Spain, rebuilt the Regia; and not long after, Taurus, returning from Africa and triumphi

ctice, was sustained by an insatiable curiosity, a tireless industry. Long ago he deserted politics, save for a brief interv

n of Carthage, and refusing to detect any sign of internal discord so long as Rome had to contend with rivals for empire, he

Book=>250 thoughts and darker operations, which it never lost so long as the art was practised in the classical manner

e. They might reflect upon the death of Alexander the Macedonian, the long contests for power among the generals his success

io’s good offices may have preserved or restored the poet’s estate so long as he held Cisalpina, but the disturbances of the

gone eastwards with Antonius soon after the Pact of Brundisium:1 how long he remained an Antonian, there is no evidence at

dy. Virgil passed into the company and friendship of Maecenas. Before long his poems were made public (38 or 37 B.C.). Maece

et displayed the name and the fabric of a free state. That was not so long ago. But they had changed with the times, rapidly

ep-son of Octavianus (19, 4). 2 Ib. 21, 4. Balbus probably died not long after this. PageBook=>258 brief lull when

t up into a solid and well- balanced structure, with every promise of long duration. 1 East of the Hellespont there were t

t been recorded. From their base in Armenia the legions began their long march to Phraaspa, the capital city of Media, som

y. The group had suffered heavy casualties. P. Servilius had deserted long ago, Cato and the consulars Bibulus and Ahenobarb

esented that Antonius was making provision for the present, not for a long future, for the East but not for Italy and the We

liar from recent history, whereas idea and practice were older still. Long ago the nobles of Rome, not least the dynastic ho

f organization frustrated these partial attempts. The name of Italy long remained as it had begun, a geographical expressi

s their own capital, for the memory of old feuds and recent wars took long to die; and the true Roman in just pride disdaine

lacrity to reconquer the kingdoms of the East and to seize a spoil so long denied, the rich land of Egypt. The most ardent e

the division between West and East was masked so well and delayed so long . The loss of the dominions beyond the sea would b

erely to the middle class, but to the nobiles. Their cause had fallen long ago, not perhaps at Pharsalus, but finally and fa

rters. His forces, fed by corn-ships from Egypt, were strung out in a long line from Corcyra and Epirus to the south-western

tonius’ side, Canidius, Sosius and Gellius Poplicola. It would not be long before the defection of the leaders, Roman senato

ast. It was never a serious preoccupation to its conqueror during his long rule. The menace of Parthia, like the menace of E

it was Taurus. 4 But Messalla and Taurus departed to the West before long , to replace Carrinas and Calvisius in Gaul and Sp

ancestry might provoke disquiet. When the Triumvir Antonius abode for long years in the East men might fear lest the city be

been called Romulus, for the omen of twelve vultures had greeted him long ago. 3 But Romulus was a king, hated name, staine

edactum modum,' PageBook=>316 one age, but to many men and the long process of time. 1 Augustus sought to demonstrate

art of casuistry and the practice of public debate had languished for long years. Certain precedents of the recent past we

o was an irony to men who recalled in their own experience—it was not long ago—the political activity of Cicero in the last

support of precedents—he claimed to be unique. Romans instructed in a long tradition of law and government did not need to t

me power through civil war. All that he needed from Cicero he had got long ago, in the War of Mutina. In politics his mentor

m, and six more since then. Some of these men were dead or had lapsed long ago from public notice. Nor was it likely that th

l have been the last, and was certainly the most critical, in all the long Principate of Augustus. 3 From a constitutional

. Fannius was a ‘bad man’ to begin with, a Republican. Not so Murena. Long ago Salvidienus the marshal betrayed his leader a

married, to Agrippa’s daughter Vipsania. The match had been contrived long ago by Livia, that astute politician whom her gre

rinceps might perambulate, visiting each part in turn. Augustus spent long periods of residence in the provinces, at Tarraco

duous tasks to be achieved, might clamour for competent rulers over a long period of years. The extended commands of the lat

eader was not enough. Agrippa at once proceeded to his duties. Before long Marcellus, Tiberius and Drusus would be available

uaestors, permitted to be acknowledged. Centurions had no monopoly of long service certain knights, active for years on end,

son of the Mytilenean historian, was procurator in Asia; 7 and before long two men from Gallia Narbonensis acquired ‘equestr

o enter the Senate. If it was thus in colonies and municipia that had long been a part of the Roman State, or in wealthy cit

to Apulia, Lucania and Bruttium. Not only do ancient cities of Latium long decayed, like Lanuvium, provide senators for Rome

ough known and admitted, had been decently masked, for the most part, long ago by assimilation to the Latin form of nomencla

ies tracing descent unbroken from gods and heroes, or at least from a long line of local magnates, bound by ties of blood an

our years of the Principate. Riots in Rome could not imperil peace so long as the Princeps controlled the armies. Nor indeed

effulgence before the war of Pompeius and Caesar. He persevered for a long time, hardly ever admitting a suffect consul. Aft

tored by subsidy to the station and dignity of their ancestors. After long lapse of ages shine forth on the Fasti a Quinctiu

hed Paullus Fabius Maximus. By his own match with Livia, the Princeps long ago had won the Claudian connexion: through the m

nage had always been paramount. Nobles and above all patricians had a long start. M. Aemilius Lepidus became a pontifex at t

than twenty members. The sons of the slain would be available before long . But they would not suffice. Augustus at once pro

nd select list indeed. The Princeps appointed his own legates. Before long the more important of his provinces were held by

cter of the Roman constitution: his influence, checked no doubt for a long time by Augustus, may be detected in the frequent

he foreign and frontier policy of the Empire from close at hand, with long periods of residence in the provinces. Now comes

n an emergency or to take a province into his charge for short or for long periods. Nor were the public provinces classified

eginning by men of consular rank, perhaps Asia as well. Illyricum, as long as it was senatorial, and Macedonia, while it ret

experience. The young consul of thirty-three did not have to wait too long for a province Africa or Asia might be his by the

, the equestrian officer might turn out to be a valuable person, with long years of continuous service, skilled to lead nati

govern one of the great military provinces, had not always been very long or very thorough. The difference lies more in c

But Poppaeus belongs rather to the reign of Tiberius, notorious for long tenures and for an almost undisturbed peace on th

al danger. But Agrippa departed in 13 B.C. M. Titius, who possessed a long experience of the East from his Antonian days, ap

l (19-18 B.C.) and governed Gallia Comata (17-16 B.C.)3 After that, a long lapse until Lollius emerges as guide and counsell

Book=>399 P. Sulpicius Quirinius (cos. 12 B.C.) passed through a long career of faithful service to Augustus and to the

the Rhine, it is not certain who followed Tiberius in 6 B.C.1 Before long , however, that important command, with five legio

shed of their class, namely Lollius, Quirinius and Vinicius, all with long careers of useful service. Of the rest, no fewer

year 8 B.C.; the first standing commission dates from A.D. 15 or not long after. 5 Other small groups of consulars were e

under his own auspices, might assume the title of imperator. 6 Before long that honour too would be denied. Military glory

ters of State, under Caligula and Claudius: they had been there for a long time. 8 Senators might preside over the treasur

ad supervened, at the very core of the party. Another followed before long , and Augustus loudly lamented the loss of his two

inst the Princeps. Augustus sought the advice of Livia and received a long curtain-lecture. On the following day he summoned

dynasty. But Augustus was now aged fifty-seven. The crisis could not long be postponed. A loyal but not ingenuous histori

tonius, Tib. 11, 4. PageBook=>428 The position of Tiberius had long been anomalous. It now became doubtful and perilo

surviving grandchildren of the Princeps and they did not survive for long . In A.D. 8 a new scandal swept and cleansed the h

na Largus (Tacitus, Ann. 1, 31). 4 Velleius 2, 105, 1 (A.D. 4). How long he had been there is not recorded. Velleius says

nion and intimate counsellor of Tiberius. 4 He was destined to hold a long tenure of the post of praefectus urbi. 5 His succ

personal oath in the name of Tiberius, renewing the allegiance sworn long ago to Octavianus before Actium. 3 This was the e

ground, involving Rome in the ruins. The apprehensions evoked by the long series of civil wars were only too well grounded.

ere only too well grounded. Actium had averted the menace but for how long ? Could Rome maintain empire without the virtues t

catalogues of worthies as retailed by patriotic poets, he had to go a long way back to find his favourites before the age of

was men like those of old, and ancient virtue. As the poet had put it long ago, moribus antiquis res stat Romana virisque.

mily under the protection of the State a measure quite superfluous so long as Rome remained her ancient self. In the aristoc

is’. 4 In the year 29 B.C. Janus was closed and an archaic ceremony long disused, the Augurium Salutis, was revived. Now a

2 Phoebus, to be sure, was Greek in name and origin. But Phoebus had long been domiciled in Latium. Though the national s

fe. Juba, the King of Mauretania, a man of peace and letters, enjoyed long rule, though not undisturbed by the nomad Gaetuli

rom being stamped as the open enemy of freedom and truth. But not for long . Coerced through official repression, or tainted

rue, especially decayed branches of the patriciate, were revived from long obscurity by Caesar or by Augustus, either to res

related in some way or other to the reigning dynasty died out before long . The Claudii Marcelli and the Marcii Philippi, an

ictims at all for the domestic dramas of Augustus’ Principate. Before long , however, they became entangled, not only among t

s. 2 The Cornelii Lentuli grew smaller and smaller: if they went on long enough, they would disappear, so a wit of the Rep

nother novus homo, L. Nonius Asprenas (cos. suff. 36 B.C.), lasted as long and perpetuated the blood of L. Calpurnius Piso i

m Vienna and a Domitius from Nemausus, descendants of native families long enfranchised. 1 A few years, and Seneca the Cordu

e. Noble birth still brought the consulate as of right, and after a long interval of years the proconsulate of Asia or of

ilis forgot his ancestors and his name, the Emperor could not. Before long the nobiles disappear from the great military com

ay answering to his name or his reputation. 4 But the prediction made long ago came true fear, folly or ambition spurred Gal

the Roman government, they seize supreme power but do not hold it for long . Africa and the eastern lands are pressing rapidl

ed sides, passing to Antonius after Philippi and from Antonius before long to Octavianus. Along with Agrippa, Messalla occup

pi. Political liberty, it could be maintained, was doomed if not dead long before that. Pollio knew the bitter truth about t

tate anarchy, the parent of despotism. The rule of law had perished long ago, with might substituted for right. The contes

ion. 1 Empire, wealth and individual ambition had ruined the Republic long ago. Marius and Sulla overthrew libertas by force

s and Rhodes they were democracies, and deplorably so. 6 Rome too, so long as Rome was on the wrong path, produced vigorous

its of an ordered state. Nor was there need for orators any more, for long speeches in the Senate or before the People, when

cipate no dictatorship or monarchy. Names did not matter much. Before long the eloquent Seneca, when counselling the young N

cipate provided the middle way between these extremes. 4 It was not long before the Principate gave birth to its own theor

atorial circles, should be the very spirit of the Principate. All too long , soul and body had been severed. It was claimed t

2 B.C. that Augustus was acclaimed pater patriae. Horace hints at it long before: hie ames dici pater atque princeps. 4 The

cian and senator, 367. Junius Montanus, T., equestrian officer with long service, 356. Junius Silanus, D. (cos. 62 B.C.),

; in 27–23 B.C., 329 f.; choice of, 395; military experience, 396 f.; long tenures, 397. Legions, command of, 201, 356, 39

us Messalla Rufus, M. (cos. 53 B.C.), disgraced consular, 62, 69; his long life, 165, 412; writings, 377. Valerius Messall

sulate, 372; a personal friend of Augustus, 376; his. patronage, 384; long military career, 397, 413; re-emergence after 6